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Computational Modeling and Neolithic Socioecological Dynamics: A Case Study from Southwest Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

C. Michael Barton ,
Isaac Ullah  and
Helena Mitasova
C. Michael Barton
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity, PO Box 872402, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402 (michael.barton@asu.edu)
Isaac Ullah
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution & Social Change, PO Box 872402, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402 (isaac.ullah@asu.edu)
Helena Mitasova
Affiliation:
Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, U.S.A. (hmitaso@unity.ncsu.edu)
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Abstract

Archaeology has an opportunity to offer major contributions to our understanding of the long-term interactions of humans and the environment. To do so, we must elucidate dynamic socioecological processes that generally operate at regional scales. However, the archaeological record is sparse, discontinuous, and static. Recent advances in computational modeling provide the potential for creating experimental laboratories where dynamic processes can be simulated and their results compared against the archaeological record. Coupling computational modeling with the empirical record in this way can increase the rigor of our explanations while making more transparent the concepts on which they are based. We offer an example of such an experimental laboratory to study the long-term effects of varying landuse practices by subsistence farmers on landscapes, and compare the results with the Levantine Neolithic archaeological record. Different combinations of intensive and shifting cultivation, ovicaprid grazing, and settlement size are modeled for the Wadi Ziqlab drainage of northern Jordan. The results offer insight into conditions under which previously successful (and sustainable) landuse practices can pass an imperceptible threshold and lead to undesirable landscape consequences. This may also help explain long-term social, economic, and settlement changes in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia.

Resumen

Resumen

La arqueología tiene la oportunidad de contribuir en gran parte al conocimiento de las interacciones entre la humanidad y el medio ambiente sobre tiempos largos. Para realizarlo, hay que concretar los procesos dinámicos de la socioecologia que tienen lugar a escala regional. Sin embargo, el registro arqueológico es disperso, discontinuo, y estático. Los recientes avances en el modelado de cómputo ofrecen el potencial de construir laboratorios de experimentación donde se puede simular procesos dinámicos y contrastar los resultados comparados con el registro arqueológico. La combinación de la modelización y el registro empírico puede incrementar el rigor de las explicaciones arqueológicas e igualmente hacer mas transparentes las ideas en que se basan. Presentamos aquí un ejemplo de tal laboratorio para el estudio de los efectos a largo plazo del uso de la tierra por campesinos sobre los paisajes, y comparar los resultados con el registro arqueológico del Neolítico Levantino. Combinaciones diferentes de cultivo intensivo y extensivo, del pastoreo de ovicápridos, y de asentamientos de varios tamaños se simulan para la cuenca del Wadi Ziqlab en el Norte de Jordania. Los resultados de tales experimentos proporcionan una nueva perspectiva sobre las condiciones en las que formas originalmente prósperas de agricultura pueden pasar un umbral imperceptible y tener consecuencias indeseables. También pueden contribuir a entender los cambios sociales, económicos, y de pautas de asentamiento en el curso del Neolítico en el Próximo Oriente.

Type
Forum
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 75 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 364 - 386
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2010

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