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The Bioarchaeology and Taphonomy of Violence at Castle Rock and Sand Canyon Pueblos, Southwestern Colorado

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kristin A. Kuckelman ,
Ricky R. Lightfoot  and
Debra L. Martin
Kristin A. Kuckelman
Affiliation:
Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 23390 Road K, Cortez, CO 81321-9408
Ricky R. Lightfoot
Affiliation:
Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 23390 Road K, Cortez, CO 81321-9408
Debra L. Martin
Affiliation:
US Southwest and Mexico Program, Hampshire College, 893 West St., Amherst, MA 01002-3359
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Abstract

Violence and the role of violence have emerged recently as topics important to understanding the prehistory of the northern Southwest. Recent excavations at Castle Rock and Sand Canyon pueblos, two thirteenth-century sites in the Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado, bring new data to bear on these subjects. Field contexts and the results of bone and myoglobin analyses indicate that nonlethal and lethal violence occurred in both of these villages and that additional modifications to bodies and bones occurred near the time of death. Around A.D. 1280, at least eight individuals at Sand Canyon Pueblo died violently, and at least 41 individuals died at Castle Rock. During or after the warfare event that ended the occupation of Castle Rock, some bodies were dismembered, bones were broken, crushed, and heat altered; a few bones were reamed, and the end of one bone was polished. Several incidents of violence and probable anthropophagy (the consumption of human flesh) have been documented in the Mesa Verde region for the mid-A.D. 1100s; however, this analysis of violent events in the late A.D. 1200s establishes a critical link between probable anthropophagy and warfare, and links both with the depopulation of the region.

Résumé

Résumé

La violencia y la función de la violencia han emergido recientemente como materia importante para lograr un mejor entendimiento de la prehistoria de la región sudoeste del norte. Excavaciones recientes efectuadas en los pueblos de Castle Rock y Sand Canyon (dos sitios datando del sigio XIII en la región de Mesa Verde ubicadas en el sudoeste de Colorado), han aportado nuevos datos que arrojan luz sobre estos temas. Los contextos de campo junto con los resultados de análisis de hueso y mioglobina han indicado que la violencia (la no mortífera tanto como la mortífera), existió en estos pueblos. Además, han indicado que modificaciones adicionales a los cadóveres y a los huesos sucedieron alrededor del momento en que ocurdó la muerte. Cerca del año 1280 d.de J.C., se murieron por lo menos ocho personas en el pueblo de Sand Canyon mediante métodos violentos, y por lo menos 41 personas se murieron de la misma manera en el pueblo de Castle Rock. Durante el evento de guerra que terminó la ocupación de Castle Rock o poco después, algunos de los cadáveres fueron desmembrados y los huesos fueron quebrados, triturados y sufrieron alteraciones térmicas. Algunos de los huesos fueron escariados y el extremo de uno de los huesos estaba pulido. Varios incidentes de violencia y posible antropofagia (o sea el consumo de la came humana) han sido documentados en la región de Mesa Verde a mediados del sigio Xi d.de J.C. Sin embargo, este análisis de los eventos violentos que sucedieron al fin del siglo XII d.de J.C. establece un vínculo importante entre la guerra y la posibilidad de antropofagia, además de vincular ambos con el despoblamiento de la región.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 67 , Issue 3 , July 2002 , pp. 486 - 513
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2002

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