Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T21:24:01.143Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Deciding to move into extra care housing: residents’ views

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2011

THERESIA BÄUMKER ,
LISA CALLAGHAN ,
ROBIN DARTON ,
JACQUETTA HOLDER ,
ANN NETTEN  and
ANN-MARIE TOWERS
THERESIA BÄUMKER*
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
LISA CALLAGHAN
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
ROBIN DARTON
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
JACQUETTA HOLDER
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
ANN NETTEN
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
ANN-MARIE TOWERS
Affiliation:
Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Theresia L. Bäumker, Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU), University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury CT2 7NF, UK. E-mail: T.L.Baumker@kent.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Extra care housing aims to meet the housing, care and support needs of older people, while helping them to maintain their independence in their own private accommodation. In 2003, the Department of Health announced capital funding to support the development of extra care housing, and made the receipt of funding conditional on participating in an evaluative study. Drawing on information collected directly from residents in 19 schemes, this paper presents findings on the factors motivating older people to move to extra care housing, their expectations of living in this new environment, and whether these differ for residents moving to the smaller schemes or larger retirement villages. In total, 949 people responded, 456 who had moved into the smaller schemes and 493 into the villages. Of the residents who moved into the villages most (75%) had not received a care assessment prior to moving in, and had no identified care need. There was evidence that residents with care needs were influenced as much by some of the attractions of their new living environment as those without care needs who moved to the retirement villages. The most important attractions of extra care housing for the vast majority of residents were: tenancy rights, flexible onsite care and support, security offered by the scheme and accessible living arrangements. The results suggest that, overall, residents with care needs seem to move proactively when independent living was proving difficult rather than when staying put is no longer an option. A resident's level of dependency did not necessarily influence the importance attached to various push and/or pull factors. This is a more positive portrayal of residents’ reasons for moving to smaller schemes than in previous UK literature, although moves did also relate to residents’ increasing health and mobility problems. In comparison, type of tenure and availability of social/leisure facilities were more often identified as important by those without care needs in the villages. Therefore, as in other literature, the moves of village residents without care needs seemed to be planned ones mostly towards facilities and in anticipation of the need for care services in the future.

Keywords

extra care housingolder peoplerelocationdecision to movepush and pull factors
Type
Articles
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 32 , Issue 7 , October 2012 , pp. 1215 - 1245
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Appleton, N. and Shreeve, M. 2003. Now for Something Different: The Extracare Charitable Trust's Approach to Retirement Living. Old Chapel Publishing in association with ExtraCare Charitable Trust, Witney, UK.Google Scholar
Baker, T. 2002. An Evaluation of an Extra Care Scheme – Runnymede Court, Estover, Plymouth. Hanover Housing Association, Staines, UK.Google Scholar
Bernard, M., Bartlam, B., Biggs, S. and Sim, J. 2004. New Lifestyles in Old Age: Health, Identity and Well-being in Berryhill Retirement Village. Policy Press, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Bernard, M., Bartlam, B., Sim, J. and Biggs, S. 2007. Housing and care for older people: life in an English purpose-built retirement village. Ageing & Society, 27, 4, 555–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biggs, S., Bernard, M., Kingston, P. and Nettleton, H. 2000. Lifestyles of belief: narrative and culture in a retirement community. Ageing & Society, 20, 6, 649–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, A., Oldman, C. and Greve, J. 1983. Sheltered Housing for the Elderly: Policy, Practice and the Consumer. George Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Callaghan, L., Netten, A. and Darton, R. 2009. The Development of Social Well-being in New Extra Care Housing Schemes. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, UK.Google Scholar
Citro, J. and Hermanson, S. 1999. Assisted Living in the United States. American Association of Retired Persons, Public Policy Institute, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Cohen, M. A., Tell, E. J., Batten, H. L. and Larson, M. J. 1988. Attitudes toward joining continuing care retirement communities. The Gerontologist, 28, 5, 637–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) 2009. Homes for Our Old Age: Independent Living by Design. CABE, London.Google Scholar
Croucher, K., Hicks, L., Bevan, M. and Sanderson, D. 2007. Comparative Evaluation of Models of Housing with Care for Later Life. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, UK.Google Scholar
Croucher, K., Hicks, L. and Jackson, K. 2006. Housing with Care for Later Life: A Literature Review. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, UK.Google Scholar
Croucher, K., Pleace, N. and Bevan, M. 2003. Living at Hartrigg Oaks – Residents’ Views of the United Kingdom's First Continuing Care Retirement Community. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, UK.Google Scholar
Dalley, G. 2001. Owning Independence in Retirement: The Role and Benefits of Private Sheltered Housing for Older People. Centre for Policy on Ageing, London.Google Scholar
Darton, R., Bäumker, T., Callaghan, L., Holder, J., Netten, A. and Towers, A. 2011 a. The characteristics of residents in extra care housing and care homes in England. Health and Social Care in the Community. doi: 10.1111/j.13652524.2011.01022.x.Google ScholarPubMed
Darton, R., Bäumker, T., Callaghan, L. and Netten, A. 2011 b. The PSSRU evaluation of the extra care housing initiative: technical report. PSSRU Discussion Paper No. 2783, Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.Google Scholar
Darton, R., Forder, J., Bebbington, A., Netten, A., Towers, A. M. and Williams, J. 2006. Analysis to support the development of the relative needs formula for older people: final report. Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.Google Scholar
Darton, R., Forder, J., Netten, A., Bebbington, A., Holder, J. and Towers, A. M. 2010. Slicing up the pie: allocation of central government funding of care of older people. Social Policy and Administration, 44, 5, 529–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department for Communities and Local Government 2008. Lifetime Homes, Lifetime Neighbourhoods. A National Strategy for Housing in an Ageing Society. Department for Communities and Local Government, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2003. Extra Care Housing Directory: Change Agent Team, Housing Learning and Improvement Network, and Elderly Accommodation Counsel. Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2004. New report shows that standards of care for older people in homes are improving. Press release 2004/0117, Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2005 a. Independence, Well Being and Choice: Our Vision for the Future of Social Care for Adults in England (Cm 6499). The Stationery Office for the Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2005 b. Adults’ Personal Social Services (PSS): Specific Revenue and Capital Grant Allocations for 2006–07 and 2007–08; Children's Services: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services Grant Allocations for 2006–07 and 2007–08. Lassl (2005)6. Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2010. A Vision for Adult Social Care: Capable Communities and Active Citizens. Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Elderly Accommodation Counsel 2009. Statistics on Specialist Housing Provision for Older People in England 2009. Elderly Accommodation Counsel, London.Google Scholar
Erickson, M. A., Krout, J., Ewen, H. and Robison, J. 2006. Should I stay or should I go? Moving plans of older adults. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 20, 3, 5–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, S. 2009. Community and Ageing – Maintaining Quality of Life in Housing with Care Settings. Policy Press, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Evans, S. and Means, R. 2007. Balanced Retirement Communities? A Case Study of Westbury Fields. St Monica Trust, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Evans, S. and Vallelly, S. 2007. Social Well-being in Extra Care Housing. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, UK.Google Scholar
Fletcher, P., Riseborough, M., Humphries, J., Jenkins, C. and Whittingham, P. 1999. Citizenship and Services in Older Age: The Strategic Role of Very Sheltered Housing. Housing 21, Beaconsfield, UK.Google Scholar
Frank, J. 2001. How long can i stay? The dilemma of aging in place in assisted living. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 15, 1/2, 5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golant, S. M. 2002. Deciding where to live: the emerging residential settlement patterns of retired Americans. Generations, 26, 2, 66–73.Google Scholar
Hazelrigg, L. E. and Hardy, M. A. 1995. Older adult migration to the sunbelt. Research on Aging, 17, 2, 209–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearnden, D. 1983. Continuing Care Communities: A Viable Option for Britain? Centre for Policy on Ageing, London.Google Scholar
Homes and Communities Agency 2009. Housing Our Ageing Population: Panel for Innovation (Happi). Homes and Communities Agency, London.Google Scholar
Housing Learning and Improvement Network 2003. Extra Care Strategic Developments in North Yorkshire (Case Study No. 1). Housing Learning and Improvement Network, Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Hunt, M. E., Feldt, A., Marans, R. W., Pastalan, L. and Vakalo, K. 1984. Retirement Communities: An American Original. The Haworth Press, New York.Google Scholar
Johnson, J., Rolph, S. and Smith, R. 2010. Residential Care Transformed: Revisiting the ‘Last Refuge’. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingston, P., Bernard, M., Biggs, S. and Nettleton, H. 2001. Assessing the health impact of age-specific housing. Health & Social Care in the Community, 9, 4, 228–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krout, J. A., Moen, P., Holmes, H. H., Oggins, J. and Bowen, N. 2002. Reasons for relocation to a continuing care retirement community. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21, 2, 236–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupke, V. 2000. Relocating for retirement or what makes for a happy retirement. Paper presented to the Sixth Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Sydney.Google Scholar
Laing and Buisson 2009. Care of Elderly People UK Market Survey 2009. Twenty-second edition, Laing and Buisson, London.Google Scholar
Laing and Buisson 2010. Extra-care Housing UK Market Report 2010. Tenth edition, Laing and Buisson, London.Google Scholar
Laws, G. 1995. Embodiment and emplacement: identities, representation and landscape in Sun City retirement communities. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 40, 4, 253–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, M. P. 1985. Housing and living environments of older people. In Binstock, R. H. and Shanas, E. (eds), Handbook of Ageing and the Social Sciences. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 450–78.Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P. 1989. Environmental proactivity in older people. In Bengtson, V. L. and Schaie, K. W. (eds), The Course of Later Life. Springer, New York, 15–23.Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P. 1998. Environment and aging: theory revisited. In Scheidt, R. J. and Windley, P. G. (eds), Environment and Aging Theory: A Focus on Housing. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1–31.Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P. 1999. Environmental taxonomy: generalizations from research with older adults. In Friedman, S. L. and Wachs, T. D. (eds), Measuring Environment Across the Life Span. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 91–124.Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P. and Nahemow, L. 1973. Ecology and the aging process. In Eisdorfer, C. and Lawton, M. P. (eds), The Psychology of Adult Development and Aging. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 619–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, E. S. 1966. A theory of migration. Demography, 3, 1, 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litwak, E. and Longino, C. F. 1987. Migration patterns among the elderly: a developmental perspective. The Gerontologist, 27, 3, 266–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Longino, C. F., Bradley, D. E., Stoller, E. P. and Haas, W. H. 2008. Predictors of non-local moves among older adults: a prospective study. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63B, 1, S7–14.Google Scholar
Longino, C. F., Perzynski, A. T. and Stoller, E. P. 2002. Pandora's briefcase: unpacking the retirement migration decision. Research on Aging, 24, 1, 29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, F. I. and Barthel, D. W. 1965. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 2, 61–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Manicaros, M. and Stimson, R. 1999. Living in a Retirement Village: Attitudes, Choice and Outcomes. University of Queensland Press for AHURI, Brisbane.Google Scholar
McCafferty, P. 1994. Living Independently: A Study of the Housing Needs of Elderly and Disabled People. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.Google Scholar
McCarthy, M. 2009. Marketing Extra Care Housing: Housing Learning and Improvement Network Report. Housing Learning and Improvement Network, Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Middleton, L. 1987. So Much for So Few: A View of Sheltered Housing. Institute of Human Ageing, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK.Google Scholar
Ministry of Local Government and Planning 1951. Housing for Special Purposes. Supplement to the Housing Manual 1949. Report of the Housing Manual Sub-Committee of the Central Housing Advisory Committee Under Extended Terms of Reference. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.Google Scholar
Morris, J. N., Fries, B. E., Mehr, D., Hawes, C., Phillips, C., Mor, V. and Lipsitz, L. A. 1994. MDS Cognitive Performance Scale. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 49, 4, M174–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, W. and Miller, L. 2008. Nomination Arrangements in Extra Care Housing: Factsheet No. 25. Housing Learning and Improvement Network, Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Oldman, C. 2000. Blurring the Boundaries. A Fresh Look at Housing and Care Provision for Older People. Joseph Rowntree Foundation & Pavilion Publishing, Brighton, UK.Google Scholar
Oswald, F., Schilling, O., Wahl, H. W. and Gaeng, K. 2002. Trouble in paradise? Reasons to relocate and objective environmental changes among well-off older adults. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 3, 273–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmore, E. and Luikart, C. 1972. Health and social factors related to life satisfaction. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 13, 1, 68–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parmelee, P. A. and Lawton, M. P. 1990. The design of special environments for the aged. In Birren, J. E. and Schaie, K. W. (eds), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. Academic Press, New York, 464–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parr, J., Green, S. and Behncke, C. 1988. What people want, why they move, and what happens after they move: a summary of research in retirement housing. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 5, 1, 7–33.Google Scholar
Peace, S., Kellaher, L. and Holland, C. 2006. Environment and Identity in Later Life. Open University Press, Maidenhead, UK.Google Scholar
Peace, S., Wahl, H. W., Oswald, F. and Mollenkopf, H. 2007. Environment and ageing: space, time and place. In Bond, P., Dittmann-Kohli, F., Peace, S. and Westerhof, G. J. (eds), Ageing in Society: An Introduction to Social Gerontology. Third edition, Sage, London, 209–34.Google Scholar
Pinquart, M. and Sorensen, S. 2002. Preparation for death and preparation for care in older community-dwelling adults. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 45, 1, 348–62.Google Scholar
Robine, J. M., Jagger, C. and Romieu, I. 2002. Selection of a Coherent Set of Health Indicators for the European Union. Phase 2: Final Report. Euro-REVES, Montpellier, France.Google Scholar
Sheehan, N. W. and Karasik, R. J. 1995. The decision to move to a continuing care retirement community. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 11, 2, 107–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherwood, S., Ruchling, H. S., Sherwood, C. C. and Morris, S. A. 1997. Continuing Care Retirement Communities. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.Google Scholar
Speare, A. and Meyer, J. W. 1988. Types of elderly residential mobility and their determinants. Journal of Gerontology, 43, 3, S74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stillwell, P. and Kerslake, A. 2004. What makes older people choose residential care, and are there alternatives? Housing, Care and Support, 7, 4, 4–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streib, G. F. 2002. An introduction to retirement communities. Research on Aging, 24, 1, 3–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, R. and Leather, P. 1997. Grey Matters: A Survey of Older People in England. Anchor Trust, Oxford.Google Scholar
Tell, E. J., Cohen, M. A., Larson, M. J. and Batten, H. L. 1987. Assessing the elderly's preferences for lifecare retirement options. The Gerontologist, 27, 4, 503–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Royal Commission on Long Term Care. 1999. With Respect to Old Age: Long Term Care – Rights and Responsibilities. Research Volume 2: Alternative Models of Care for Older People (Cm 4192-Ii/2). The Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Tinker, A. 1984. Staying at Home. Her Majesty's Stationary Office and Department of the Environment, London.Google Scholar
Tinker, A. 1997. Older People in Modern Society. Addison Wesley, London.Google Scholar
Tinker, A., Wright, F. and Zeilig, H. 1995. Difficult to Let Sheltered Housing. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.Google Scholar
Tribal, F. R., Walker, G. and Jarvis, L. 2006. Time to Move: A Literature Review of Housing for Older People. Scottish Executive Social Research, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Vallelly, S. 2002. Extra care housing: a review of the effectiveness of extra care housing for older people. Housing, Care and Support, 5, 1, 7–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallelly, S., Evans, S., Fear, T. and Means, R. 2006. Opening Doors to Independence: A Longitudinal Study Exploring the Contribution of Extra Care Housing to the Care and Support of Older People with Dementia. Housing 21, London.Google Scholar
Williams, J. 2005. Consumer behaviour and care homes: a literature assessment. In Office of Fair Trading (ed.), Care Homes for Older People in the United Kingdom: A Market Study. Office of Fair Trading, London, Annexe K.Google Scholar
Winters, S. 2001. Lifetime Housing in Europe. Proceedings of the European Seminar and Colloquium ‘Living Tomorrow Starts Today’, 4–5 December 2000. Hoger Instituut voor de Arbeid, Leuven, Belgium.Google Scholar
Wolcott, I. and Glezer, H. 2002. Retirement village expectations and experiences: an exploratory study. Institute for Social Research Working Paper No. 4, ISR, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.Google Scholar