Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T13:52:24.980Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Contribution of stressful life events to gambling activity in older age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 November 2020

Roser Granero Open the ORCID record for Roser Granero [Opens in a new window] ,
Susana Jiménez-Murcia ,
Fernando Fernández-Aranda ,
Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez ,
Teresa Mena-Moreno ,
Gemma Mestre-Bach ,
Mónica Gómez-Peña ,
Laura Moragas ,
Neus Aymamí  and
Isabelle Giroux
...Show all authors
Roser Granero
Affiliation:
Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Susana Jiménez-Murcia*
Affiliation:
Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Fernando Fernández-Aranda
Affiliation:
Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Teresa Mena-Moreno
Affiliation:
Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Gemma Mestre-Bach
Affiliation:
Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Mónica Gómez-Peña
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Laura Moragas
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Neus Aymamí
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Isabelle Giroux
Affiliation:
Centre d'Excellence pour la Prévention et le Traitement du Jeu, Faculté de Sciencies Sociales, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Quebec, Canada
Marie Grall-Bronnec
Affiliation:
INSERM, SPHERE U1246, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
Anne Sauvaget
Affiliation:
CHU Nantes, Movement – Interactions – Performance, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
Ester Codina
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
Affiliation:
Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
María Lozano-Madrid
Affiliation:
Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Marco Camozzi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Zaida Agüera
Affiliation:
Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Jéssica Sánchez-González
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Gemma Casalé-Salayet
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Isabel Sánchez
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Hibai López-González
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
Isabel Baenas
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
José M. Menchón
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Ciber Salud Mental (CIBERsam), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
*
*Corresponding author. Email: sjimenez@bellvitgehospital.cat
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Older subjects are susceptible to develop gambling problems, and researchers have attempted to assess the mechanisms underlying the gambling profile in later life. The objective of this study was to identify the main stressful life events (SLE) across the lifespan which have discriminative capacity for detecting the presence of gambling disorder (GD) in older adults. Data from two independent samples of individuals aged 50+ were analysed: N = 47 patients seeking treatment at a Pathological Gambling Outpatient Unit and N = 361 participants recruited from the general population. Sexual problems (p < 0.001), exposure to domestic violent behaviour (p < 0.001), severe financial problems (p = 0.002), alcohol or drug-related problems (p = 0.004) and extramarital sex (p < 0.001) were related to a higher risk of GD, while getting married (p = 0.005), moving to a new home (p = 0.003) and moving to a new city (p = 0.006) decreased the likelihood of disordered gambling. The accumulated number of SLE was not a predictor of the presence of GD (p = 0.732), but patients who met clinical criteria for GD reported higher concurrence of SLE in time than control individuals (p < 0.001). Empirical research highlights the need to include older age groups in evidence-based policies for gambling prevention, because these individuals are at high risk of onset and/or progression of behavioural addiction-related problems such as GD. The results of this study may be useful for developing reliable screening/diagnostic tools and for planning effective early intervention programmes aimed to reduce the harm related to the onset and evolution of problem gambling in older adults.

Keywords

gambling disorderolder adultsstressful life events
Type
Article
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 42 , Issue 7 , July 2022 , pp. 1513 - 1537
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, M, Romild, U and Volberg, R (2018) The prevalence, incidence, and gender and age-specific incidence of problem gambling: results of the Swedish longitudinal gambling study (Swelogs). Addiction 113, 699–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberghetti, A and Collins, PA (2015) A passion for gambling: a generation-specific conceptual analysis and review of gambling among older adults in Canada. Journal of Gambling Studies 31, 343–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2010) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edn Revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ariyabuddhiphongs, V (2012) Older adults and gambling: a review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 10, 297–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assanangkornchai, S, McNeil, EB, Tantirangsee, N, Kittirattanapaiboon, P and Thai National Mental Health Survey Team (2016) Gambling disorders, gambling type preferences, and psychiatric comorbidity among the Thai general population: results of the 2013 National Mental Health Survey. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 5, 410–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilevicius, E, Single, A, Bristow, LA, Foot, M, Ellery, M, Keough, MT and Johnson, EA (2018) Shame mediates the relationship between depression and addictive behaviours. Addictive Behaviors 82, 94–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bischof, A, Meyer, C, Bischof, G, Guertler, D, Kastirke, N, John, U and Rumpf, H-J (2014) Association of sociodemographic, psychopathological and gambling-related factors with treatment utilization for pathological gambling. European Addiction Research 20, 167–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, DW, Coryell, W, McCormick, B, Shaw, M and Allen, J (2017) A prospective follow-up study of younger and older subjects with pathological gambling. Psychiatry Research 256, 162–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botterill, E, Gill, PR, McLaren, S and Gomez, R (2016) Marital status and problem gambling among Australian older adults: the mediating role of loneliness. Journal of Gambling Studies 32, 1027–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brevers, D, Herremans, SC, He, Q, Vanderhasselt, M-A, Petieau, M, Verdonck, D, Poppa, T, de Witte, S, Kornreich, C, Bechara, A and Baeken, C (2018) Facing temptation: the neural correlates of gambling availability during sports picture exposure. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 18, 718–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruneau, M, Grall-Bronnec, M, Vénisse, J-L, Romo, L, Valleur, M, Magalon, D, Fetsáes, M, Chéreau-Boudet, I, Luquiens, A, JEU-Group, Challet-Bouju, G and Hardouin, JB (2016) Gambling transitions among adult gamblers: a multi-state model using a Markovian approach applied to the JEU cohort. Addictive Behaviors 57, 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canale, N, Rubaltelli, E, Vieno, A, Pittarello, A and Billieux, J (2017) Impulsivity influences betting under stress in laboratory gambling. Scientific Reports 7, 10668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chrétien, M, Giroux, I, Goulet, A, Jacques, C and Bouchard, S (2017) Cognitive restructuring of gambling-related thoughts: a systematic review. Addictive Behaviors 75, 108–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, D (2008) Older adults’ gambling motivation and problem gambling: a comparative study. Journal of Gambling Studies 24, 175–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, CN, Slutske, WS, Martin, NG, Agrawal, A and Lynskey, MT (2019) Genetic and environmental influences on gambling disorder liability: a replication and combined analysis of two twin studies. Psychological Medicine 49, 1705–1712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desai, RA, Desai, MM and Potenza, MN (2007) Gambling, health and age: data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 21, 431–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Trani, M, Renzi, A, Vari, C, Zavattini, GC and Solano, L (2017) Gambling disorder and affect regulation: the role of alexithymia and attachment style. Journal of Gambling Studies 33, 649–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowling, NA, Merkouris, SS, Greenwood, CJ, Oldenhof, E, Toumbourou, JW and Youssef, GJ (2017) Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review 51, 109–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowling, NA, Ewin, C, Youssef, GJ, Merkouris, SS, Suomi, A, Thomas, SA and Jackson, AC (2018) Problem gambling and family violence: findings from a population-representative study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 7, 806–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elman, I, Tschibelu, E and Borsook, D (2010) Psychosocial stress and its relationship to gambling urges in individuals with pathological gambling. American Journal on Addictions 19, 332–339.Google ScholarPubMed
Elton-Marshall, T, Wijesingha, R, Sendzik, T, Mock, SE, van der Maas, M, McCready, J, Maan, RE and Turner, NE (2018) Marital status and problem gambling among older adults: an examination of social context and social motivations. Canadian Journal on Aging 37, 318–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FeldmanHall, O, Raio, CM, Kubota, JT, Seiler, MG and Phelps, EA (2015) The effects of social context and acute stress on decision making under uncertainty. Psychological Science 26, 1918–1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felsher, JR, Derevensky, JL and Gupta, R (2010) Young adults with gambling problems: the impact of childhood maltreatment. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 8, 545–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finner, H (1993) On a monotonicity problem in step-down multiple test procedures. Journal of the American Statistical Association 88, 920–923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godinho, A, Kushnir, V, Hodgins, DC, Hendershot, CS and Cunningham, JA (2018) Betting on life: associations between significant life events and gambling trajectories among gamblers with the intent to quit. Journal of Gambling Studies 34, 1391–1406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granero, R, Jimenez-Murcia, S, Del Pino-Gutierrez, A, Mena-Moreno, T, Mestre-Bach, G, Gomez-Pena, M, Morages, L, Aymami, N, Giroux, I, Grall-Bronnec, M, Sauvaget, A, Codina, E, Vintro-Alcaraz, C, Lozano-Madrid, M, Camozzi, M, Aguera, Z, Martin-Ramera, V, Sanchez-Gonzalez, J, Casale, G, Sanchez, I, Lopez-Gonzalez, H, Munguia, L, Valenciano-Mendoza, E, Mora, B, Baenas-Soto, I, Menchon, JM and Fernandez-Aranda, F (2020) Gambling phenotypes in older adults. Journal of Gambling Studies 36, 809–828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillou Landreat, M, Cholet, J, Grall Bronnec, M, Lalande, S and Le Reste, JY (2019) Determinants of gambling disorders in elderly people – a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry 10, 837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hing, N, Russell, A, Tolchard, B and Nower, L (2016) Risk factors for gambling problems: an analysis by gender. Journal of Gambling Studies 32, 511–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hocking, R (2013) Methods and Applications of Linear Models: Regression and the Analysis of Variance, 3rd Edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, AB (2011) Four Factor Index of Social Status. Yale Journal of Sociology 8, 21–51.Google Scholar
Huberty, CJ and Olejnik, S (2006) Applied MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis, 2nd Edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ioannidis, K, Treder, MS, Chamberlain, SR, Kiraly, F, Redden, SA, Stein, DJ, Lochner, C and Grant, JE (2018) Problematic internet use as an age-related multifaceted problem: evidence from a two-site survey. Addictive Behaviors 81, 157–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiménez-Murcia, S, Stinchfield, R, Álvarez-Moya, E, Jaurrieta, N, Bueno, B, Granero, R, Aymamí, MN, Gómez-Peňa, M, Martínez-Giménez, R, Fernández-Aranda, F and Vallejo, J (2009) Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a Spanish translation of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies 25, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jimenez-Murcia, S, Granero, R, Gimenez, M, Del Pino-Gutierrez, A, Mestre-Bach, G, Mena-Moreno, T, Morages, L, Baňo, M, Sánchez-González, J, de Gracia, M, Baenas-Soto, I, Contaldo, SF, Valenciano-Mendoza, E, Mora-Maltes, B, López-González, H, Menchón, JM and Fernandez-Aranda, F (2020) Moderator effect of sex in the clustering of treatment-seeking patients with gambling problems. Neuropsychiatrie: Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation: Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater 34, 116–129.Google ScholarPubMed
Kelley, K and Preacher, KJ (2012) On effect size. Psychological Methods 17, 137–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, M, Leménager, T, Streit, F, Fauth-Bühler, M, Frank, J, Juraeva, D, Witt, SH, Degenhardt, F, Hofmann, A, Heilmann-Heimbach, S, Kiefer, F, Brors, B, Grabe, H-J, John, U, Bischof, A, Bischof, G, Völker, U, Homuth, G, Beutel, M, Lind, PA, Medland, SE, Slutske, WS, Martin, NG, Völzke, H, Nöthen, MN, Meyer, C, Rumpf, H-J, Wurst, FM, Rietschel, M and Mann, KF (2016) Genome-wide association study of pathological gambling. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 36, 38–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levésque, D, Sevigny, S, Giroux, I and Jacques, C (2018) Psychological vulnerability and problem gambling: the mediational role of cognitive distortions. Journal of Gambling Studies 34, 807–822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lighthall, NR, Gorlick, MA, Schoeke, A, Frank, MJ and Mather, M (2013) Stress modulates reinforcement learning in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging 28, 35–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lind, PA, Zhu, G, Montgomery, GW, Madden, PAF, Heath, AC, Martin, NG and Slutske, WS (2013) Genome-wide association study of a quantitative disordered gambling trait. Addiction Biology 18, 511–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenz, RC, Gleich, T, Beck, A, Pöhland, L, Raufelder, D, Sommer, W, Rapp, MA, Kühn, S and Gallinat, J (2014) Reward anticipation in the adolescent and aging brain. Human Brain Mapping 35, 5153–5165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luce, C, Kairouz, S, Nadeau, L and Monson, E (2016) Life events and problem gambling severity: a prospective study of adult gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 30, 922–930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maas, CJM and Hox, JJ (2005) Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling. Methodology 1, 86–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, F, Lichtenberg, PA and Templin, TN (2011) A longitudinal study: casino gambling attitudes, motivations, and gambling patterns among urban elders. Journal of Gambling Studies 27, 287–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moccia, L, Pettorruso, M, De Crescenzo, F, De Risio, L, di Nuzzo, L, Martinotti, G, Bifone, A, Janiri, L and Di Nicola, M (2017) Neural correlates of cognitive control in gambling disorder: a systematic review of fMRI studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 78, 104–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholson, R, Mackenzie, C, Afifi, TO, Keough, M and Sareen, J (2019) An examination of comorbid psychiatric disorders in disordered gamblers versus other substance-related disorders. Journal of Gambling Studies 35, 829–847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parke, A, Griffiths, M, Pattinson, J and Keatley, D (2018) Age-related physical and psychological vulnerability as pathways to problem gambling in older adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 7, 137–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pattinson, J and Parke, A (2017) The experience of high-frequency gambling behavior of older adult females in the United Kingdom: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Women & Aging 29, 243–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilver, CE, Libby, DJ, Hoff, RA and Potenza, MN (2013) Problem gambling severity and the incidence of Axis I psychopathology among older adults in the general population. Journal of Psychiatric Research 47, 534–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potenza, MN (2014) Non-substance addictive behaviors in the context of DSM-5. Addictive Behaviors 39, 1–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rash, C, Weinstock, J and Van Patten, R (2016) A review of gambling disorder and substance use disorders. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 17, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, A, Sharman, S, Coid, J, Murphy, R, Bowden-Jones, H, Cowlishaw, S and Landon, J (2017) Gambling and negative life events in a nationally representative sample of UK men. Addictive Behaviors 75, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogier, G and Velotti, P (2018) Conceptualizing gambling disorder with the process model of emotion regulation. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 7, 239–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherrer, JF, Xian, H, Kapp, JMK, Waterman, B, Shah, KR, Volberg, R and Eisen, SA (2007) Association between exposure to childhood and lifetime traumatic events and lifetime pathological gambling in a twin cohort. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195, 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiebener, J and Brand, M (2015) Decision making under objective risk conditions – a review of cognitive and emotional correlates, strategies, feedback processing, and external influences. Neuropsychology Review 25, 171–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stansbury, KL, Beecher, B, Schumacher, M, Martin, F and Clute, MA (2015) Social service providers’ perspectives on casino gambling in older adult clients. Journal of Gambling Issues 30, 57–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starcke, K and Brand, M (2016) Effects of stress on decisions under uncertainty: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 142, 909–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
StataCorp (2019) Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp.Google Scholar
Stinchfield, R (2003) Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 180–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storr, CL, Lee, GP, Derevensky, JL, Ialongo, NS and Martins, SS (2012) Gambling and adverse life events among urban adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies 28, 325–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subramaniam, M, Abdin, E, Shahwan, S, Vaingankar, JA, Picco, L, Browning, CJ, Thomas, S and Chong, SA (2015 a) Culture and age influences upon gambling and problem gambling. Addictive Behaviors Reports 1, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subramaniam, M, Wang, P, Soh, P, Vaingankar, JA, Chong, SA, Browning, CJ and Thomas, SA (2015 b) Prevalence and determinants of gambling disorder among older adults: a systematic review. Addictive Behaviors 41, 199–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subramaniam, M, Chong, SA, Satghare, P, Browning, CJ and Thomas, S (2017) Gambling and family: a two-way relationship. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6, 689–698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suomi, A, Dowling, NA, Thomas, S, Abbott, M, Bellringer, M, Battersby, M, Koziol-McLain, J, Lavis, T and Jackson, AC (2019) Patterns of family and intimate partner violence in problem gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies 35, 465–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tira, C, Jackson, AC and Tomnay, JE (2014) Pathways to late-life problematic gambling in seniors: a grounded theory approach. The Gerontologist 54, 1035–1048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tse, S, Hong, SI, Wang, CW and Cunningham-Williams, RM (2012) Gambling behavior and problems among older adults: a systematic review of empirical studies. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 67B, 639–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungless, MA, Argilli, E and Bonci, A (2010) Effects of stress and aversion on dopamine neurons: implications for addiction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, 151–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Maas, M, Mann, RE, McCready, J, Matheson, FI, Turner, NE, Hamilton, HA, Schrans, T and Ialomiteanu, A (2017) Problem gambling in a sample of older adult casino gamblers. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 30, 3–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Maas, M, Shi, J, Elton-Marshall, T, Hodgins, DC, Sanchez, S, Lobo, DS, Hagopian, S and Turner, NE (2019) Internet-based interventions for problem gambling: scoping review. JMIR Mental Health 6, e65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welte, JW, Wieczorek, WF, Barnes, GM, Tidwell, MC and Hoffman, JH (2004) The relationship of ecological and geographic factors to gambling behavior and pathology. Journal of Gambling Studies 20, 405–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welte, JW, Barnes, GM, Tidwell, MCO and Hoffman, JH (2011) Gambling and problem gambling across the lifespan. Journal of Gambling Studies 27, 49–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wise, RJ, Phung, AL, Labuschagne, I and Stout, JC (2015) Differential effects of social stress on laboratory-based decision-making are related to both impulsive personality traits and gender. Cognition & Emotion 29, 1475–1485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, RTA and Griffiths, MD (2007) A qualitative investigation of problem gambling as an escape-based coping strategy. Psychology and Psychotherapy 80, 107–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed