Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T08:16:31.823Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Morality in the middle: choosing cars or houses in Botswana

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2020

Abstract

Batswana contrast owning cars with owning houses: the first signals self-centred accomplishment and possibly deceptive status claims, and the second an investment in sociality. The tensions between individual accomplishment and social connectivity are long-standing in Botswana, and a close examination of cars and houses finds that each is tied up with both dimensions of self-making. The new materiality that envelopes Botswana, however, with rising incomes for some and a flood of consumer options, raises the stakes for both sides of this tension, yet also allows them to be resolved in social and emotional practice.

Résumé

Résumé

Les Botswanais font une différence entre être propriétaire d'un véhicule et être propriétaire d'un bien immobilier : le premier est le signe d'un accomplissement égocentré et peut-être de prétention à un statut trompeur, tandis que le second est le signe d'un investissement en socialité. Les tensions entre accomplissement individuel et connectivité sociale remontent à longtemps au Botswana, et un examen approfondi des véhicules et des biens immobiliers révèle que les uns comme les autres sont liés aux deux dimensions de l'autoréalisation. La nouvelle matérialité qui enveloppe le Botswana, cependant, avec une hausse des revenus pour certains et un afflux d'options de consommation, fait monter les enjeux des deux côtés de cette tension, mais leur permet également de se résoudre dans la pratique sociale et émotionnelle.

Type
The lived experiences of the African middle classes
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alverson, H. (1978) Mind in the Heart of Darkness. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bocast, B. (2017) ‘Declarations of promiscuity: “housing”, autonomy, and urban female friendship in Uganda’, City and Society 29 (3): 370–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1979) ‘The Kabyle house, or the world reversed’ in Bourdieu, P., Algeria 1960. New York NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1987) Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste. Translated by Nice, R.. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, A. (2011) ‘Networks of power and corruption: the trade of Japanese used cars in Mozambique’, The Geography Journal 178 (1): 8092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. L. (1990) ‘Goodly beasts, beastly goods: cattle and commodities in a South African context’, American Ethnologist 17 (2): 195216.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. L. and Comaroff, J. (1997) Of Revelation and Revolution: the dialectics of modernity on a South African frontier. Volume 2. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, J. L. and Comaroff, J. (2001) ‘On personhood: an anthropological perspective from Africa’, Social Identities 7 (2): 267–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, J. L. and Roberts, S. (1981) Rules and Processes: the cultural logic of dispute in an African context. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, B. (2014) ‘“Too fat to be an orphan”: the moral semiotics of food aid in Botswana’, Cultural Anthropology 29 (4): 626–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalakoglou, D. and Harvey, P. (2012) ‘Roads and anthropology: ethnographic perspectives on space, time and (im)mobility’, Mobilities 7 (4): 459–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durham, D. (1995) ‘Soliciting gifts and negotiating agency: the spirit of asking in Botswana’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1 (1): 111–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durham, D. (1999a) ‘Civil lives: leadership and accomplishment in Botswana’ in Comaroff, J. L. and Comaroff, J. (eds), Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Durham, D. (1999b) ‘The predicament of dress: polyvalency and the ironies of a cultural identity’, American Ethnologist 26 (2): 389411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durham, D. (2002) ‘Love and jealousy in the space of death’, Ethnos 67 (2): 155–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durham, D. (2005) ‘Did you bathe this morning? Baths and morality in Botswana’ in Masquelier, A. (ed.), Dirt, Undress, and Difference: critical perspectives on the body's surface. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Durham, D. (2010) ‘The village as frontier in Africa’ in Mines, D. and Yazgi, N. (eds), Village Matters: relocating villages in the contemporary anthropology of India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Durham, D. (2019) ‘“Have you been to all the malls?”: The new mall scene in Botswana’ in Balogun, K., Gilman, L., Graboyes, M. and Iddrisu, H. (eds), Africa Every Day: fun, leisure, and expressive culture on the continent. Athens OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Durham, D. and Klaits, F. (2002) ‘Funerals and the public space of mutuality in Botswana’, Journal of Southern African Studies 28 (4): 777–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, J. (1985) ‘The bovine mystique: power, property, and livestock in rural Lesotho’, Man N.S. 20 (4): 647–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, J. (2013) ‘Declarations of dependence: labour, personhood, and welfare in Southern Africa’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19 (2): 223–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, J. (2015) Give a Man a Fish: reflections on the new politics of distribution. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Graves-Brown, P. (1997) ‘From highway to superhighway: the sustainability, symbolism and situated practices of car culture’, Social Analysis 41 (1): 6475.Google Scholar
Green-Sims, L. (2017) Postcolonial Automobility: car culture in West Africa. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Griffiths, A. M. O. (1997) In the Shadow of Marriage: gender and justice in an African community. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gulbrandsen, Ø. (2012) The State and the Social: state formation in Botswana and its precolonial and colonial genealogies. New York NY and Oxford: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Heiman, R., Freeman, C. and Liechty, M. (eds) (2012) The Global Middle Classes: theorizing through ethnography. Santa Fe NM: School for Advanced Research Press.Google Scholar
Hull, E. (2020) ‘Going up or getting out? Professional insecurity and austerity in the South African health sector’, Africa 90 (3): 548–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jefferis, K. R. and Kelly, T. F. (1999) ‘Botswana: poverty amid plenty’, Oxford Development Studies 27 (2): 211–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaits, F. (2010) Death in a Church of Life: moral passion during Botswana's time of AIDS. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lambek, M. and Solway, J. (2001) ‘Just anger: scenarios of indignation in Botswana and Madagascar’, Ethnos 66 (1): 4972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamont, M. (2012) ‘Accidents have no cure! Road death as industrial catastrophe in Eastern Africa’, African Studies 71 (2): 174–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lentz, C. (2016) ‘African middle classes: lessons from transnational studies and a research agenda’ in Melber, H. (ed.), The Rise of Africa's Middle Class: myths, realities and critical engagement. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Lentz, C. (2020) ‘Doing being middle-class in the global South: comparative perspectives and conceptual challenges’, Africa 90 (3): 439–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liechty, M. (2003) Suitably Modern: making middle-class culture in a new consumer society. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingston, J. (2009) ‘Suicide, risk, and investment in the heart of the African miracle’, Cultural Anthropology 24 (4): 652–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutz, C. (2014) ‘The US car colossus and the production of inequality’, American Ethnologist 41 (2): 232–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masquelier, A. (2002) ‘Road mythographies: space, mobility, and the historical imagination in postcolonial Niger’, American Ethnologist 29 (4): 829–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melber, H. (2016) ‘“Somewhere above poor but below rich”: explorations into the species of the African middle class(es)’ in Melber, H. (ed.), The Rise of Africa's Middle Class: myths, realities and critical engagement. London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menoret, P. (2014) Joyriding in Riyadh: oil, urbanism, and road revolt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, B. (1995) ‘“Delivered from the powers of darkness”: confessions of satanic riches in Christian Ghana’, Africa 65 (2): 236–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miers, S. and Kopytoff, I. (eds) (1977) Slavery in Africa: historical and anthropological perspectives. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (ed.) (2001) Car Cultures. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Molutsi, P. (1988) ‘The state, environment, and peasant consciousness in Botswana’, Review of African Political Economy 15 (42): 40–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, E. V. (2018) ‘Intimate entanglements: sugar daddies, NGOs, and the arts of consumption in urban Uganda’. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Ethnological Society, Philadelphia, 24 March.Google Scholar
Morris, R. (2010) ‘Accidental histories, post-historical practice? Re-reading Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance in the actuarial age’, Anthropological Quarterly 83 (3): 581624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muyakwabo, V. (2012) ‘The little known history of “Crime File”’, Mmegi Online <http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1425&dir=2012/June/Friday29>, accessed 17 September 2019.,+accessed+17+September+2019.>Google Scholar
Parry, J. and Bloch, M. (eds) (1989) Money and the Morality of Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parson, J. (1981) ‘Cattle, class and the state in rural Botswana’, Journal of Southern African Studies 7 (2): 236–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, P. (1984) ‘Struggles over water, struggles over meaning: cattle, water and the state in Botswana’, Africa 54 (3): 2949, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitt-Rivers, J. (2016 [1983]) ‘The paradox of friendship’, translated by M. Carey, Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6 (3): 443–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranko, K. and Bolaane, B. (2011) ‘Managing traffic congestion in Gaborone: prophylactic treatment or an application of palliative measures?’, Proceedings of the 30th Southern African Transport Conference, Volume 11.Google Scholar
Reece, K. (2019) ‘“We are seeing things”: recognition, risk, and reproducing kinship in Botswana's time of AIDS’, Africa 89 (1): 4060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritsema, M. (2008) ‘Gaborone is growing like a baby: life expectancies and death expectations in urban Botswana’, Africa Development 33 (3): 81108.Google Scholar
Rybczynski, W. (1986) Home: a short history of an idea. New York NY: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Samatar, A. I. (1999) An African Miracle: state and class leadership and colonial legacy in Botswana development. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Shipton, P. (1989) Bitter Money: cultural economy and some African meanings of forbidden economies. American Ethnological Society Monograph Series 1. Washington DC: American Anthropological Association.Google Scholar
Singh, R and Dwivedi, V. K. (2014) ‘Housing situation in Botswana: the 2011 population and housing census perspectives’ in Population and Housing Census 2011: analytical perspective. Gaborone: Statistics Botswana.Google Scholar
Solway, J. (2016a) ‘“Slow marriage”, “fast bogadi”: change and continuity in marriage in Botswana’, Anthropology Southern Africa 40 (1): 309–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solway, J. (2016b) ‘The sacred cow: Botswana's livestock industry and urban bias’. Paper presented at University of Copenhagen, November.Google Scholar
Solway, J. (2017) ‘The predicament of adulthood in Botswana’ in Durham, D. and Solway, J. (eds), Elusive Adulthoods: the anthropology of new maturities. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Statistics Botswana (2017) Transport and Infrastructure Statistics Report 2017. Gaborone: Statistics Botswana.Google Scholar
Taussig, M. (1977) ‘The genesis of capitalism among a South American peasantry: devil's labor and the baptism of money’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 19 (2): 130–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dijk, R. (2012) ‘The social cocktail: weddings and the innovative mix of competencies in Botswana’ in Gewald, J.-B., Leliveld, A. and Peša, I. (eds), Transforming Innovations in Africa: explorative studies on appropriation in African societies. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Veblen, T. (1899) The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weiss, B. (1996) The Making and Unmaking of the Haya Lived World. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Werbner, P. (2014) The Making of an African Working Class: politics, law, and cultural protest in the Manual Workers’ Union of Botswana. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Werbner, R. (2004) Reasonable Radicals and Citizenship in Botswana. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
White, L. (1993) ‘Cars out of place: vampires, technology, and labor in East and Central Africa’, Representations 43: 2750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2015) ‘Incomes growth in rural Botswana lifts thousands out of poverty and decreases inequality’. Press release, 8 December. Gaborone: World Bank <http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/12/08/incomes-growth-in-rural-botswana-lifts-thousands-out-of-poverty-and-decreases-inequality>, accessed 25 January 2018.,+accessed+25+January+2018.>Google Scholar