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Politics, Procedures, and Norms in Changing Chagga Law1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

In his book on the Arusha, the agricultural Masai of Mount Meru, Professor Gulliver concludes with a general theoretical statement in which he suggests a way of classifying processes of dispute settlement. Gulliver says that there are ‘two polar types of process—judicial and political—between which there is a graduated scale where, ideally, particular systems could be placed according as to whether they were more judicial or more political in their nature’ (Gulliver, 1963, p. 297).

Résumé

POLITIQUE, PROCÉDURE ET NORMES DANS L'ÉVOLUTTON DU DROIT CHAGGA

Le règlement judiciaire d'un litige est fréquemment décrit par les juges et les sociologues comme une application des normes sociales à chaque cas d'espèce. La politique est inévitablement impliquée dans le pouvoir de donner force exécutoire aux décisions du juge; ce fait n'est pas assez mis en évidence, l'attention étant attirée principalement sur l'issue donnée à chaque procès. La comparaison de certains procédés légaux du droit Chagga au cours des périodes historiques qui se sont succédées souligne l'importance des relations entre les modes de procédure et les options politiques qui les sous-tendent. Des incidents heureux dans le processus historique permettent de suivre les changements survenus dans les fonctions d'arbitre des chefs Chagga depuis l'époque pré-coloniale jusqu'en 1952 où la plupart d'entre eux perdirent leur pouvoir judiciaire. On ne saurait trouver une meilleure occasion d'examiner le contexte politique de l'activité judiciaire.

Dans la période pré-coloniale, les sentences des chefs Chagga se présentaient, du moins quant à la forme, comme l' énoncé du jugement collectif de l'assemblée des anciens devant laquelle certains litiges étaient portés. Le rôle principal de ce genre d'arbitrage était d'éviter toute apparence d'un exercice officiel du pouvoir judiciaire. Les chefs Chagga insistaient sur le fait qu'ils exprimaient avant tout la volonté collective de l'assemblée des anciens. Quelquefois même, ils ne prétendaient que transmettre une décision exprimant un consensus. Dans cette période pré-coloniale, les chefs pouvaient compter sur l'appui des anciens aussi bien que sur la coopération des lignages pour l'exercice du pouvoir militaire, politique et économique. II n'est pas surprenant de voir que, lorsque des litiges survenaient entre deux lignages, les chefs se référaient aux anciens pour prendre une décision, ceux-ci synthétisant en quelque sorte les intérêts en présence de par leur appartenance à l'un des lignages et leur loyalisme éprouvé.

Dans la période coloniale, des rébellions éclatèrent et les anciens perdirent leur pouvoir politique; de ce fait, la position politique des chefs fut profondément modifiée. Au lieu de se référer aux anciens, les chefs se tournèrent vers le gouvernement colonial pour renforcer leur pouvoir et leur sécurité. Des changements conséquents apparurent en ce qui concerne leur rôle judiciaire. Jusqu'en 1952, le chef—ou son porte-parole—rendait ses jugements avec une certaine autorité. Le chef prenait ses décisions après avoir consulté quelques anciens aux opinions desquels il pouvait accorder l'importance qu'lil voulait. En adoptant un mode de décision aussi péremptoire, pour justifier leurs décisions, les juges se référaient souvent aux coutumes, soit directement, soit indirectement, ainsi qu'au motif qui avait fait naître le procès, et, aux yeux de tous, ils avaient ainsi pour fonction de maintenir et de renforcer les coutumes. La référence judiciaire aux coutumes (et cette conception de juger) s'efforçait de réaliser symboliquement un consensus, ce qui légitimait l'autorité des juges, que les règies juridiques mentionnées dans la sentence soient actuellement des élements décisifs ou non.

Type
Research Article
Information
Africa , Volume 40 , Issue 4 , October 1970 , pp. 321 - 344
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1970

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References

REFERENCES

Barnes, J. A. 1969. ‘The Politics of Law’, in Douglas, M. and Kaberry, P. (eds.) Man in Africa. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Cardozo, B. N. 1963 [Twelfth printing]. The Growth of the Law. New Haven: Yale University press. [First edition 1924.]Google Scholar
Dundas, Charles. 1968. [New impression]. Kilimanjaro and its People. London: Frank Cass & Co. [First edition 1924.]Google Scholar
Easton, David. 1959. ‘Political Anthropology’, Siegel, B. (ed.) Biennial Review of Anthropology. Stanford, California: Stanford University press.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1967. [2nd enlarged edition]. The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia. Manchester: Manchester University press. [First edition 1955.]Google Scholar
Gulliver, P. H. 1963. Social Control in an African Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Bruno. 1926. Das Recht der Dschagga. Munich: C. H. Beck; English translation, Nagler, A. M., Human Relations Area Files. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Hailey, Lord. 1938. An African Survey. London: Oxford University press.Google Scholar
Johnston, H. H. 1886. The Kilimanjaro Expedition. London: Kegan, Paul Trench & Co.Google Scholar
Johnston, P. H. 1953. ‘Chagga Constitutional Development’, Journal of African Administration, v. 3, July, pp. 134–40.Google Scholar
Liebenow, J. Gus. 1958. ‘Tribalism, Traditionalism, and Modernism in Chagga Local Government’, Journal of African Administration, x. 2, April, pp. 7182.Google Scholar
Raum, O. F. 1965. ‘German East Africa: Changes in African Life under German Administration 1892–1914’, in Harlow, Vincent and Chilver, E. M. (eds.), History of East Africa. London: Oxford University press.Google Scholar
Smith, M. G. 1956. ‘On Segmentary Lineage Systems’, Journal of The Royal Anthropological Institute, lxxxvi. 2, pp. 3980.Google Scholar
Stahl, Kathleen M. 1964. History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro. The Hague: Mouton & Co.Google Scholar
Case Files Kilimanjaro Primary Courts. A large collection of these files is in the Faculty Library of the Law School of the University College, Dar es Salaam. In theory, this collection includes all files earlier than the mid 1950s. In fact, some early files may still be found at the courts on Kilimanjaro themselves. Records date from the late 1920s onward. Post mid 1950s files are all still in the courthouses on Kilimanjaro. The cases are all recorded in Swahili. About nineteen courts are involved. There are thousands of cases in all.Google Scholar
Letter No. 71 is dated 13 January 1958 and is from an elder in the entourage of the Paramount. It declares that all lineages should have their original common land, and that the matter of the restoration of these lands to the lineages Kimaresi and Mtaresi should be reserved for discussion until the Chairman of the Kilimanjaro Citizens Union, N. P. Njau, could come to Rombo and hear the matter.Google Scholar
Letter No. 72 dated 25 January 1958 is from N. P. Njau, and concerns a meeting at which it was decided who was to be considered head of the Makidoho lineage, of which there were 3 sub-lineages having from 31 to 51 members each. It is partly a record of the meeting, partly a letter of advice.Google Scholar
Figgis, T. F.Chagga Land Tenure Report 1957–58. Mimeographed report. Survey done at the behest of the Government. Copy in the possession of P. H. Gulliver, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Griffiths, A. W. M.Land Tenure, Moshi District. Typed report of District Officer, 1930. Copy in the possession of P. H. Gulliver, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Minutes of the Chagga Council. Available at the offices of the Kilimanjaro District Council, Moshi, Tanzania.Google Scholar
Annual Report, Northern Province for 1929 dated 16 January 1930. Typescript in National Archives, Dar es Salaam. File no. 18693, vol. 1919. Some of the details in the typed reports were edited out of later printed versions, hence where available, these typescript originals were consulted.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. A. 1969. ‘The Politics of Law’, in Douglas, M. and Kaberry, P. (eds.) Man in Africa. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Cardozo, B. N. 1963 [Twelfth printing]. The Growth of the Law. New Haven: Yale University press. [First edition 1924.]Google Scholar
Dundas, Charles. 1968. [New impression]. Kilimanjaro and its People. London: Frank Cass & Co. [First edition 1924.]Google Scholar
Easton, David. 1959. ‘Political Anthropology’, Siegel, B. (ed.) Biennial Review of Anthropology. Stanford, California: Stanford University press.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1967. [2nd enlarged edition]. The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia. Manchester: Manchester University press. [First edition 1955.]Google Scholar
Gulliver, P. H. 1963. Social Control in an African Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Bruno. 1926. Das Recht der Dschagga. Munich: C. H. Beck; English translation, Nagler, A. M., Human Relations Area Files. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Hailey, Lord. 1938. An African Survey. London: Oxford University press.Google Scholar
Johnston, H. H. 1886. The Kilimanjaro Expedition. London: Kegan, Paul Trench & Co.Google Scholar
Johnston, P. H. 1953. ‘Chagga Constitutional Development’, Journal of African Administration, v. 3, July, pp. 134–40.Google Scholar
Liebenow, J. Gus. 1958. ‘Tribalism, Traditionalism, and Modernism in Chagga Local Government’, Journal of African Administration, x. 2, April, pp. 7182.Google Scholar
Raum, O. F. 1965. ‘German East Africa: Changes in African Life under German Administration 1892–1914’, in Harlow, Vincent and Chilver, E. M. (eds.), History of East Africa. London: Oxford University press.Google Scholar
Smith, M. G. 1956. ‘On Segmentary Lineage Systems’, Journal of The Royal Anthropological Institute, lxxxvi. 2, pp. 3980.Google Scholar
Stahl, Kathleen M. 1964. History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro. The Hague: Mouton & Co.Google Scholar
Case Files Kilimanjaro Primary Courts. A large collection of these files is in the Faculty Library of the Law School of the University College, Dar es Salaam. In theory, this collection includes all files earlier than the mid 1950s. In fact, some early files may still be found at the courts on Kilimanjaro themselves. Records date from the late 1920s onward. Post mid 1950s files are all still in the courthouses on Kilimanjaro. The cases are all recorded in Swahili. About nineteen courts are involved. There are thousands of cases in all.Google Scholar
Letter No. 71 is dated 13 January 1958 and is from an elder in the entourage of the Paramount. It declares that all lineages should have their original common land, and that the matter of the restoration of these lands to the lineages Kimaresi and Mtaresi should be reserved for discussion until the Chairman of the Kilimanjaro Citizens Union, N. P. Njau, could come to Rombo and hear the matter.Google Scholar
Letter No. 72 dated 25 January 1958 is from N. P. Njau, and concerns a meeting at which it was decided who was to be considered head of the Makidoho lineage, of which there were 3 sub-lineages having from 31 to 51 members each. It is partly a record of the meeting, partly a letter of advice.Google Scholar
Figgis, T. F.Chagga Land Tenure Report 1957–58. Mimeographed report. Survey done at the behest of the Government. Copy in the possession of P. H. Gulliver, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Griffiths, A. W. M.Land Tenure, Moshi District. Typed report of District Officer, 1930. Copy in the possession of P. H. Gulliver, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Minutes of the Chagga Council. Available at the offices of the Kilimanjaro District Council, Moshi, Tanzania.Google Scholar
Annual Report, Northern Province for 1929 dated 16 January 1930. Typescript in National Archives, Dar es Salaam. File no. 18693, vol. 1919. Some of the details in the typed reports were edited out of later printed versions, hence where available, these typescript originals were consulted.Google Scholar