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The East African Trade in Woodcarvings1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 August 2012
Extract
No one who has visited East Africa has come away without seeing the wood-carvings made and sold by the Kamba. Sets of salad-servers crowned by Masai or Nandi heads, figurines of warriors bearing spear and shield, and models of elephants and leopards—these are their stock-in-trade which they carry to every part of East and Central Africa, to the Rhodesias and the Sudan, the Congo, and, exceptionally, to England. Their carvings are spread on the pavement outside hotels and at the most frequented corners of the main streets or they are hawked in baskets from door to I door. Like the jewellery sold at Port Said, their carvings have an exotic but suspiciously uniform look about them and at the back of everyone's mind there lurks the suspicion that really they are all mass-produced by machines—in Birmingham, or ‘by the Indians’ or at some remote Mission station.‘We have been unable so far to come into contact with the managing body of this organized and doubtlessly machinery-using industry’, wrote an American firm anxious to buy their carvings direct from the manufacturer. The truth is that there is no managing body and no machinery. The carvings are made by hand with tools that were in common use before this century and they are sold in the first instance either by the men who carved them or, more commonly, by Kamba ‘dealers’, who may have started as carvers but who eventually have found trade more profitable than manufacture. Some of the dealers have built up a trade which yields them incomes earned by few other Africans in Kenya, and in general there has come into being, almost entirely as a consequence of Kamba enterprise, a thriving industry which provides men from one of the most barren parts of Kenya with incomes comparable to those earned in the most prosperous agricultural regions.
Résumé
LE COMMERCE DES SCULPTURES SUR BOIS EN AFRIQUE ORIENTALE
Quelques hommes de la tribu Kamba de Kenya ont créé un commerce d'une étonnante importance en sculptures sur bois qui sont vendues aux touristes et autres comme curiosités. Bien que toutes ces sculptures — figurines, couverts à salade, modèles d'animaux, etc. — soient faites à la main avec des outils primitifs, des objets d'une valeur globale approximative de £200,000 (2.500.000 fr.) quittent l'Afrique Orientale chaque année; beaucoup sont exportés en Amérique. Les Kamba ont appris la sculpture des Zaramu, en Tanganyika, pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale, mais maintenant ils dépassent les Zaramu, non parce qu'ils sont de meilleurs sculpteurs, mais meilleurs commerçants. Comme les Hausa du Nigéria ils sont aussi bien des commerçants que de grands voyageurs et ils emportent leurs sculptures dans toute l'Afrique Orientale et au-delà. Certains ont fait des voyages jusqu'à l'Union Sud-Africaine, et il y en a presque toujours un ou deux dans les Rhodésies. Ils vendent leurs sculptures dans les rues et les colportent de porte à porte. Pendant les dix dernières années, l'augmentation du nombre des touristes a beaucoup accru la demande de leur produit et de plus un important commerce d'exportation se développe, dont une grande part est entre les mains des sociétés européennes et indiennes, bien que quelques Kamba dirigent eux-mêmes des affaires d'exportation florissantes. Les exportateurs achètent en grandes quantités, souvent jusqu'à mille exemplaires de chaque modèle en une seule fois; ce fait a fourni des débouchés aux Kamba qui étaient capables d'organiser une fabrication intensive et de sortir de nouveaux modèles. La plupart des sculptures sont faites par des hommes travaillant chez eux, mais les nouveaux débouchés ont poussé certains Kamba à établir des ateliers où ils emploient de 12 à 30 sculpteurs payés à la pièce. D'autres se sont établis simplement comme intermédiaires entre les artisans et les maisons d'exportation. Ils gagnent des revenus importants, selon les niveaux de vie africains, mais ils vivent frugalement et ils accumulent d'importantes économies.
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- Copyright © International African Institute 1958
References
page 314 note 2 G. Lindblom, The Akamba, 2nd ed., Uppsala, 1920, pp. 534–5.
page 314 note 3 Ibid., pp. 360–1.
page 315 note 1 What follows is based on what people have told me. I have checked their stories as carefully as possible but the possibility that further research will modify my account cannot be excluded.
page 315 note 2 Baumann, H. and Westermann, D., Les Peuples et les civilizations de l'Afrique, Paris, 1948, p. 232Google Scholar; and Stuhlmann, F., Handwerk und Industrie in Ost-Africa, Hamburg, 1910, pp. 32–33.Google Scholar
page 316 note 1 E. A. Statistical Department: Quarterly Economic and Statistical Bulletin, June 1957, p. 24.Google Scholar It is estimated that in 1956 tourists and transit passengers including those of non-European origin spent some £4 million in Kenya or £7 million in East Africa as a whole. There is no telling how much of that was spent on souvenirs.
page 317 note 1 This and all subsequent quotations are taken from letters in the relevant files of the District Commissioner, Machakos; since many of the letters are from persons who are still alive I have omitted all names. I am most grateful to have been granted per-mission to read these files.
page 317 note 2 An article in The Times Educational Supplement of 28 June 1957 asserted that Yoruba carving was dying out ‘for lack of demand’; this seems highly improbable.
page 322 note 1 For details of how these estimates were arrived at see my paper in the Proceedings of the Conference of the East African Institute of Social Research, January 1958, pp. 17 ff.
page 322 note 2 In 1956 the average monthly wage of men in regular employment in Kenya as a whole was Shs. 109/-; the average annual cash income per head of the African population was £6.
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