Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T03:00:56.139Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Longitudinal vortex control — techniques and applications

Part of: RAeS Lanchester Lecture Papers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

D.M. Bushnell
D.M. Bushnell*
Affiliation:
NASA Langley Research Center
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Longitudinal vortices have tremendous practical utility for flow control (control by vortices) and in some cases have exhibited tremendous potential for causing harm if uncontrolled (i.e. control of vortices is required). Vortex control has thus far been carried out via multitudinous approaches in an empirical fashion, aided by the essentially inviscid nature of much of longitudinal vortex behaviour. Further refinement and several applications of vortex flow control require knowledge regarding the detailed flow physics of longitudinal vortices such as transition, transitional flow regimes, turbulence structure and modelling, and interaction with shock waves, other vortices and surfaces. This paper summarises vortex control applications and extant techniques for the control of longitudinal vortices produced by bodies, leading edges, tips, and intersections.

Type
The 32nd Lanchester Lecture
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 96 , Issue 958 , October 1992 , pp. 293 - 312
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 1992 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Lugt, H.J. Vortex Flow In Nature and Technology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983.Google Scholar
2. Hornung, H. Vorticity generation and transport, 10th Australian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Melbourne, Australia, December 1989.Google Scholar
3. Morton, B. The generation and decay of vorticity, Geophys Astrophys Fluid Dynamics, 1984, 28, pp 277–308.Google Scholar
4. HornunG, H.G. Lectures in Physics held at the Physics Department of the Georg, Aug, University Gottingen, 1, Source Strength of Vorticity, DFVLR-MITT-88–26, 1, 1988Google Scholar
5. Wood, w.D. (Ed.) FAA/NASA Proceedings Workshop on Wake Vortex Alleviation and Avoidance, Report FAA-RD-79–105, October 1979.Google Scholar
6. Harvey, J.K. and Steiner, T.R. Dispersion in the Wakes of Aircraft: An Investigation of the Effect of a Ground Plane on Trailing vortices, Imperial College Aero Report 86–04, 1986.Google Scholar
7. Tatinclaux, J.-C. Bilge Vortices Along a Series-60 Model, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Report No IIHR-117, July 1969.Google Scholar
8. Fish, S. Ambient free surface wave modification by a submerged vortex pail, David Taylor Research Center, DTRC-901004, February 1990.Google Scholar
9. Stinebring, D.R., Farrell, K.J. and Billet, M.L. The structure of a three-dimensional tip vortex at high reynolds numbers, J Fluid Eng, September 1991,113, pp 496–503.Google Scholar
10. Bushnell, D.M. and Donaldson, CD. Control of Submersible Vortex Flows, NASA-TM 102693, June 1990.Google Scholar
11. More, K.J., Jones, G. and Ndefo, E. Vortex control in submarine design, Third International Symposium on Naval Submarines, Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London, May 1991.Google Scholar
12. Stewart, M.B., Cohen, S.B. and Jroesch, A.W. Experiments with Unsteady, Free Surface, 3-D Vortices in a Thermally Stable, Stratified Fluid. NRL Report No. 6630, May 1990.Google Scholar
13. Mautner, T.S. The relationship between appendage geometry and propeller blade unsteady forces, AIAA paper 87–2064, 1987.Google Scholar
14. Abdulla, A.K., Bhargava, R.K. and Rai, R. An experimental study of local wall shear stress, surface static pressure and flow visualization upstream, alongside, and downstream of a blade end wall corner, ASME paper 90-GT-356, 1990.Google Scholar
15. Feindt, E.G. Results of Systematic Investigations on Secondary Flow Losses In Cascades, AFOSR-TN-56–301 (AD 90014), 1956.Google Scholar
16. Fisher, E.M. and Eibeck, PA. Influence of a Horseshoe Vortex on Local Convective Heat Transfer J Heat Trans, 112, pp 329–335.Google Scholar
17. Escudier, MP. Confined Vortices in Flow Machinery, Ann Rev Fluid Mech, 1987,19, pp 27–52.Google Scholar
18. Tang, Y.P. and Chen, M.Z. Vortex control over end wall flow in compressor cascades, ASME Paper 90-GT-228, 1990.Google Scholar
19. Eppler, R. and Schmid-Goller, S. A Method to Calculate the Influence Drag of Wings, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics—Finite Approximations in Fluid Mechanics II, 1989, 25, Friedr Vieweg & Son/Ballen Books, pp 93–107.Google Scholar
20. Chometon, F. and Laurent, J. Study of three dimensional separated flows, relation between induced drag and vortex drag, Eur J Mech (B) Fluids, 1990, 9, (5), pp 437–455.Google Scholar
21. Ericson, L.E. and Reding, J.P. Asymmetric vortex shedding from bodies of revolution, In Tactical Missile Aerodynamics, Hemsch, M. J. and Nielsen, J. N. (Eds), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, 1986,104, AIAA, pp 243–296.Google Scholar
22. Malcolm, G.N. and No, T.T. Forebody vortex control as a complement to thrust vectoring, SAE Paper 90–1851, 1990.Google Scholar
23. Deane, J.R. Missile body vortices and their interaction with lifting surfaces, Paper 12, AGARD, LS-121, 1982.Google Scholar
24. Aynsley, K.M., Melbourne, W. and Vickery, B.J. Architectural Aerodynamics, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1977.Google Scholar
25. Woo, H.G.C., Paterka, J.A. and Cermak, J.E. Wind Tunnel Measurements in the Wakes of Structures, NASA-CR-2806, March 1977.Google Scholar
26. Cermak, J. E. (Ed.) Wind Engineering, 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980.Google Scholar
27. High Angle of Attack Aerodynamics, AGARD CP-247, 1979.Google Scholar
28. Wentz, W.H. Jr., Vortex-fin interaction on a fighter aircraft, AIAA Paper, pp 87–2474, 1987.Google Scholar
29. Anderson, B.H. The Aerodynamic Characteristics of Vortex Ingestion for the F/A-18 Inlet Duct, NASA TM-103703, 1991.Google Scholar
30. Ericsson, L.E. Various sources of wing rock, AIAA Jet Aircraft, June 1990, 27, pp 488–494.Google Scholar
31. Bershader, D. Foundations of the Blade-Vortex Interaction Problem: Structure and Behavior of Travelling Compressible Vortices, Army Research Office Report, ARO-20670.2 EG (ADA197370), April 1988.Google Scholar
32. Niedoroda, A.W. and Dalton, C. A review of the fluid mechanics of ocean scour, Ocean Eng, 1982, 9, (2), pp 159–170.Google Scholar
33. Wigeland, R.A., Ahmed, M. and Nagib, H.M. Management of Swirling Flows with Application to Wind Tunnel Design, AIAA J, November 1978,16, (11), pp 1125–1131.Google Scholar
34. Hefner, J.N. Lee Surface Heating and Flow Phenomena on Space Shuttle Orbiters at Large Angles of Attack and Hypersonic Speeds. NASA TND-7088, November 1972.Google Scholar
35. Peake, D.J. and Tobak, M. Three-Dimensional Interactions and Vortical Flows with Emphasis on High Speeds, AGARD-AG-252, 1980.Google Scholar
36. Hefner, J.N. and Whitehead, A.H. Jr., Vortex-induced heating to cone flaps at Mach 6, J Spacecra Rockets, March 1974, 11, (3), pp 200–201.Google Scholar
37. Hefner, J.N. and Whitehead, A.H. Jr. Vortex induced heating to a cone-cylinder body at Mach 6 J Spacecra Rockets, February 1974, 11, (2), pp 127–128.Google Scholar
38. Robinson, S.K. The Kinematics of Turbulent Boundary Layer Structure, NASA-TM 103859, April 1991.Google Scholar
39. Tani, I., Production of longitudinal vortices in the boundary layer along a concave wall, J Geophyys Res, 1962, 67, pp 3075.Google Scholar
40. Ligrani, P.M., Subramanian, C.S., Craig, D.W. and Kaisunan, Effects of vortices with different circulations on heat transfer and injection downstream of a row of film cooling holes in a turbulent boundary layer, J Heat Trans, February 1991, 113, pp 79–90.Google Scholar
41. Sforza, P.M. and Stasi, W. Wind power distribution, control and conversion in vortex augmentors, ASME Fluids Engineering In Advanced Energy Systems, Marston, C. H. (Ed), 1978, pp 45–57.Google Scholar
42. Leftheriotis, G. and Carpenter, C.J. Development of a procedure for the design of a wind turbine rotor to operate in the vortex field generated by a slender delta wing, Wind Eng, 1990, 14, (3), pp 153–163.Google Scholar
43. Chang, P.K. Control of Flow Separation, Hemisphere Publishing Co., Washington DC, 1976.Google Scholar
44. Schubaner, G.B. and Spangenberg, W.G. Forced mixing in boundary layers, J Fluid Mech, 1960, 8, pp 10–32.Google Scholar
45. Anderson, B.H. and Lery, R.A Design strategy for the use of vortex generators to manage inlet-engine distortion using computational fluid dynamics, AIAA Paper 91–2474, 1991.Google Scholar
46. Bell, J.H. and Mehta, R.D. Interaction of a streamwise vortex with a turbulent boundary layer, Phys Fluids A, November 1990, 2, (11), pp 2011–2023.Google Scholar
47. Samimy, M., Reeder, M. and Zaman, K. Supersonic jet mixing enhancement by vortex generators, AIAA Paper 91–2263, 1991.Google Scholar
48. Rutland, C.J. and Ferziga, J.H. Simulations of flame-vortex interactions, Combust Flame, 1991, 84, pp 343–360.Google Scholar
49. Polhamus, E.C. Vortex lift research: early contributions and some current challenges, NASA-CP-2416, 1986, pp 1–30.Google Scholar
50. Rao, D.M. Leading edge vortex flap experiments on a 74 deg delta wing, NASA-CR-159161, November 1979.Google Scholar
51. Malcolm, G.N. and NG, T.T. Aerodynamic control of aircraft by forebody vortex manipulation, AIAA Paper 90–1827, 1990.Google Scholar
52. Papell, S.S. Vortex-Generating Coolant-Flow-Passage Design for Increased Film-Cooling Effectiveness and Surface Coverage, NASA-TP-2388, November 1984.Google Scholar
53. Miller, C.A. Vortex foils, keeping shipping channels open, Popular Sci, September 1983, pp 66.Google Scholar
54. Air and Space Smithsonian, October/November 1990, pp 15.Google Scholar
55. Eeissler, R.G. and Perlmutter, M. Analysis of the flow and energy separation in a turbulent vortex, Int J Heat Mass Trans, 1960, 1, pp 173.Google Scholar
56. Lilley, G.M. Vortices and turbulence, Aeronaut J, December 1983, 87, (870), pp 371–393.Google Scholar
57. Tillman, T.G., Paterson, R.W., and Presz, W. Supersonic nozzle mixer-ejector, AIAA Paper 89–2925, 1989.Google Scholar
58. Wettern, D. Soviet SSNs close the acoustic gap, Jane's Defense Weekly, 5 September 1987.Google Scholar
59. Partala, A. Possibilities of radar detection of submarines from space, Morskoy Sbornik, 1985, 8, pp 88–90.Google Scholar
60. Mcconnell, J.M. New soviet methods for anti submarine warfare? Naval War College Rev, July-August 1985, pp 16–27.Google Scholar
61. Stefanick, T. The non-acoustic detection of submarines, Sci Am, March 1988, 258, (3), pp 41–47.Google Scholar
62. Donaldson, C.duP. and Bilanin, A.J. Vortex wakes of conventional aircraft, AGARDograph No. 204, May 1975.Google Scholar
63. Hecht, A.M., Hirsh, J. and Bilanin, A.J. Turbulent line vortices in stratified fluids, AIAA Paper 80–0009, 1980.Google Scholar
64. Sarpkaya, T. Trailing vortices in homogeneous and density stratified media, J Fluid Mech, 1983,136, pp 85–109.Google Scholar
65. Crowe, S.C. and Bate, E.R. Jr. Lifespan of trailing vortices in a turbulent atmosphere, J Aircraft, 13, (7), pp 476–482.Google Scholar
66. Sarpkaya, T. Effect of Core Size on the Rise and Demise of Trailing Vortices, Naval Post Graduate School Report NPS-69–82-010, December 1982 (ADA 1225566).Google Scholar
67. Hirsh, R.S. A numerical simulation of vortex motion in a stratified environment and comparison with experiments, Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 6, (3), pp 203–210.Google Scholar
68. Bilanin, A.J., Teske, M.E. and Hirsh, J.E. The role of atmospheric shear, turbulence and a ground plane on the dissipation of aircraft vortex wakes, AIAA Paper, pp 78–110, 1978.Google Scholar
69. Tombach, I.H. Transport and Stability of a Vortex Wake, Meteorology Research Inc, Report 72-FR-1010, 1972 (AD-742305).Google Scholar
70. Donaldson, C.Dup. and Sullivan, R.D. Examination of the Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations for a Class of Three-Dimensional Vortices Part 1-Velocity Distributions for Steady Motion, AFOSRTN60–1227, October 1960 (AD 247471).Google Scholar
71. Stone, R.W. Jr. and Polhamus, E.C. Some Effects of Shed Vortices on the Flow Fields Around Stabilizing Tail Surfaces, AGARD Report 108, 1957.Google Scholar
72. Donaldson, C.Dup. and Sullivan, R.D. Examination of the Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations for a Class of Three- Dimensional Vortices Part 1-Velocity Distributions for Steady Motion. AFOSR TN 60–1227, October 1960 (AD 247471).Google Scholar
73. Kuchemann, D. and Weber, J. Vortex Motions, ZAMM, 1965, 45, (7/8), pp 457–474.Google Scholar
74. Smith, M.H.B. Vortex flows in aerodynamics, Ann Rev Fluid Mech, 1986, 18, pp 221–242.Google Scholar
75. Newsome, R.W. and Kandil, O.A. Vortical flow aerodynamicsphysical aspects and numerical simulation, AIAA Paper 87–0205, 1987.Google Scholar
76. Vatsa, V.N., Thomas, J.L. and Wedan, B.W. Navier-Stokes computations of a prolate spheroid at angle of attack, J Aircraft, November 1989, 26, (11), pp 986–993.Google Scholar
77. Mcmillin, S.N. Thomas, J.L. and Murman, E.M. Navier-Stokes and Euler solutions for lee-side flows over supersonic delta wings, NASA-TP-3035, December 1990.Google Scholar
78. Srinivasan, G.R. and Mccroskey, W.J. Navier-Stokes smulations of tip vortices for fixed and rotating helicopter blades, In: Computational Fluid Dynamics, de Vahl, G. and Fletcher, C. (Eds), Elsevier Science Publisher (North-Holland), 1988.Google Scholar
79. Bushnell, D.M. Impacts of Massive Parallelism Upon Forced Convection heat Transfer Computations. 1991 Japan-US Heat Transfer Joint Seminar, October 1990, OiSO, Japan.Google Scholar
80. Bushnell, D.M. Turbulence modelling in aerodynamic shear flow— status and problems, AIAA Paper 91–0214, 1991.Google Scholar
81. Hunt, J.C.R., Abell, C.J., Peterka, J.A. and Woo, H. Kinematical studies of the flow around free or surface mounted obstacles: applying topology to flow visualization, J Fluid Mech, 1978, 86, pp 179–200.Google Scholar
82. Tobak, M. and Peake, D.J. Topology of three-dimensional separated flows, Ann Rev Fluid Mech, 1982,14, pp 61–85.Google Scholar
83. Dallmann, U. Three-dimensional vortex structures and vorticity topology, Fluid Dynamic Res, 1988, 3, pp 183–189.Google Scholar
84. Chapman, G.T. Topological classification of flow separation on three-dimensional bodies, AIAA Paper 86–0485, 1986.Google Scholar
85. Delery, J. The Physics of Vortex Flows, ONERA TP-1990–174, 1990.Google Scholar
86. Tai, T. and Walker, M. On three-dimensional flow separation criteria, AIAA Paper 91–1740, 1991.Google Scholar
87. Yates, L.A. and Chapman, G.T. Streamlines, vorticity lines and vortices, AIAA Paper 91–0731, 1991 .Google Scholar
88. Wu, X.H., Wu, J.Z. and Wu, J.M. Guiding principles for vortex flow control, AIAA Paper 91- 0617, 1991.Google Scholar
89. Cornish III, J.J. Vortex flows, AIAA Paper 83–1812, 1983.Google Scholar
90 Vakili, A.D. Review of vortical flow utilization, AIAA Paper 90- 1429, 1990.Google Scholar
91. Hefferman, K.G. Trailing Vortex Attenuation Devices, MS Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School Monterey, June 1985, (ADA159–535).Google Scholar
92. Rao, D.M. and Campbell, J.F. Vortical flow management techniques, Prog Aero Sci, 1987, 24, pp 173–224.Google Scholar
93. Skow, A.M. and Erickson, G.E. Modern fighter aircraft design for high angle-of-attack maneuvering, Paper 4, AGARD LS-121, 1982.Google Scholar
94. Escudier, M. Vortex breakdown, observations and explanations, Prog Aero Sci, 1988, 25, pp 189–229.Google Scholar
95. Erickson, G.E. Vortex Flow Correlation, AFWAL-TR-80 3143, 1981.Google Scholar
96. Fisher, D.F., Delfrate, J.H. and Zuniga, F.A. Summary of in-flight flow visualization obtained from the Nasa high alpha research vehicle, NASA-TM-101734.Google Scholar
97. Hussain, F. and Melander, M.V. New aspects of vortex dynamics: helical waves, core dynamics, viscous helicity generation, and interaction with turbulence, In: Topological Aspects of the Dynamics of Fluids and Plasmas, Moffattetal, H.K. (Ed.), Kluwer, 1992.Google Scholar
98. Poll, D.I.A. Spiral vortex flow over a swept back wing, Aeronaut J, May 1986, 90, (895), pp 185–199.Google Scholar
99. Narayan, K.Y. and Seshadri, S.N. Vortical flows on the lee surface of delta wings, NAL Tech Mem AE8802, 1988.Google Scholar
100. Lamar, J.E. In-flight and wind tunnel leading edge vortex study on the F-106B airplane, NASA-CP-2416, pp 187–201, 1986.Google Scholar
101. Green, G.C., Lamar, J.E. and Kubendran, L.R. Aircraft vortices: juncture, wing and wake. AIAA Paper 88–3743, 1988.Google Scholar
102. Thompson, D.H. A Visualization Study of the Vortex Flow About Double Delta Wings, Australian Aeron Res Lab Report AR-004–047, 1985.Google Scholar
103. Lowson, M.V. Visualization measurements of vortex flows, AIAA Paper 89–0191, 1989.Google Scholar
104. Payne, F.M. The Structure of Leading-Edge Vortex Flows Including Vortex Breakdown, PhD Dissertation, University of Notre Dame (1987).Google Scholar
105. Wortman, A. On reynolds number effects in vortex flow over aircraft wings, AIAA Paper 84–0137, 1984.Google Scholar
106. Hunt, J.C.R. Recent developments and trends: physical and mathematical modelling, In: Wind Engineering, 2, Cormak, J.E. (Ed.), Pergamon Press, 1980, pp 957–964.Google Scholar
107. Schrader, K.F., Reynolds, G.A. and Novak, C.J. Effects of mach number and reynolds number on leading-edge vortices at high angle of attack, AIAA Paper 88–0122, 1988.Google Scholar
108. Iversen, J.D. Correlation of turbulent trailing vortex decay data, J Aircraft, May 1976,13, (5), pp 338–342.Google Scholar
109. Govindaraju, S.P. and Saffman, P.G. Flow in a turbulent trailing vortex, Phys of Fluids, October 1971,14, (10), pp 2074–2080.Google Scholar
110. Lee, H. Computational and Experimental Study of Trailing Vortices. PhD Dissertation, VPI and SU, 1983.Google Scholar
111. Saffman, P.G. The Structure of Turbulent Line Vortices, AFOSRTR- 72–2283 (AD 753131), 1972.Google Scholar
112. Bippes, H. Experimente zur entwicklung der freien wirbel hinter einem rechteck flugel, Acta Mechanica, 1977, 26, pp 223–245.Google Scholar
113. Freymuth, P., Finaish, F. and Bank, W. Parametric exploration of unsteady wing tip vortices, In: Flow Visualization IV, Veret, C. (Ed.), Hemisphere, Washington, 1987, pp 419–424.Google Scholar
114. Lee, H. and Schetz, J.A. Experimental results for reynolds number effects on trailing vortices, J Aircraft, February 1985, 22, (2), pp 158–160.Google Scholar
115. Baldwin, B.S., Sheaffer, Y.S. and Chigier, N.A. Prediction of far flow field In trailing vortices, AIAA Paper 72–989, 1972.Google Scholar
116. Vladimrov, V.A., Lugovtsov, B.A. and Tarasov, V.F. Suppression of turbulence in the cores of concentrated vortices, J Applied Mech Tech Phys, March 1981, 21, (5), pp 632–637.Google Scholar
117. Vladimorov, V.A. and Turasor, V.F. Structure of turbulence near the core of a vortex ring, Sov Phys Dokl, April 1979, 24, (4), pp 254–256.Google Scholar
118. Baldwin, B.S., Chigier, N.A. and Sheaffer, Y.S. Decay of Far Flow Field In Trailing Vortices, NASA TND-7568, February 1974.Google Scholar
119. Cutler, A. and Bradshaw, P. Vortex/Boundary layer interactions. AIAA Paper 89–0083, 1989.Google Scholar
120. Liandiat, J., Cousteix, J. and AuPoix, B. Vortices-boundary layer interaction flows; analysis of some turbulent closures, J Theoretical ’ Applied Mech, 1988, 7, (6), pp 799–818.Google Scholar
121. Lamont, P.J. Pressures around an inclined ogive cylinder with taninar, transitional or turbulent separation, AIAA J, November 1980, 20, (11), pp 1492–1499.Google Scholar
122. Champigny, P. Effect of the Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of a ogive-cylinder at high-angle-of attack, Rech Aerosp 1984, 1984, (6), pp 33–41.Google Scholar
123. Golovatyuk, G.I. and Tetryukov, Y. I. The effect of superstructures on the vortex system of a body of revolution with a conical nose section at high angles of attack and different Reynolds number, Uchenye Zapiski Tsagi, 1981,12, (4), pp 110–117.Google Scholar
124. Ericsson, L.E. and Reding, J.P. Vortex-induced asymmetric loads, in 2-D and 3-D flow, AIAA Paper 80–0181, 1980.Google Scholar
125. Norman, R.S. On Obstacle Generated Secondary Flows in Laminar Boundary Layers and Transition to Turbulence, PhD Thesis, Illinois. Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1972.Google Scholar
126. Visbal, M.R. Numerical investigation of laminar juncture flows, AIAA Paper 89–1873, 1989.Google Scholar
127. Lakshmanan, B., Twiari, S.N. and Hussaini, M.Y. A parametric study of three dimensional separation at a wing/body juncture for supersonic free-stream conditions, AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Seattle WA, June, 1989.Google Scholar
128. Baker, C.J. The laminar horseshoe vortex, J Fluid Mech, 1979, 95, (2), pp 347–367.Google Scholar
129. Chen, C.-L. and Hung, C.-M. Numerical study of juncture flows, AIAA Paper 91–1660, 1991.Google Scholar
130. Fisher, E.M. and Eibeck, P.-A. The influence of a horseshoe vortex on local collective heat transfer, J Heat Trans, May 1990, 112, pp 329–335.Google Scholar
131. Sung, C.-H., Griffin, M.J. and Coleman, R.M. Numerical evolution of vortex flow control devices, AIAA Paper 91–1825, 1991.Google Scholar
132. Leibovich, S. Vortex breakdown: a coherent transition trigger in concentrated vortices, In: Turbulent and Coherent Structures, Metais, O. and Lesieur, M. (Eds), Kluwer Publishers, 1991, pp 285–302.Google Scholar
133. Gad-el-hak, G. and Blackwelder, R.F. The discreet vortices from, a delta wing, AIAA J, June 1985, 23, (6), pp 961–962.Google Scholar
134. WinkelmassON, A. Flow Visualization studies of the tip vortex system of a semi infinite wing, AIAA 89–1807, 1989.Google Scholar
135. Francis, T.B. and Katz, J. Observation on the development of a tip vortex on a rectangular hydrofoil, J Fluids Eng, June 1988, 110, pp 208–215.Google Scholar
136. Ward, K.C. and Katz, J. Topology of the flow structures behind an inclined projectile, J Aircraft, November 1989, 26, (11), pp 1016–1031.Google Scholar
137. Hartwich, P.M., Hall, R.M. and Hemseh, M.J. Navier-Stokes computations of vortex asymmetries controlled by small surface imperfections, AIAA Paper 90–0385.Google Scholar
138. Ericsson, L.E. Critical issues’ in high alpha vehicle dynamics, AIAA Paper 91–3221, 1991.Google Scholar
139. Leibovich, S. Vortex stability and breakdown: survey and extension, AIAA J, September 1984, 22, (9), pp 1192–1206.Google Scholar
140. Stuart, J.T.A Critical review of vortex-breakdown theory, second international colloquium on vortical flows, Brown Boveri SFB, 1987 25, pp 131–154.Google Scholar
141. Hafez, M. and Ahmad, J. Vortex breakdown simulation, part II, AIAA Paper 88–0508, 1988.Google Scholar
142. Vadyak, J.and Schuster, D.M. Navier-Stokes simulation of burst vortex flowfields for fighter aircraft at high incidence. AIAA Paper 89–2190, 1989.Google Scholar
143. Hartwich, P.M., Hsu, C.-H., Luckring, J.M. and Liu, C.H. Numerical study of the vortex burst phenomenon for delta wings, AIAA Paper 88–0505, 1988.Google Scholar
144. Salas, M.D. and Kururila, G. Vortex breakdown simulation: a circumspect study of the steady, laminar, axisymmetric model, Computers Fluids, 1989, 17, (1), pp 247–262.Google Scholar
145. Spall, R.E., Gatski, T.B. and Ash, R.L. The structure and dynamics of bubble-type vortex breakdown, Proc R Soc Lond A, 1990, 429, pp 613–637.Google Scholar
146. Ekaterinaris, J.A. Numerical simulation of the effects of variation of angle-of-attack and sweep angle on vortex breakdown over delta wings, AIAA Paper 90–3000-CP, 1990.Google Scholar
147. Kandil, O.A., Kandil, H.A. and Liu, C.H. Supersonic quasi-axisymetric vortex breakdown, AIAA Paper 91–3311-CP, 1991.Google Scholar
148. Kandil, O.A., Ka, and Liu, C.H. Computations of steady and unsteady compressible quasi-axisymmetric vortex flow and breakdown, AIAA Paper 91–0752, 1991.Google Scholar
149. O'neil, P.J., Barnett, R.M., and Louie, CM. Numerical simulation of leading-edge vortex breakdown using an Euler code, AIAA Paper 89–2189-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
150. Mehne, S. Vortex breakdown in an axisymmetric flow, AIAA Paper 88–0506, 1988.Google Scholar
151. Ekaterinaris, J.A. and Schiff, L.B. Vortical flows over delta wings and numerical prediction of vortex breakdown, AIAA Paper 90–0102, 1990.Google Scholar
152. Spall, R.E. and Gatski, T. A computational study of the taxonomy of vortex breakdown, AIAA Paper 90–1624, 1990.Google Scholar
153. Grabowski, W.J. Solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for vortex breakdown, NASACR-138901, 1974.Google Scholar
154. Cumminas, R.M., Schiff, L.B., Rizk, Y.M and Chaderian, N.M. Numerical simulation of high-incidence flow over the F-18 aircraft, ICAS Paper 90–3.3.1, In: Proceedings 17th ICAS Conference, 1990, pp 468–485.Google Scholar
155. Deese, J.E., Agarnal, R.K. and Johnson, J.G. Calculation of vortex flow field around forebodies and delta wings, AIAA Paper 91–0176, 1991.Google Scholar
156. Brener, M. and Haenel, D. Solution of the 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the simulation of vortex breakdown, Proceedings 8th GAMM Conference, on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics, Wesseling, P. (ed), F. Vieweg and Sohn Pub, pp 42–51, 1990.Google Scholar
157. Spall, R.E., GATSKI, T.B. and Grosch, C.E. A criterion for vortex breakdown, Phys Fluids, 1987, 30, pp 3434–3440.Google Scholar
158. Spall, R.E. and Gatski, T.B. A numerical simulation of vortex breakdown, ASME Fluids Engineering Conference Forum on Unsteady Flow Separation, Cinncinati Ohio, July 1987.Google Scholar
159. Le, T.H., Mege, P. and Morchoisne, Y. Determination de crileres d'eclatement tourbillonnaire par resolution des equations d'enter et de Navier-Stokes, Sixth AGARD Symposium on Vortex Flow Aerodynamics, Schevenmgen, Holland, October 1990.Google Scholar
160. Cornelius, K.C. 3-D analysis of,laser measurements of vortex bursting on a chined forebody fighter configuration, AIAA Paper 90–3020 CP, 1990.Google Scholar
161. Ludwig, H. An explanation of the instability of the free vortex cores occurring over delta wings with raised edges, Zeit Fur Flug, 10, (6), pp 242–249, NASA-TM-75861.Google Scholar
162. Engler, R.H. Experimental Investigations on the Stability and Vorticity of the “Vortex Breakdown” Phenomena Above Delta Wings Measured by the Ultrasonic Laser Method, TESA-TT-1079, (DFVLR-FB-87–06), 1990.Google Scholar
163. Rossow, V.J. Convective merging of vortex cores in lift-generated wakes, AIAA Paper 76–415, 1976.Google Scholar
164. Raj, P. and Iverson, J.D. Computational simulation of co-rotational vortex merger using 0, 1 and 2 equation turbulence models, Second Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, London, July 1979, pp 8.34–8.39. (see also AIAA Paper 78–108, 1978).Google Scholar
165. Bilaniun, A.J., Teske, M.E. and Williamson, G.G. Vortex interactions and decay in aircraft wakes, AIAA J, February 1977, 15, (2), pp 250–260.Google Scholar
166. Corsiglia, V.R., Inersen, J.D. and Orloff, K.L. Laser-Volocimeter Surveys of Merging Vortices in a Wind Tunnel-Complete Data and Analysis, NASA-TM-78449, October 1978.Google Scholar
167. Smits, A.J. and Kummer, R.P. The interaction and merging of two turbulent line vortices, AIAA Paper 85–0046, 1985.Google Scholar
168. Brandt, S.A.and Iversen, J.D. Merging of aircraft trailing vortices, AIAA Paper 77–8, 1977.Google Scholar
169. Iversen, J.D., Park, S., Buckhus, D.R., Brickman, R.A. and CORSIGLIA, V.R. Hot wire, laser anemometer and force balance measurements in cross-sectional planes of single and interacting trailing vortices, AIAA Paper 78–1194, 1978.Google Scholar
170. Crow, S.C. Stability theory for a pair of trailing vortices, AIAA J, December 1970, 8, (12), pp 2172–2179.Google Scholar
171. Eliason, B.G., Gartshere, I.S. and Parkinson, G.V. Wind tunnel investigation of crow instability, J Aircraft, December 1975, 12, (12), pp 985–988.Google Scholar
172. Hackett, J.E. and Evans, P.F. Numerical studies of three-dimensional breakdown in trailing vortex wakes, J Aircraft, November 1977,14, (11), pp 1093–1101.Google Scholar
173. Rossow, V.J. Prospects for destructive self-induced interactions in a vortex pair, J Aircraft, July 1987, 24, (7), pp 433–440.Google Scholar
174. Rusak, Z. and Seginer, A. Three-dimensional dynamics and static stability of vortex systems and their observability and controllability, ICAS Paper 90–3.2.1, 1, Proceedings of 17th ICAS Conference, Stockholm, September 1990, pp 257–278.Google Scholar
175. Melander, M.V. and Hussain, F. Cross-linking of two anti/parallel vortex tubes, Phys of Fluids A, April 1989,1, (4), pp 633–636.Google Scholar
176. Erickson, G.E., Schreiner, J.A. and Rogers, L.E. Multiple vortex and shock interactions at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds, AIAA Paper 90–3023, 1990.Google Scholar
177. Calarese, W. Close-coupled canard-wing vortex interaction, J Aircraft, February 1984, 21, (2), pp 99–100.Google Scholar
178. Erickson, G.E., Schreiner, J.A. and Rogers, L.E. Multiple vortex and shock interactions at subsmic, transmic and supersonic speeds, AIAA Paper 90–3023, 1990.Google Scholar
179. Hall, R.M. Influence of forebody cross-sectional shape on wing vortex-burst location, J Aircraft, 1987, 24, (9), pp 645–652.Google Scholar
180. Fisher, D.F., Delfrate, J.H. and Richwine, D.M. In-flight flow visualization characteristics of the Nasa F-18 high alpha research vehicle at high-angles-of-attack, NASA-TM-4193, 1990.Google Scholar
181. Reznick, S.G. and Fiores, J. Strake-generated vortex interactions for a fighter-like configurations, J Aircraft, April 1989, 26, (4), pp 289– 294.Google Scholar
182. Whitehead, A.H. Jr. and Bertram|M.A. Alleviation of vortexinduced heating to the lee side of slender wings in hypersonic flow, AIAA J, September 1971, 9, (9), pp 1870–1872.Google Scholar
183. Bushnell, D.M. Drag reduction in nature, Ann Rev Fluid Mech, 1991,23, pp 65–79.Google Scholar
184. Erickson, G.E., Hall, R.M., Banks, D.W., Delfrate, J.H., Schreiner, J.A. Hanley, R.J. and Pulley, C.T. Experimental investigation of the F/A-18 vortex flows at subsonic thru transonic speeds, AIAA Paper 89–2222-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
185. Hornung, H. and Elsenaar, A. Detailed measurements in the transonic vortical flow over a delta wing, Fluid Dynamic Res, 1988, 3, pp 381–386.Google Scholar
186. Kegelman, J.T. and Roos, F.W. Effects of leading edge shave and vortex burst on the flow field of a 70-degree sweep delta wing, AIAA Paper 89–0086, 1989.Google Scholar
187. Lugt, H.J. and Gorski, J.J. The Bubble Concept of Axisymmetric Vortex Breakdown With and Without Obstacles in the Vortex Core, DTRC Report 88/042, December 1988.Google Scholar
188. Payne, F.M., No, T.T., and Nelson, R.C. Experimental study of the velocity field on a delta wing, AIAA Paper 87–1231, 1987.Google Scholar
189. Delery, J., Horowitz, E., Leuchter, O. and SOLIGNAC, J.-L. Fundamental studies of vortex flows, Rech. Aerosp 2, 1984, pp 1–24.Google Scholar
190. Calarsese, W. Close-coupled canard-wing vortex interaction, J Aircraft, February 1984, 21, (2), pp 99–100.Google Scholar
191. Rao, D.M. Feasibility study of vortex interaction control on a chine forebody/Delta wing configuration at high-angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 89–3350-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
192. Ericksen, G.E. Flow studies of slender wing vortices, AIAA paper 80–1423, 1980.Google Scholar
193. High-angle-of-attack aerodynamics, AGARD CP-247, 1979.Google Scholar
194. Olsen, P.E. and Nelson, R.C. Vortex interactions over double delta wings at high angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 89–2191-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
195. Thompson, D.H. Visualization of vortex flows around wings with highly swept leading edges, Ninth Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Auckland, pp 367–370, 1986.Google Scholar
196. Ekaterinaris, J.A., Coutley, R.L., Schiff, L.B., and Platzer, M.F. Numerical Investigation of the flow over a double delta wing at highincidence, AIAA Paper 91–0753, 1991.Google Scholar
197. Wahls, R.A., Vess, R.J. and Moskovitz, C.A. An experimental investigation of apex fence flaps on delta wings, AIAA Paper 85- 1055, 1985.Google Scholar
198. Moss, G.F. Some UK research studies of the use of wing-body strakes on combat aircraft configurations at high-angles-of-attack, Paper 4 in AGARD CP-247, 1979.Google Scholar
199. Pegram, B.V. Curing a tailplane stall by separated flow, In: The Prediction and Exploitation of Separated Flow, Conference proceedings published by The Royal Aeronantical Society, 1989.Google Scholar
200. Reynolds, G. and Abtahi, A. Three-dimensional vortex development, breakdown and control, AIAA Paper 89–0998, 1989.Google Scholar
201. Panton, R.L. The effects of a contoured apex on vortex breakdown, AIAA Paper 89–0193, 1989, also J Aircraft, March 1990, 27, (3), pp 285–288.Google Scholar
202. Karagounis, T., Marworthy, T. and Spedding, G.R. Generation and control of separated vortices over a delta wing by means of leading- edge flaps, AIAA Paper 89–0997, 1989.Google Scholar
203. Ellis, D.G. The behavior and performance of leading-edge vortex flaps, Paper 18 ln:The Prediction and Exploitation of Separated Flow, conference proceedings published by the Royal Aeronautical Society, 1989.Google Scholar
204. Kandil, O.A. and Salman, A.A. Effects of leading-edge flap oscillation on unsteady delta wing flow and rock control, AIAA Paper 91- 1796, 1989.Google Scholar
205. Magness, C; Robinson, O. and Rockwell, D. Control of leadingedge vortices on a delta wing. AIAA Paper 89–0999, 1989.Google Scholar
206. Hudson, L.J., King, P.I. and David, M. Flow separation and vortex bursting location on wings pitching at constant rates, AIAA Paper 89–2160-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
207. Lemay, S.P., Batill, S.M. and Nelson, R.C. Leading-edge vortex dynamics on a pitching delta wing, AIAA Paper 88–2559-CP, 1988.Google Scholar
208. Hebbar, S.K., Platzer, M.F. and Cavazos, O.V. A water tunnel investigation of the effects of pitch rate on LERX generated vortices on an F/A-18 fighter aircraft model, AIAA Paper 91–0280, 1991.Google Scholar
209. Chen, Y., LU, Z. and Lee, C.-H., The influences of forced oscillation and vortex breakdown, Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, September 1990,11, pp A505-A509.Google Scholar
210. Campbell, J.F., Osborn, R.F., Foughner, J.T. Jr. (Eds), Vortex flow aerodynamics, 1, NASA-CP-2416, 2 NASA CP-2417, 1986.Google Scholar
211. Nangia, R.K. and Lockley, G.E. Some design considerations and prospects of applying leading-edge vortex flaps to combat aircraft wings, ICAS Paper 90–3.9.4, Proceedings 17th ICAS Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, pp 1712–1720.Google Scholar
212. Frink, N.T., Chu, J., Mercer, C.E. and Klein, J.R. Experimental study of analytically and empirically designed vortex flaps on a 65° swept fighter configuration at transonic speeds, NASA TP-2959, 1990.Google Scholar
213. Hu, B.K. and Stollery, J.L. The Performance Of 60° Delta Wings: The Effects Of Leading-Edge Radius On Vortex Flaps and the Wing, Cranfield College Of Aeronautics Report 9004, March 1990.Google Scholar
214. Hsing, T.D., Zhang, Z.Q., Hong, J.S. and Zhuang, F.G. A study of the interaction of separated vortices, In: Transonic and Supersonic Flow On Improving the Aerodynamic Characteristics Of Vortex- Flap, of Separated Flows and Jets, INTAM Symposium, Novosibirsk, USSR, 1990, Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp 475–483.Google Scholar
215. Rao, D.M. Vortex control-further encounters, Paper 25 of AGARD CP-494.Google Scholar
216. Thompson, D.H. Water Tunnel Flow Visualization of Vortex Breakdown Over the F/A-18, Flight Mechanics Report 179, Australian Department of Defense, 1990.Google Scholar
217. Ng, T.T. On leading-edge vortex and its control, AIAA Paper 89- 3346-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
218. Karagshima, K. and Kitama, S. The effect of small blowing on vortex- breakdown of a swirling flow, In: Computational Techniques and Application-83, Elsevier, 1984, pp 553–564.Google Scholar
219. Parmenter, K. and Rockwell, D. Transient response of leadingedge vortices to localized suction, AIAA J, June 1990, 28, pp 1131–1133.Google Scholar
220. Malcolm, G.N. Flow visualization study of vortex manipulation on fighter configuration at high-angles-of-attack, Paper 5 in AGARD CP-413, 1987.Google Scholar
221. Wood, N.J., Roberts, L. and Lee, K.T. The control of vortical flow on a delta wing at high-angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 87–2278, 1987.Google Scholar
222. Wood, N.J. and Roberts, L. Control of vortical lift on delta wings by tangential leading-edge blowing, J Aircraft, March 1988, 25, pp 236–243.Google Scholar
223. Yeh, D.T., Tavella, D.A., Roberts, L. and Fura, K. Navier-Stokes computation of the flow field over delta wings with spanwise leading- edge blowing, AIAA Paper 88–25558-CP, 1988.Google Scholar
224. Wood, N.J. and Roberts, L. Experimental Results Of the Control Of A Vortical flow By Tangential Blowing, Joint Institute for Aeronautics and Acoustics (Stanford University), Report TR-71, 1986.Google Scholar
225. Celik, Z.Z., Roberts, L. and Wood, N.J. An investigation of asymmetric vortical flows over delta wings with tangential leading-edge blowing at high-angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 90–103, 1990.Google Scholar
226. Wood, N.J., Roberts, L. and Celik, Z. The control of asymmetric vortical flows over delta wings at high-angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 89–3347-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
227. Yeh, D., Tavella, D., Roberts, L. and Fujii, K. Numerical study of the effect of tangential leading-edge blowing on delta wing vortical flow, AIAA Paper 89–0341, 1989.Google Scholar
228. Rao, D.M. and Puram, C.K. Chine forebody vortex manipulation by mechanical and pneumatic techniques on a delta wing configuration, AIAA Paper 91–1812, 1991.Google Scholar
229. Findlay, D., Kern, S. and Kwon, O. Numerical investigation of the effect of blowing on high-angle-of-attack flow over delta wings, AIAA Paper 91–1809, 1991.Google Scholar
230. Herbst, W.B. Future fighter technologies, J Aircraft, August 1980, 17, (8), pp 561–566.Google Scholar
231. Vakili, A.D., Wu, J.M., and Bhat, M.K. High-angle-of-attack aerodynamics of excitation of the locked lee side vortex, SAE Paper 88- 1424, 1988Google Scholar
232. Vissen, K., Nelson, R. and Ng, T. A flow visualization and aerodynamic force data evaluation of spanwise blowing on full and half span delta wings, AIAA Paper 89–0192, 1989.Google Scholar
233. Iwanski, K., Ng, T. and Nelson, R. An experimental investigation of delta wing vortex flow with and without external jet blowing, AIAA Paper 89–0084, 1989.Google Scholar
234. Vozhdaev, E.S., Golovkin, V.A., Golovkin, M.A., Gorban, V.P. and Simuseva, E.V. Elimination of the vortex explosion on a delta wing thru total jet injection into the vortex core region, TSAGI Uchenge Zapiski, 1986,17, (2), pp 1–8.Google Scholar
235. Roach, R.A. and Kuhlmav, J.M. Strake vortex control using pneumatic blowing, AIAA Paper 91–3274, 1991.Google Scholar
236. Lemay, S. and Rogers, L. Pneumatic vortex flow control on a 55 degree cropped delta wing with chined forebody, AIAA Paper 90- 1430, 1990.Google Scholar
237. Huffman, J.K., Hakne, D.E. and Johnson, T.D. Aerodynamic effects of distributed spanwise blowing on a fighter configuration, J Aircraft, 1987, 24, (10), pp 673–680.Google Scholar
238. Er-el, J. The visualization of the flow field about a delta wing with spanwise blowing, Experi In Fluids, 1988, 6, (6), pp 419–421.Google Scholar
239. Er-el, J. and Seginer, A. Effects of spanwise blowing on pressure distribution and leading-edge vortex stability, ICAS Paper 86 2.5.1, 15th ICAS Conference, London, 1986, pp 641–650.Google Scholar
240. Schmucker, A. and Gersten K., Vortex breakdown and its control on delta wings, Fluid Dynamics Res, 1988, 3, pp 268–272.Google Scholar
241. Bradley, R.G., Whitten, P.D. and Wray, W.O. Leading-edge vortex augmentation in compressible flow, J Aircraft, April 1976, 13, (4), pp 238–242.Google Scholar
242. Vissen, K.D., Iwanski, K.P., Nelson, R.C. and NG, T.T. Control of leading-edge vortex breakdown by blowing, AIAA Paper 88–0504, 1988.Google Scholar
243. Shi, Z., Wn, J.M., and Vakili, A.D. On investigation of leadingedge vortices on delta wings with jet blowing, AIAA 87–0330, 1987.Google Scholar
244. Quin, Y., Hsing, T. and Zhuang, F. Controlling the leading-edge vortex on the vortex flap using mass injection, ICAS Paper 90–3.1R, 17th ICAS Congress, Stockholm, 1990, pp 2065–2072.Google Scholar
245. Lee, K.T. and Roberts, L. Controlled Vortical Flow On Delta Wings Through Unsteady Leading-Edge Blowing, Joint Institute for Aeronautics and Acoustics (Stanford), Report TR-97, 1990.Google Scholar
246. Gad-el-hak, M. and Blackwelder, R.F. Control of the discrete vortices from a delta wing, AIAA J, 1987, 25, (8), pp 1042–1049.Google Scholar
247. Wardlaw, A.B. Jr., High-angle-of-attack missile aerodynamics, Paper 5 of AGARD LS-98, 1979.Google Scholar
248. Maddox, A.R. Vortex control on an inclined body of revolution, 2nd AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, September 1972, (A72–45335).Google Scholar
249. Mourtos, N.J. and Roberts, L. Control of vortical separation on a circular cone, AIAA Paper 88–0482, AIAA 26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 1988.Google Scholar
250. Schwartz, G.E. Control of Embedded Vortices Using Wall Jets, Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, September 1988 (AD-S202606).Google Scholar
251. Mcginley, C.B. Three dimensional mean flow experimental study of vortex unwinding, AIAA Paper 88–3658-CP, 1988.Google Scholar
252. Mcginley, C.B. and Beeler, G.B. Large eddy substitution via vortex cancellation for wall turbulence control, AIAA Paper 85- 0549, 1985, also Vortex unwinding in a turbulent boundary layer, J Aircraft, March 1987, 24, (3), pp 221– 222.Google Scholar
253. Neuhart, D.H. and Rhode, M.N. Water tunnel investigation of concepts for alleviation of adverse inlet spillage interactions with external stores, NASA TM 4181, 1990.Google Scholar
254. Schaffer, A.A. Study of Vortex Cancellation, J Aerospace Sci, March 1960, 27, pp 193–196.Google Scholar
255. Aburwin, B.A. and Baccallum, N.R.L. Vortex effects resulting from transverse injection in turbine cascades and attempts at their reduction, ASME Paper 79-GT-18.Google Scholar
256. Seddon, J. Understanding and countering the swirl in S-ducts, tests on the sensitivity 9 of swirl to fences, Aeronaut J, April 1984, 88, (874), pp 117–127.Google Scholar
257. Ordonez, G.G. The Effect of Strakes on Vortical Flows Applied to Aircraft, EOARD-TR-84–14 (ADA 139989).Google Scholar
258. Lin, J.C., Howard, F.G., Bushnell, D.M. and selby, G.V. Comparative study of control techniques for two-dimensional lowspeed turbulent separation, In: Separated Flows and Jets, Kozlov, V.V. and Dovgal, A.V. (Eds), Springer Verlag, 1991, pp 429–474.Google Scholar
259. Ericsson, L.E. Vortex unsteadiness on slender bodies at high incidence, AIAA Paper 86–0486, 1986.Google Scholar
260. Keeper, E.R. and Chapman, G.T. Similarity in vortex asymmetric flows over slender bodies and wings, AIAA J, 1988,15, (9), pp 1370– 1372.Google Scholar
261. Moskovitz, C.A., Hall, R.M. and Dejannette, F.R. Effects of nose bluntness, roughness and surface perturbations on the asymmetric flow past slender bodies at large angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 88- 2236CP, 1988.Google Scholar
262. Chu, J., Hall, R.M. and Kjelgaard, S.O. Low-speed vortical flow over a 5-degree cone with tip geometry variation, SAE Paper 88- 1422, 1988.Google Scholar
263. Ericsson, L.E. Critical issues in high-alpha vehicle dynamics, AIAA Paper 91–3221, 1991.Google Scholar
264. Ericsson, L.E. The fickle effect of nose microasymmetry on the high-alpha aerodynamics, AIAA Paper 90–0067, 1990.Google Scholar
265. Thomas, J.L. Reynolds number effects on supersonic asymmetrical flows over a cone at high-angle-of-attack, AIAA Paper 91–3295, 1991.Google Scholar
266. Moskovitz, C.A., Hall, R.M. and Dejarnette, R.R. Effects of nose bluntness, roughness and surface perturbations on the asymmetric flow past slender bodies at large angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 89–2236CP, 1988.Google Scholar
267. Zilliac, G., Degani, D. and Tobak, M. Asymmetric vortices on a slender body of revolution, AIAA Paper 90–1388, 1990.Google Scholar
268. Keener, E.R. Flow separation patterns on symmetric forebodies, NASA TM 86016, 1986.Google Scholar
269. Tobak, M., Degani, D. and Zilliac, G.G. Analytical study of the origin and behavior of asymmetric vortices, NASA TM-102796, 1990.Google Scholar
270. Ericsson, F. Sources of high alpha vortex asymmetry at zero sideslip, AIAA Paper 91–1810, 1991.Google Scholar
271. Degani, D. Numerical investigation of the origin of vortex asymmetry of flows over bodies at large angle-of-attack, ICAS Paper 90- 6.6.1, 17th ICAS Congress Stockholm, 1990, pp 1162–1172.Google Scholar
272. Lowson, M.V. and Ponton, AJ.C. Symmetric and asymmetric vortex flows at high-angle-of-attack, AIAA Paper 91–0276, 1991.Google Scholar
273. Hartwich, P.M., Hall, R.M. and Hemsch, M.J. Navier stokes computation of vortex asymmetries controlled by small surface imperfections, J Spacecr Rockets, 1991, 28, (2), pp 258–264.Google Scholar
274. Kendil, O.A., Wong, T.C. and Liu, C.H. Navier-Stokes computations of symmetric and asymmetric vortex shedding around slender bodies, AIAA Paper 89–3397-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
275. Siclari, M.J. and Marconi, F. Computation of Navier-Stokes solutions exhibiting asymmetric vortices, AIAA J, January 1991, 29, pp 32–42.Google Scholar
276. Siclari, M.J. Asymmetric separated flows over slender bodies at supersonic speeds, Comput Syst Eng, 1990,1, (2–4), pp 447–460.Google Scholar
277. Degani, D. Effect of geometrical disturbance on vortex asymmetry, AIAA J, 1991, 29, (4), pp 560–566.Google Scholar
278. Deese, J.E., Agarwal, R.K. and Johnson, J.G. Calculation of vortex flow fields around forebodies and delta wings, AIAA Paper 91–0176, 1991.Google Scholar
279. Degani, D. and Tobak, M. Numerical experimental and theoretical study of convective instability of flows over pointed bodies at incidence, AIAA Paper 91–0291, 1991.Google Scholar
280. Degani, D. and Schiff, L.B. Numerical simulation of the effect of spatial distribution on vortex asymmetry, AIAA J, 1991, 29, (3), pp 344– 352.Google Scholar
281. Ericsson, L.E. Control of forebody flow asymmetry, a critical review, AIAA Paper 90–2833-CP, 1990.Google Scholar
282. Ericsson, L.E. and Reding, J.P. Aerodynamic effects of asymmetric vortex shedding from slender bodies, AIAA Paper 85–1793, 1985.Google Scholar
283. Yanta, W.J. and Wardlaw, A.B. Jr. The secondary separation region on a body at high-angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 82–0343, 1982.Google Scholar
284. Moskovitz, C.A., Hall, R.M. and Dejarnette, F.R. Combined effects of nose bluntness and surface perturbations on asymmetric flow past slender bodies, J Aircraft, 1990, 27, (10), pp 909–910.Google Scholar
285. Roos, F.W. and Kegelman, J.T. Aerodynamic characteristics of three generic forebodies at high-angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 91- 0275, 1991.Google Scholar
286. Suzuki, K., Ishihera, T., Kubota, H., Sato, K., Tanikatsu, T. and Darashima, K. Mach number effects on high-angles-of-attack aerodynamic characteristics of a cone-cylinder with various nose shapes, In: Proceedings 16th International Symposium On Space Technology and Science, 1988, Sapporo, 1, pp 709–714.Google Scholar
287. Lung, M.-H. Glow Field Measurements In the Vortex Wake Of A Missile At High-Angle-of-Attack In Turbulence, Naval Post Graduate School Thesis, 1988, (AD-A205696).Google Scholar
288. Pinaire, J.A. Jr. Effects of Flow Field Turbulence On Asymmetric vortices Over A Slender Body, Naval Post Graduate School Thesis, 1989, (AD-A224–139).Google Scholar
289. Howard, R., Rabang, M., Lang, M., and Pinaire, J. Effects of free stream turbulence on asymmetric vortex formation over a tangentogine forebody, AIAA Paper 91–0290, 1991.Google Scholar
290. Biedron, R.T. and Thomils, J.L. A generalized patched-grid algorithm with application to the F-18 forebody with activated control strake, Comput Syst Eng, 1990,1, (2–4), pp 563–576.Google Scholar
291. Moskovitz, C.A., Hall, R.M. and Dejarnette, F.R. Effects of surface perturbations on the asymmetric vortex flow over a slender body, AIAA Paper 88–0483, 1988.Google Scholar
292. Zeng, G., Qin, Y., Ding, Q. and Yuan, Y. Characteristics of asymmetric vortices and methods to alleviate off-plane forces and movements, Acta Aerodynamics Sinica, March 1988, 6, pp 137–141.Google Scholar
293. Wang, Z. and Wu, G. The Effect of a Winglet On The Spatial Vortex Of A Slender Body At High-Angle-of-Attack, FTD-ID(RS)T- 0267–86, (AD-A169 925), 1986.Google Scholar
294. Hall, R.M., Erickson, G.E., Straka, W.A., Peters, S.E., Maines, B.H., Fox, M.C., Hames, J.E. and Lemay, S.P. Impact of nose probe chines on the vortex flows about the F-16C, AIAA Paper 90–0386, 1990.Google Scholar
295. Fidler, J.E. Active control of asymmetric vortex effects, AIAA Paper 80–01 81, 1980.Google Scholar
296. Liu, C.H., Kandil, O.A., and Wong, T.-C. Computational study for passive control of supersonic asymmetric vortical flows around cones, AIAA Paper 90–1581, 1990.Google Scholar
297. Kandil, O.A., Wang, T.-C. and Liu, C.H. Prediction of steady and unsteady asymmetric vortical flow around cones, AIAA Paper 90- 0598, 1990.Google Scholar
298. Rao, D.M., Moskovitz, C. and Murri, D.G. Forebody vortex management for yaw control at high-angles-of-attack, J Aircraft, April 1987, 24, (4), pp 248–254.Google Scholar
299. No, T.T. Effect of a single strake on the forebody vortex asymmetry, J Aircraft, 1990, 27, (9), pp 844–846.Google Scholar
300. Stahl, W. Suppression of asymmetry of the vortex flow behind a circular cone at high-incidence, AIAA Paper 89–3372-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
301. Ng, T.T. and Malcolm, G.N. Aerodynamic control using forebody strakes, AIAA Paper 91–0618, 1991.Google Scholar
302. Malcolm, G.N., Ng, T.T. and Lewis, L.C. Development of non conventional control methods for high-angle-of-attack flight using vortex manipulation, AIAA Paper 89–2192-CP, 1989.Google Scholar
303. Modi, V.J., Cheng, C.W., Mak, A. and Yokomizo, T. Reduction of the side force on pointed forebodies through add-on tip devices, AIAA Paper 90–3005-CP, 1990.Google Scholar
304. Moskovitz, C.A., Hall, R.M., and Dejarnette, F.R. New device for controlling asymmetric flow fields on forebodies at high alpha, J Aircraft, July 1991, 28, (7), pp 456–462.Google Scholar
305. Williams, D., EL-Khabiry, S. and Papazian, H. Control of asymmetric vortices around a cone-cylinder geometry with unsteady base bleed, AIAA Paper 89–1004, 1989.Google Scholar
306. Modi, V.J. and Stewart, A.C. Approach to side force alleviation through modification of the pointed forebody geometry, AIAA Paper 90–2834-CP, 1990.Google Scholar
307. Ng., T.T. and Malcolm, G.N. Aerodynamic control using forebody blowing and suction, AIAA Paper 91–0619, 1991.Google Scholar
308. Nagamatsu, H.T., Trilling, T.W. and Bossard, J.A. Passive drag reduction on a complete NACA 0012 airfoil at transonic Mach numbers, AIAA Paper 87–1263, 1987.Google Scholar
309. Bamwell, R., Bushnell, D.M., Nagamatsu, H.T., Bahi, L. and Ross, J. Passive Drag Control Of Airfoils At Transonic Speeds, US Patient 4, 522, 360, June 1985.Google Scholar
310. Rosen, B.S. and Davis, W.H. Numerical study of asymmetric air injection flow control high-angle-of-attack forebody vortices on the X-29 aircraft, AIAA Paper 90–3004-CP, 1990.Google Scholar
311. Skow, A. and Peake, D.J. Control of the forebody vortex orientation by asymmetric air injection, Paper 10 in AGARD LS-121, 1982.Google Scholar
312. Almosnino, D. and Rom, J. Lateral forces on a slender body and their alleviation at high-incidence, J Spacecra Rocket, September- October 1981,18, (5), pp 393–400.Google Scholar
313. Peak, D.J. and Owen, F.K. Control of forebody three-dimensional flow separation, NASA TM 78593, 1979.Google Scholar
314. Malcolm, G.N. and No, T.T. Aerodynamic control of aircraft by forebody vortex manipulation, AIAA Paper 90–1827, 1990.Google Scholar
315. Tavella, D.A., Schiff, L.B. and Cummings, R.M. Pneumatic vortical flow control at high-angles-of-attack, AIAA Paper 90–0098, 1990.Google Scholar
316. Mourtos, N.T. Control of vortical separation on a circular cone, Aeronaut J, July 1990, 94, (6), pp 213–219.Google Scholar
317. Font, G. and Tavella, D. High alpha aerodynamic control by tangential fuselage blowing, AIAA Paper 91–0620, 1991.Google Scholar
318. Celik, Z.Z. and Roberts, L. Vortical flow control on a slender body at high angles of attack, AIAA Paper 91–2868-CP, 1991.Google Scholar
319. Mason, P.J. and Morton, B.R. Trailing vortices in the wakes of surface-mounted obstacles, J FluidMech, 1987,175, pp 247–293.Google Scholar
320. Hansen, A.C. and Cermak, J.E. Vortex-Containing Wakes of Surface Obstacles, Fluid Dynamics and Diffusion Lab, Colorado State University, Themis Technical Report 29, December 1975.Google Scholar
321. Ishii, J. and HON AMI, S. A three-dimensional turbulent detached flow with a horseshoe vortex, ASME Paper 85-GT-70, 1985.Google Scholar
322. Kitchens, C.W. Jr., Gerber, N.G., Sedney, R. and Bartos, J.M. Decay of streamwise vorticity downstream of a three-dimensional protuberance, AIAA J, June 1983, 21, (6), pp 856–862.Google Scholar
323. Abid, R. and Schmidt, R. Experimental study of a turbulent horseshoe vortex using a three-component laser velocimeter, AIAA Paper 86–1069, May 1986.Google Scholar
324. Menna, J.D. and Pierce, F.J. The mean flow structure around and within a turbulent junction or horseshoe vortex—part 1. The upstream and surrounding three-dimensional boundary layer, J Fluids Eng, December 1988,110, (4), pp 406–414.Google Scholar
325. Davenport, W.J. and Simpson, R.L. Time-dependent and timeaveraged turbulence structure near the nose of a wing-body junction, J Fluid Mech, 1990, 210, pp 23–55.Google Scholar
326. Dickinson, S.C. Time dependent flow visualization in the separated region of an appendage-flat plate junction, 6, (2), pp 140–144, 1988.Google Scholar
327. Dickinson, S.C. Flow Visualization and Velocity Measurements in the Separated Region of an Appendage-Flat Plate Junction, DTNSRDC Report 86/020, 1986 (AD-A167611).Google Scholar
328. Rood, E.P. Jr. Experimental Investigation of the Turbulent Large Scale Temporal Flow in the Wing-Body Junction, PhD Dissertation , The Catholic University of America, 1984.Google Scholar
329. Pierce, F.J. and Nath, S.K. Interference drag of a turbulent junction vortex, J Fluid Eng, December 1990,112, pp 441–446.Google Scholar
330. Shekarriz, A., Fu, T.C., Katz, J, Liu, H.L. and Huang, T.T. Quantitative visualization of juncture and tip vortices using particle displacement velocimetry, AIAA Paper 91–0269, 1991.Google Scholar
331. Ozcan, O. and Olcmen, M.S. Measurements of turbulent flow behind a wing-body junction, AIAA J, April 1988, 26, (4), pp 494–496.Google Scholar
332. Eckerle, W.A. and Langston, L.S. Horseshoe vortex formation around a cylinder, J Turbo Much, April 1987,109, pp 278–285.Google Scholar
333. Hunt, J.C.R., Abell, C.J., Peterka, J.A. and Woo, H. Kinematical studies of the flows around free or surface-mounted obstacles; applying topology to flow visualization, J Fluid Mech, 1978, 86, (1), pp 179–200.Google Scholar
334. Rood, E.P. The separated spatial extents of the trailing horseshoe root vortex legs from a wing and plate junction, AIAA Paper 84- 1526, June 1984.Google Scholar
335. Eckerle, W.A. and Langston, L.S. Measurements of a turbulent horseshoe vortex formed around a cylinder, NASA CR-3986, June 1986.Google Scholar
336. Mcmahon, H., Hubbartt, J. and Kubendran, L. Mean velocities and reynolds stresses in a juncture flow, NASA CR-3605, August 1982.Google Scholar
337. Pierce, F.J., Kim, CM., Nath, S. and Shin, J. The Mean Flow Structure in the Near Wake of a Turbulent Junction Vortex, VPI&SU Report VPI-E-87–26, December 1987.Google Scholar
338. Pierce, F.J. and Harsh, M.D. The mean flow structure around and within a turbulent junction or horseshoe vortex—part II. The separated and junction vortex flow, J Fluid Eng, December 1988, 110, pp 415–423.Google Scholar
339. Shabaka, I.M.M.A. and Bradshaw, P. Turbulent flow in an idealized wing-body junction, AIAA J, February 1981,19, (2).Google Scholar
340. Chen, C.L. and Hung, CM. Numerical study of juncture flows, AIAA Paper 91–1660, 1991.Google Scholar
341. Burke, R.W. Numerical Calculation of Appendage-Flat Plate Junction Flow, DTNSRDC Report 87/002, September 1987.Google Scholar
342. Baker, A.J. The CMC3DPNS Computer Program for Prediction of Three-Dimensional Subsonic, Turbulent Aerodynamic Juncture Region Flow, NASA CR-3645, November 1982.Google Scholar
343. Lakshmanan, B., Ttwari, S.N. and Hussaini, M.Y. Control of supersonic intersection flow fields through filleting and sweep, AIAA Paper 88–3534, July 1988.Google Scholar
344. Sung, C.H. and Lin, C.W. Numerical investigation on the effect of fairing on the vortex flows around airfoil/Flat-plate junctures, AIAA Paper 88–0615, January 1988.Google Scholar
345. Mcmaster, D.L. and Shang, J.S. A numerical study of three-dimensional separated flows around a sweptback blunt fin, AIAA Paper 88- 0125, January 1988.Google Scholar
346. Ohring, S. Appendage Flow Computations Using the INS3D Computer Code, DTRC Report 89/028, October 1989 (AD-A215 689).Google Scholar
347. Levy, R. Analysis of the Submarine Appendage Flow Field, SRA Report R88920028-F (AD-A212344).Google Scholar
348. Kubendran, L.R. Study of Turbulent Flow in a Wing-Fuselage Type Junction, PhD Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1983.Google Scholar
349. Kubendran, L.R., Mcmahon, H.M. and Hubbartt, J.E. Turbulent flow around a wing fuselage type junction, AIAA Paper 85- 0040, January 1985.Google Scholar
350. Kornilov, V.I. and Kharitonov, A.M. Investigation of the structure of turbulent flows in streamwise asymmetric corner configurations, Exper Fluid, 1984, 2, (4), pp 205–212.Google Scholar
351. Mehta, R.D. Effect of wing nose shape on the flow in a wing/body junction, Aeronaut J, 88, (880) December 1984, pp 456–460.Google Scholar
352. Dickinson, S.C. An Experimental Investigation of Appendage-Flat Plate Junction Flow, 1 Description DTNSRDC Report 86/051, December 1986.Google Scholar
353. Hawthorne, W.R. The secondary flow about struts and airfoils, J Aero Sci, September 1954, 21, pp 588–608.Google Scholar
354. Rood, E.P. The governing influence of the nose radius on the unsteady effects of large scale flow structure in the turbulent wing and plate junction flow, ASME Forum on Unsteady Flow, FED-V IS, 1984, pp 7–9.Google Scholar
355. Hoerner, S.F. Fluid-Dynamic Drag, published by the author, 1965.Google Scholar
356. Boatwright, D.W. An experimental investigation of fillet design for application to airship fins, Research Note 12, Aerophysics Department, Mississippi State University, November 1960.Google Scholar
357. Sung, C.H., Yang, CI. and Kubendran, L.R. Control of horseshoe vortex juncture flow using fillet, Proceedings from Symposium on Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement for Marine Applications, Newport, RI, October 31-November 1 1988.Google Scholar
358. Kubendran, L.R. and Harvey, W.D. Juncture flow control using leading-edge fillets, AIAA Paper 85–4097, October 1985.Google Scholar
359. Davenport, W.J., Simpson B.L., , Dewitz, M.B. and AGARWAL, N.K. Effects of a strake on the flow past a wing-body juncture, AIAA Paper 91–0252, 1991.Google Scholar
360. Kubendran, L.R., Bar-Sever, A., and Harvey, W.D. Flow control in a wing-fuselage type juncture, AIAA Paper 88–0614, January 1988.Google Scholar
361. Hubbartt, J., Mcmahon, H. and Oguz, E. Exploratory tests of flow in wing-root junctures, Lockheed-Georgia, Order No CK27034P, March 1976.Google Scholar
362. Stringfield, G. The study of an idealized wing/body junction, EOARD-TR-84–13, VD1-PR-1983–28 (AD-A139933).Google Scholar
363. Davenport, W., Agarwal, N., Dewitz, M., Simpson, R. and Poddar, K. Effects of a fillet on the flow past a wing body junction, AIAA J, 1990, 28, (12), pp 2017–2024.Google Scholar
364. Kubendran, L.R., Sung, C.H. and Yang, C.I. Experiments and code validation for juncture flows, Paper PI 1–1, AGARD-CP-437, 2.Google Scholar
365. Maughmer, M., Hallman, D., Ruszkowski, R., Chappel, G. and Waitz, I. Experimental investigation of wing/fuselage integration geometries, J Aircraft, August 1989, 26, (8), pp 705–711.Google Scholar
366. Bertelrud, A., Szodruch, J and Olsson, J. Flow properties associated with wing/body junctions in wind tunnel and flight, ICAS Paper 88–4.3.3, September 1988.Google Scholar
367. Guta, A. K. Hydrodynamic modification of the horseshoe vortex at a vertical pier junction with ground, Phys Fluids, April 1987, 3, (4), pp 1213–1215.Google Scholar
368. Barinov, V.A., Ineshin, I.U.L. and Iudin, G.A. An investigation of fillets in wing/Fuselage joints at subsonic velocities, Uchenye Zapiski TSAG1, 1988,19, (4), pp 111–115.Google Scholar
369. Mcginley, C.B. Note on vortex control in simulated sail-hull interaction, J Ship Res, June 1987, 31, (2), pp 136–138.Google Scholar
370. Morrisette, E.L. and Bushnell, D.M. Evidence of embedded vortices in a three-dimensional shear flow, AIAA J, March 1981, 19, (3), pp 400–402.Google Scholar
371. Lee, G.H. Trailing vortex wakes, Aeronaut J, September 1975, 79, pp 377–388.Google Scholar
372. Bilanin, AJ. and Donaldson, C.duP. Estimation of velocities and rollup in aircraft vortex wake, J Aircraft, 12, (7), pp 578–585.Google Scholar
373. Roberts, L. On the structure of the turbulent vortex, Paper 3 in NASA CR-177347, April 1985.Google Scholar
374. Brown, C.E. On the Aerodynamics of Wake Vortices, Hydronautics Technical Report 7115, October 1972.Google Scholar
375. El-ramly, Z. Investigation of the Development of the Trailing Vortex System Behind a Swept-thick Wing, Technical Report ME/A 75–3 Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, October 1975.Google Scholar
376. Srinivasan, G.R., Mccroskey, W.J., Baeder, J.D. and Edwards, T.A. Numerical simulation of tip vortices of wings in subsonic and transonic flows, AIAA Paper 86–1096, AIAA Fourth Fluid Mechanics, Plasma Dynamics and Lasers Conference, Atlanta, GA, May1986.Google Scholar
377. Tavella, D.A., Wood, N.J. and Harnts, P. Influence of tip blowing on rectangular wings, AIAA Paper 85–5001, October 1985.Google Scholar
378. Lee, C.S., Tavella, D., Wood, N.J. and Roverts, L. Flow structure and scaling laws in lateral wing-tip blowing, AIAA J, August 1989, 27, (8)pp 1002–1007.Google Scholar
379. Tavella, D.A., Lee, C.S. and Wood, N.J. Influence of wing tip configuration on lateral blowing efficiency, AIAA Paper 86 –0475, January 1986.Google Scholar
380. Tavella, D.A. and Roberts, L The concept of lateral blowing, AIAA Paper 85–5000, October 1985.Google Scholar
381. Smith, J.W., Mineck, R.E. and Neuhart, D.H. Flow Visualization Studies of Blowing From the Tip of a Swept wing, NASA-TM-4217, 1990.Google Scholar
382. Yuan, S.W. and Bloom, A.M. Experimental investigation of wingtip vortex abatement, ICAS Paper 74–35, August 1974.Google Scholar
383. Yuan, S.W. Rotor Vortex Control US Patent 4,040,578, August 1977.Google Scholar
384. Yuan, S.W. Vortex Control, US Patent 3,936,013, February 1976.Google Scholar
385. Yuan, S.W. Vortex Control, US Patent 3,692,259, September 1972.Google Scholar
386. Rinehart, A.A, Balcerak, J.C. and White, R.P. Jr. An Experimental Study of Tip Vortex Modification by Mass Flow Injection, Rochester Applied Science Assoc Report 71–01, 1971 (AD-726736).Google Scholar
387. Rinehart, S.A. Study of Modification of Rotor Tip Vortex by Aerodynamic Means, Rochester Applied Science Associates Report 70 02, 1970 (ADK-704804).Google Scholar
388. Mason, H.W. and Marchman III, J.F. The farfield structure of aircraft wake turbulence, AIAA Paper 72–40, January 1972.Google Scholar
389. White, R.P. and Balcerak, J.C. The nemesis of the trailed tip vortex—is'it now conquered?, Preprint 624, 28th Annual National Forum, American Helicopter Society, Washington, DC, May 1972.Google Scholar
390. Jarvinen, P.O. Aircraft wing-tip vortex modification, J Aircraft, January 1973,10, (1), pp 63–64.Google Scholar
391. Poppleton, E.D. Effect of air injection into the core of a trailing vortex, J Aircraft, August 1971, 8, (8), pp 672–673.Google Scholar
392. Zalay, A.D. Investigation of Viscous Line Vortices With or Without the Injection of Core Turbulence, Rochester Applied Science Assoc Report 74–01, 1974 (AD-785–256).Google Scholar
393. White, R.P. Jr. and Balcerak, J.C. An Investigation of the Mixing of Linear and Swirling Flows, Rochester Applied Science Assoc Report 72–04, 1972 (AD-742854).Google Scholar
394. Phillips, W.R.C. and Grahm, J.A.H. Reynolds-stress measurements in a turbulent trailing vortex, J Fluid Mech, 1984, 147, pp 353–371.Google Scholar
395. Grahm, J.A.H., Newman, B.G. and Phillips, W.R. Turbulent trailing vortex with central jet or wake, ICAS Paper 74–40, August 1974.Google Scholar
396. Burnhaln, D.C. and Sullivan, T.E. Influence of flaps and engines on aircraft wake vortices, J Aircraft, September 1974, 11, (9), pp 591–592.Google Scholar
397. Patterson, J.C. Jr. and Flechner, S.G. An exploratory windtunnel investigation of the wake effect of a panel tip-mounted fan-jet engine on the lift-induced vortex, NASA TND-5729, May 1970.Google Scholar
398. Wu, J.M Vakili, A.D. and Gilliam, F.T. Aerodynamic interactions of wingtip flow with discrete wingtip jets, AIAA Paper 84–2206, August 1984.Google Scholar
399. Wu, J.M. and Gilliam, F.T. A flow visualization study of the effect of wing-tip jets on wake vortex development, Preprints of Third International Symposium on Flow Visualization, Ann Arbor, MI, September 1983, pp 199–203.Google Scholar
400. Wu, J.M. and Vaikil, A.D. Aerodynamic Improvements by Discrete Wing Tip Jets, AFWAL-TR-84–3009, March 1984 (AD-A 148,981).Google Scholar
401. Gilliam, F.T. An Investigation of the Effects of Discrete Wing Tip Jets on Wake Vortex Rollup, PhD Dissertation, University of Tennesee, August 1983 (AD-A199962).Google Scholar
402. Wu, J.M., Vakili, A.D., Shi, Z. and Mo, J.D. Investigation of Phenomena of Discrete Wing Tip Jets, AFOSR-TR-88–0937, 1988 (AD-A 199962).Google Scholar
403. Rossow, V.J. Theoretical study of lift-generated vortex wakes designed to avoid rollup, AIAA J, April 1975,13, (4), pp 476–484.Google Scholar
404. Holbrook, G.T., Dunham, D.M. and Greene, G.C. Vortex wake alleviation studies with a variable twist wing, NASA TP-2442, November 1985.Google Scholar
405. Gessow, A. Aircraft wake turbulence minimization by aerodynamic means, Aeronaut Meteorology, El Paso, Texas, November 1974.Google Scholar
406. Hackett, J.E. Vortex Diffuser, US Patent 4,190,219, February 1980.Google Scholar
407. Staufenbiel, R. and Vitting, T. Formation of tip vortices and vortex alleviation by tip devices, ICAS Paper 90–3.2.2 17th ICAS Congress, pp 279–291, 1990.Google Scholar
408. Patterson, J.C. Jr. and Flechner, S.G. Exploratory wind-tunnel investigation of a wingtip mounted vortex turbine for vortex energy recovery, NASA TP-2468, June 1985.Google Scholar
409. Marchman III, J.R. and Uzel, J.W. Effect of several wing tip modifications on a trailing vortex, J Aircraft, September 1972, 9, (9), pp 684–686.Google Scholar
410. Abeyounis, W.K., Patterson, J.C Jr, Stough III, H.P., Wunschel, A.J., and Curran, P.D. Wingtip vortex turbine investigation for vortex energy recovery SAE Paper 90–1936, 1990.Google Scholar
411. POPPLETON, E.D. The control of wing-tip vortices, Sydney University Aero Tech Note 7102, August 1972.Google Scholar
412. Scheiman, J., Megrail, J.L. and SHIVERS, J.P. Exploratory investigation factors affecting the wingtip vortex, NASA TMX-2516, April 1972.Google Scholar
413. Rorke, J.B. and Mofitt, R.C. Wind tunnel simulation of full scale vortices, NASA CR-218 1, March 1973.Google Scholar
414. Smith, H.C. Method for reducing the tangential velocities in aircraft trailing vortices, J A ircraft, December 1980,17, (12), pp 861–866.Google Scholar
415. Thompson, D.H. A preliminary towing tank study of the trailing vortex generated by a rectangular wing, including the effects of several tip modifications, Aeronautical Research Lab (Australia), Aerodynamics Note ARL/A.342, September 1973.Google Scholar
416. Shrager, J.J. A Summary of Helicopter Vorticity and Wake Turbulence Publications With an Annotated Bibliography, Department of Transportation, FAA Report RD-74–78, May 1974 (AD-780053).Google Scholar
417. Mautner, T.S. The relationship between appendage geometry and propeller blade unsteady forces, AIAA Paper 87–2065, June 29-July 2, 1987.Google Scholar
418. Valentine, H.H. and Beale, W.T. Experimental investigation of distortion removal characteristics of several free-wheeling fans, NACARME57112, 1957.Google Scholar
419. Menkes, J. and Abernathy, F.H. An estimate of the power required to eliminate trailing vortices by suction, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1970, 58, (3), pp 326–327.Google Scholar
420. Bilanin, A.J., Donaldson, C.duP. and Snedeker, R.S. An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Wakes Behind Flapped and Unflapped Wings, AFFDL-TR-74–90, September 1974.Google Scholar
421. Jacobsen, R.A. and Short, B.J. A flight investigation of the wake turbulence alleviation resulting from a flap configuration change on a B-747 aircraft, NASA TM-73,263, July 1977.Google Scholar
422. Kirkman, K.L., Brown, C.E. and Goodman, A. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Various Devices for Attenuation of Trailing Vortices Based on Model Tests in a Large Towing Brain, NASA CR-2202, December 1973.Google Scholar
423. Rossow, V.J. Effect of wing fins on lift-generated wakes, J Aircraft, March 1978,15, (3), pp 160–167.Google Scholar
424. Corsiglia, V.R., Rossow, V.J. and Ciffone, D.L. Experimental study of the effect of span loading on aircraft wakes, NASA TMX- 62–431, May 1975.Google Scholar
425. Raj, P. and Iversen, J.D. Computational studies of turbulent merger of co-rotational vortices, AIAA Paper 78–108, January 1978.Google Scholar
426. Greene, G.C. Wake vortex alleviation, AIAA Paper 81–0798, May 1981.Google Scholar
427. Khorrami, M. and Groscll, C. Temporal stability of multiple cell vortices, AIAA Paper 89–0987, March 1989.Google Scholar
428. Khorrami, M.R. A Study of the temporal stability of multiple cell vortices, NASA CR-4261, November 1989.Google Scholar
429. Bilanin, A.J. and Widnall, S.E. Aircraft wake dissipation by sinusoidal instability and vortex breakdown, AIAA Paper 73–107, 1973.Google Scholar
430. Rossow, VJ. On the wake hazard alleviation associated with roll. oscillations of wake generating aircraft, AIAA Paper 85–1774, 1985.Google Scholar
431. Taohari, R., Rice, E.J. and Farokhi, S. Large amplitude acoustic excitation of swirling turbulent jets, AIAA Paper 89–0970, 1989.Google Scholar
432. Mironer, A. Accelerated diffusion of wing-tip vortices by heating, AIAA Paper 71–616, 1971.Google Scholar
433. Moore, D.W. and Saffman, P.G. Axial flow in laminar trailing vortices, Proc R Soc LondA, June 1973, 333, pp 491–508.Google Scholar
434. Katz, J. and Galdo, J.B. Effect of roughness on rollup of tip vortices on a rectangular hydrofoil, J Aircraft, March 1989, 26, pp 247–253.Google Scholar
435. Shamroth, S.J. and Broley, W.R.A Viscous flow analysis for the tip vortex at high Reynolds number, J Fluid Eng, September 1991, 113, pp 496–503.Google Scholar
436. Stinebrino, D.R., Farrell, K.J. and Billet, M.L. The structure of a three-dimensional tip vortex at high Reynolds number, J Fluid Eng, September 1991,113, pp 496–503.Google Scholar
437. Whitcomb, R.T. Methods for reducing subsonic drag-due-to-lift, Paper 2 of AGARD R-654, 1977.Google Scholar
438. Henderson, W.P. and Holmes, B.J. Induced drag-historical perspective, Presented at SAE Aerotech 1989 Conference Anaheim, CA, September 1989.Google Scholar
439. Taylor, H.D. Application of Vortex Generator Mixing Principles to Diffusers, Concluding Report R-15064–5, United Aircraft Corp, Research Department, December 1948.Google Scholar
440. Stainiforth, R. Some tests on cascades of compressor blades fitted with vortex generators, CP-487, NGTE Memorandum M314, January 1958.Google Scholar
441. Brown, A.C., Nawrocki, H.F. and Paley, P.N. Subsonic diffusers designed integrally with vortex generators, J Aircraft, May-June 1968, 5, (3), pp 221–229.Google Scholar
442. Henery, J.R., Wood, C.C. and Wilbur, S.W. Summary of subsonic diffuser data, NACA RML56F05, October 1956.Google Scholar
443. Feir, J.B. The effects of an arrangement of vortex generators on diffuser separation, UTIAS TN, No 87, June 1965.Google Scholar
444. Nickerson, J.D. A Study of vortex generators at low Reynolds numbers, AIAA Paper 86–0155, January 6–9, 1986.Google Scholar
445. Bragg, M.B. and Gregorek, G.M. Experimental study of airfoil performance with vortex generators, J Aircraft, May 1987, 24, (5), pp 305–309.Google Scholar
446. Pearcey, H.H. Shock induced separation and its prevention by design and boundary layer control, In: Boundary Layer and Flow Control, Its Principle and Applications, 2, Lachmann, G.V. (ed), Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1961, pp 1166–1344.Google Scholar
447. Calarese, W., Crisler, W.P. and Gustafson, G.L. Afterbody drag reduction by vortex generators, AIAA Paper 85–0354, January 1985.Google Scholar
448. Wortmann, A. Alleviation of fuselage form drag using vortex flows, DOE/CE/15277-T1, 1987.Google Scholar
449. Mehta, R.D., Shabaka, I.M.M., Shibl, A. and Bradshaw, P. Longitudinal vortices imbedded in turbulent boundary layers, AIAA Paper 83–0378.Google Scholar
450. Taylor, H.D. Design Criteria for and Applications of the Vortex Generator Mixing Principle, UAC Report M-15038–1, February 1948.Google Scholar
451. Schubauer, G.B. and Spangenberg, W.G. Forced mixing in boundary layers, J Fluid Mech, 1960, 8, (1), pp 10–32.Google Scholar
452. Inger, G.R. and Sieberrma, T. Computational simulation of vortex generator effects on transonic shock boundary layer interaction, AIAA Paper 88–2590, June 1988.Google Scholar
453. Gadetskii, V.M., Serebriiskii, t.A.M. and Fomin, V.M. Investigation of the influence of vortex generators on turbulent boundary layer separation, Uchenye Zapiski TSAGI, 1972, 3, (4), pp 22–28.Google Scholar
454. Mehta, R.D. Vortex/Separated boundary-layer interactions at transonic Mach numbers, AIAA J, January 1988, 26, (1), pp 15–26.Google Scholar
455. Liandrat, J., Aupoix, B. and Cousteix, T. Calculation of longitudinal vortices imbedded in a turbulent boundary layer, Fifth Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows, Cornell University, August 1986, pp 7.17 to 7.22.Google Scholar
456. Cutler, A. and Bradshaw, P. Vortex/Boundary-layer interactions, AIAA Paper 89–0083, January 1989.Google Scholar
457. Culter, A.D. and Bradshaw, P. The interaction between a strong longitudinal vortex and a turbulent boundary layer, AIAA Paper 86- 1071, May 1986.Google Scholar
458. Briedentllal, R.E. Jr. and Russell, D.A. Aerodynamics of vortex generators, NASA CR-182511, 1988.Google Scholar
459. Gartling, D.K. Tests of Vortex Generators to Prevent Separation of Supersonic flow in a Compression Corner, Applied Research Laboratory, University of Texas-Austin Report ARL-TR70–14, December 1970 (AD734154).Google Scholar
460. Tanner, L.H. and Pearcey, H.H. Vortex generators; their design and their effects on turbulent boundary layers, ARC FM 2015,16.487,1954.Google Scholar
461. Stephens, A.V. and Collins, G.A. Turbulent Boundary Layer Control by Ramps or Wedges, Australian ARC Report ACA-55, May 1955.Google Scholar
462. Spangler, J.G. and Wells, C.S. Jr. Effects of Spiral longitudinal vortices on turbulent boundary layer skin friction, NASA CR-145, December 1964.Google Scholar
463. Jones, I.S.F. Vortex Generators, University of New South Wales Report, School of Mechanical Eng, 1964.Google Scholar
464. Furuya, Y., Nakamura, I., Osada, H. and Shimizu, T. The spanwise non-uniformity of nominally, two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer, (3rd Report, Influence of the Streamwise Vortices Arising from the Protrusion), Bulletin of the JSME, August 1976, 19, (134), pp 922–929.Google Scholar
465. Bradshaw, P., Shabaki, I.M.M. and Mehta, R.D. Turbulent vortex flows, Imperial College Report IC Aero TN 82–103, 1982.Google Scholar
466. Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P. Longitudinal vortices imbedded in turbulent boundary layers part 2, vortex pair with “common flow“ upwards, J Fluid Mech, 1988,188, pp 529–546.Google Scholar
467. Shabaka, I.M.M., Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P. Longitudinal vortices imbedded in turbulent boundary layers, part 1, single vortex, J Fluid Mech, 1985,155, p 37.Google Scholar
468. Rao, D.M. and Mehrotra, S.C. Flat Plate Drag Measurements With Vortex Generators in Turbulent boundary Layer, NASA Contractor Report 172125, June 1983.Google Scholar
469. Sandborn, V.A. Control of Surface Shear Stress Fluctuations in Turbulent Boundary Lavers, Colorado State University, Report No CER-80–81-VAS-46 (AD-A103354).Google Scholar
470. Shizawa, T. and Eaton, J.K. Turbulence measurements for a longitudinal vortex interacting with a 3-D turbulent boundary layer, AIAA Paper 91–0732, 1991.Google Scholar
471. Hansen, A.C. Vortex-Containing Wakes of Surface Obstacles, Dissertation, Colorado State University, Department of Civil Eng, 1976.Google Scholar
472. Kuethe, A.M. Boundary Layer Control of Flow Separation and Heat Exchange, US Patent 3,741,285, June 1973.Google Scholar
473. Wheeler, G.O. Means for Maintaining Attached Flow of a Flow Medium, US Patent 4,455,045, 1984.Google Scholar
474. Lin, J.C. and Howard, F.G. Turbulent flow separation control through passive techniques, AIAA Paper 89–0976, March 1989.Google Scholar
475. Rao, D.M. and Kariya, T.T. Boundary-layer submerged vortex generated for separation control—an exploratory study, AIAA Paper 88- 354-CP, 1988.Google Scholar
476. Harris, CD. and Bartlett, D.W. Wind tunnel investigation of effects of underwing leading edge vortex generators on a supercritical- wing research airplane configuration, NASA TMX-2471, 1972.Google Scholar
477. Sodemlan, P.T. Aerodynamic effects of leading edge separation on a two-dimensional airfoil, NASA TMX-2643, 1972.Google Scholar
478. Barker, R.A. The Aerodynamic Effects of a Serrated Strip Near the Leading Edge of an Aerofoil, MSc Thesis, Royal Air Force College, Cranwell, Report ETN-87–99480, 1986.Google Scholar
479. Compton, D.A. and Johnston, J.P. Streamwise vortex production by pitched and skewed jets in a turbulent boundary layer, AIAA Paper 91–0038, 1991.Google Scholar
480. Goenka, L.N., Panton, R.L., and Bogard, D.G. Pressure and three-component velocity measurements on a diffuser that generates longitudinal vortices, J Fluid Eng, September 1990, 112, pp 281– 288.Google Scholar