Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T10:35:23.944Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Early Tang China and the World, 618–750 CE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2023

Shao-yun Yang
Affiliation:
Denison University, Ohio

Summary

For about half a century, the Tang dynasty has held a reputation as the most 'cosmopolitan' period in Chinese history, marked by unsurpassed openness to foreign peoples and cultures and active promotion of international trade. Heavily influenced by Western liberal ideals and contemporary China's own self-fashioning efforts, this glamorous image of the Tang calls for some critical reexamination. This Element presents a broad and revisionist analysis of early Tang China's relations with the rest of the Eurasian world and argues that idealizing the Tang as exceptionally “cosmopolitan” limits our ability to think both critically and globally about its actions and policies as an empire.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009214612
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 25 May 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Masaharu, Arakawa. “Aspects of Sogdian Trading Activities under the Western Turkic State and the Tang Empire,” Journal of Central Eurasian Studies 2 (2011), 2540.Google Scholar
Atwood, Christopher P.Huns and Xiōngnú: New Thoughts on an Old Problem.” In Dubitando: Studies in History and Culture in Honor of Donald Ostrowski, edited by Boeck, Brian J., Martin, Russell E., and Rowland, Daniel (Bloomington, IN: Slavica Publishers, 2012), 2752.Google Scholar
Atwood, Christopher P.Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus,” Central Asiatic Journal 56 (2013), 4986.Google Scholar
Backus, Charles. The Nan-chao Kingdom and T’ang China’s Southwestern Frontier (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Batten, Bruce L.Foreign Threat and Domestic Reform: The Emergence of the Ritsuryō State,” Monumenta Nipponica 41.2 (1986), 199219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).Google Scholar
Bi, Bo 畢波. Zhonggu Zhongguo de Sute Huren – yi Chang’an wei zhongxin 中古中國的粟特胡人 – 以長安爲中心 [Sogdians in Medieval China: With Special Reference to the Sogdian Presence in the Capital Chang’an] (Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2011).Google Scholar
Bingenheimer, Marcus. A Biographical Dictionary of the Japanese Student-Monks of the Seventh and Early Eighth Centuries: Their Travels to China and Their Role in the Transmission of Buddhism (Munich: Iudicium Verlag, 2001).Google Scholar
Brose, Benjamin. Xuanzang: China’s Legendary Pilgrim and Translator (Boulder, CO: Shambhala, 2021).Google Scholar
Chaffee, John W. The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Chen, Sanping. Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Hao, Chen. A History of the Second Türk Empire (ca. 682–745 AD) (Leiden: Brill, 2021).Google Scholar
Ken, Chen 陳懇. “Chile yu Tiele zuming xinzheng” 敕勒與鐵勒族名新證 [New Evidence on the Ethnonyms Chile and Tiele], International Journal of Eurasian Studies (Ouya xuekan 歐亞學刊) 11 (2022), 5988.Google Scholar
Chen-hung, Chu (Zhu Zhenhong) 朱振宏. Sui Tang zhengzhi, zhidu yu duiwai guanxi 隋唐政治、制度與對外關係 [Politics, Institutions, and Foreign Relations of the Sui and Tang] (Taipei: Wenjin chubanshe, 2010).Google Scholar
Churchman, Catherine. The People between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200–750 CE (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016).Google Scholar
Currie, Gabriela, and Christensen, Lars. Eurasian Musical Journeys: Five Tales, Elements in the Global Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).Google Scholar
Denecke, Wiebke. “Worlds Without Translation: Premodern East Asia and the Power of Character Scripts.” In A Companion to Translation Studies, edited by Bermann, Sandra and Porter, Catherine (Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2014), 204–16.Google Scholar
Dotson, Brandon. The Old Tibetan Annals: An Annotated Translation of Tibet’s First History (Vienna: Verlag der osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drompp, Michael. “Chinese ‘Qaghans’ Appointed by the Türks,” T’ang Studies 25 (2007), 183202.Google Scholar
Fong, Victor K.Imagining the Future from History: The Tang Dynasty and the ‘China Dream.’” In Alternative Representations of the Past: The Politics of History in Modern China, edited by Chan, Ying-kit and Chen, Fei (Berlin: Walter De Gruyter, 2021), 149–72.Google Scholar
Giang, Do Truong. “Diplomacy, Trade and Networks: Champa in the Asian Commercial Context (7th–10th Centuries),” Moussons 27 (2016), 5982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graff, David A. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900 (London: Routledge, 2002).Google Scholar
Graff, David A.Strategy and Contingency in the Tang Defeat of the Eastern Turks, 629–630.” In Warfare in Inner Asian History, edited by Cosmo, Nicola Di (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 3372.Google Scholar
Hansen, Valerie. The Silk Road: A New History with Documents (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Heng, Derek. Southeast Asian Interactions: Geography, Networks, and Trade, Elements in the Global Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).Google Scholar
Holcombe, Charles. “Chinese Identity During the Age of Division, Sui, and Tang,” Journal of Chinese History 4 (2020), 3153.Google Scholar
Holcombe, Charles. “The Xianbei in Chinese History,” Early Medieval China 19 (2013), 138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiyohiro, Iwami 石見清裕. Tō no hoppō mondai to kokusai chitsujo 唐の北方問題と囯際秩序 [Northern Frontier Issues and International Order under the Tang] (Tokyo: Kyūko shoin, 1998).Google Scholar
Kiyohiro, Iwami. “Turks and Sogdians in China during the T’ang Period,” Acta Asiatica 94 (2008), 4165.Google Scholar
Ming-shih, Kao (Gao Mingshi) 高明士. Dongya gudai de zhengzhi yu jiaoyu 東亞古代的政治與教育 [Politics and Education in Ancient East Asia] (Taipei: Taiwan daxue chubanshe, 2004).Google Scholar
Ming-shih, Kao (Gao Mingshi) 高明士 ed. Tiansheng ling yizhu 天聖令譯注 [The Tiansheng-Era Statutes with Translation and Commentary] (Taipei: Yuanzhao, 2017).Google Scholar
Jong-bok, Kim. “A Buffer Zone for Peace: Andong Protectorate and Diplomatic Relations between Silla, Balhae, and Tang in the 8th to 10th Centuries,” Korea Journal 54.3 (2014), 103–25.Google Scholar
Jong-bok, Kim. “Diplomatic Priorities: Changes in the Tang Bestowal of Titles on Silla and Parhae,” Acta Koreana 23.1 (2020), 122.Google Scholar
Pu-sik, Kim 金富軾 (trans. and ann. Yi Pyŏng-do 李丙燾). Samguk sagi 三國史記 [Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms] (Seoul: Ŭryu munhwasa, 1983).Google Scholar
King, Ross. “Ditching ‘Diglossia’: Describing Ecologies of the Spoken and Inscribed in Pre-modern Korea,” Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 15.1 (2015), 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotyk, Jeffrey. “The Study of Sanskrit in Medieval East Asia: China and Japan,” Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies 4.2 (2021), 240–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavan, Myles, Payne, Richard E., and Weisweiler, John, eds. Cosmopolitanism and Empire: Universal Rulers, Local Elites, and Cultural Integration in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Levi, Scott C. The Bukharan Crisis: A Connected History of 18th-Century Central Asia (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danjie, Li 李丹婕. “Hanhai duhu fu yu Hanhai dudu fu zhi bian” 瀚海都護府與瀚海都督府之辨 [An Analysis of the Hanhai Protectorate and Hanhai Area Command], Minzu yanjiu 民族研究 6 (2019), 8694.Google Scholar
Kuan-Chun, Lin (Lin Guanqun) 林冠群. Yubo gange: Tang-Fan guanxi shi yanjiu 玉帛干戈: 唐蕃關係史研究 [Peace and War: Studies on Relations between the Tang and Tibetan Empires] (Taipei: Lianjing, 2016).Google Scholar
Lin, Shen-yu. “The Tibetan Image of Confucius,” Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 12 (2007), 105–29.Google Scholar
Bao, Liu 劉寳 and Xiaogui, Zhang 張小貴. “Tang Suzong nianjian ‘Dashi Bosi tongkou Guangzhou’ kao” 唐肅宗年間 “大食波斯同寇廣州” 考 [A Study of the ‘Joint Arab-Persian Raid on Guangzhou’ during Tang Suzong’s Reign], Jinan shixue 暨南史學 11 (2015), 6070.Google Scholar
Lopez, Donald S. Jr. Hyecho’s Journey: The World of Buddhism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Genkai, Mabito 真人元開. Tō daiwajō tōseiden 唐大和上東征伝 [An Account of the Great Tang Monk’s Journey to the East] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1979).Google Scholar
Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Sewn Boats of Southeast Asia: The Stitched‐Plank and Lashed‐Lug Tradition,” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 48.2 (2019), 400–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Srivijaya: Trade and Connectivity in the Pre-modern Malay World,” Journal of Urban Archaeology 3 (2021), 87100.Google Scholar
Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Trading Ships of the South China Sea: Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 36.3 (1993), 253–80.Google Scholar
Takao, Moriyasu 森安孝夫. Shirukurōdo to Tō teikoku シルクロードと唐帝国 [The Silk Road and the Tang Empire] (Tokyo: Kodansha, 2016).Google Scholar
Pan, Yihong. “Locating Advantages: The Survival of the Tuyuhun State on the Edge, 300–ca. 580,” T’oung Pao 99.4–5 (2013), 268300.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Rothschild, N. Harry. Wu Zhao: China’s Only Woman Emperor (New York: Pearson, 2008).Google Scholar
Schafer, Edward H. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T’ang Exotics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963).Google Scholar
Schafer, Edward H. The Vermilion Bird: T’ang Images of the South (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).Google Scholar
Schafer, Edward H. Shore of Pearls: Hainan Island in Early Times (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).Google Scholar
Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Sen, Tansen. “Yijing and the Buddhist Cosmopolis of the Seventh Century.” In Texts and Transformations: Essays in Honor of the 75th Birthday of Victor H. Mair, edited by Saussy, Haun (Amherst, MA: Cambria Press, 2018), 345–68.Google Scholar
Yongliang, Shang 尚永亮. “Tang Suiye yu Anxi sizhen bainian yanjiu shulun” 唐碎葉與安西四鎮百年研究述論 [A Survey of Research on Tang Suyab and the Four Garrisons of Anxi during the Past Hundred Years], Zhejiang daxue xuebao 46.1 (2016), 3956.Google Scholar
Skaff, Jonathan Karam. Sui-Tang China and Its Turco-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloane, Jesse D.Parhae in Historiography and Archaeology: International Debate and Prospects for Resolution,” Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 27.1 (2014), 135.Google Scholar
Tekin, Talat. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1968).Google Scholar
Gungwu, Wang. The Nanhai Trade: The Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea (Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1958; rpt. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Wan-chun, Wang 王萬雋. “Nanchao de zuojun zuoxian” 南朝的左郡左縣 [The Peripheral Commanderies and Peripheral Counties of the Southern Dynasties], Zaoqi Zhongguo yanjiu 早期中國研究 11 (2019), 107–69.Google Scholar
Xiaofu, Wang 王小甫. Tang, Tufan, Dashi zhengzhi guanxi shi 唐、吐蕃、大食政治關係史 [A History of Political Relations between the Tang, Tibetan, and Arab Empires] (Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 1992).Google Scholar
Wang, Zhenping. Ambassadors from the Islands of Immortals: China-Japan Relations in the Han-Tang Period (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Warner, Cameron David. “A Miscarriage of History: Wencheng Gongzhu and Sino-Tibetan Historiography,” Inner Asia 13 (2011), 239–64.Google Scholar
Zheng, Wei 魏徵 et al. Suishu 隋書 [History of the Sui] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1973).Google Scholar
Wong, Dorothy C. Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks As Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission: The International Buddhist Art Style in East Asia, ca. 645–770 (Singapore: NUS Press, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jing, Wu (trans. Hilde de Weerdt, Glen Dudbridge, and Gabe van Beijeren). The Essentials of Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).Google Scholar
Wyatt, Don J. The Blacks of Premodern China (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Da, Xiang 向達. Tangdai Chang’an yu xiyu wenming 唐代長安與西域文明 [Tang Chang’an and the Civilization of the Western Regions] (Shanghai: Xuelin chubanshe, 2017 [1933]).Google Scholar
Xiong, Victor Cunrui. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Yang, Shao-yun. “‘What Do Barbarians Know of Gratitude?’ The Stereotype of Barbarian Perfidy and Its Uses in Tang Foreign Policy Rhetoric,” Tang Studies 31 (2013), 2874.Google Scholar
Yang, Shao-yun. “Letting the Troops Loose: Pillage, Massacres, and Enslavement in Early Tang Warfare,” Journal of Chinese Military History 6 (2017), 152.Google Scholar
Yang, Shao-yun. Frontiers of the Tang and Song Empires (StoryMap). First published online in 2020.Google Scholar
Yang, Shao-yun, Late Tang China and the World, 750–907 CE, Elements in the Global Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Shao-yun. “Unauthorized Exchanges: Restrictions on Foreign Trade and Intermarriage in the Tang and Northern Song Empires,” T’oung Pao 108 (2022), 588645.Google Scholar
Yang, Shao-yun. “Tang ‘Cosmopolitanism’: Toward a Critical and Holistic Approach,” Modern Asian Studies (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Yijing, 義净. Da Tang xiyu qiufa gaoseng zhuan jiaozhu 大唐西域求法高僧傳校注 [Biographies of Eminent Monks of the Great Tang who Sought the Dharma in the Western Regions: An Annotated Critical Edition] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1988).Google Scholar
Feng, Zhang. “Rethinking the ‘Tribute System’: Broadening the Conceptual Horizon of Historical East Asian Politics,” Chinese Journal of International Politics 2 (2009), 545–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Xushan. “On the Origin of Taugast in Theophylact Simocatta and the Later Sources,” Byzantion 80 (2010), 485501.Google Scholar
Zhenhua, Zhao 趙振華. “Tang Ashina Gande muzhi kaoshi” 唐阿史那感德墓志考釋 [An Analysis of the Entombed Epitaph of Ashina Gande of the Tang], Shilin 史林 5 (2004), 8287.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Early Tang China and the World, 618–750 CE
  • Shao-yun Yang, Denison University, Ohio
  • Online ISBN: 9781009214612
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Early Tang China and the World, 618–750 CE
  • Shao-yun Yang, Denison University, Ohio
  • Online ISBN: 9781009214612
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Early Tang China and the World, 618–750 CE
  • Shao-yun Yang, Denison University, Ohio
  • Online ISBN: 9781009214612
Available formats
×