Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T06:10:14.154Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 19 - Augmentation of clozapine with amisulpride: an effective therapeutic strategy for violent treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients in a UK high-security hospital

from Section 5 - Psychopharmacology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2021

By
James E. Hotham ,
Patrick J. D. Simpson ,
Rosalie S. Brooman-White ,
Amlan Basu ,
Callum C. Ross ,
Sharon A. Humphreys ,
Fintan Larkin ,
Nitin Gupta  and
Mrigendra Das
Edited by
Katherine D. Warburton  and
Stephen M. Stahl
Katherine D. Warburton
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Stephen M. Stahl
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Violence in Psychiatry , pp. 202 - 211
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Fakra, E, Azorin, JM. Clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2012; 13(13): 1923–1935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, J, Honigfeld, G, Singer, J, Meltzer, H. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1988; 45(9): 789–796.Google Scholar
Rosenheck, R, Cramer, J, Xu, W, et al. A comparison of clozapine and haloperidol in hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337(12): 809–815.Google Scholar
Baldessarini, RJ, Frankenburg, FR. Clozapine—a novel antipsychotic agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 324(11): 746–754.Google Scholar
Porcelli, S, Balzarro, B, Serretti, A. Clozapine resistance: augmentation strategies. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012; 22(3): 165–182.Google Scholar
Stahl, SM. Antipsychotic polypharmacy, part 1: therapeutic option or dirty little secret? J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1999; 60(7): 425–426.Google Scholar
Stahl, SM. Antipsychotic polypharmacy: evidence based or eminence based? Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2002; 106(5): 321–322.Google Scholar
Stahl, SM. Antipsychotic polypharmacy: never say never, but never say always. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2012; 125(5): 349–351.Google Scholar
Stahl, SM. Emerging guidelines for the use of antipsychotic polypharmacy. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 2013; 6(3): 97–100.Google Scholar
Pai, NB, Laidlaw, M, Vella, SC. Augmentation of clozapine with another pharmacological agent: treatment for refractory schizophrenia in the “real world.” Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2012; 126(1): 40–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zink, M, Englisch, S, Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Polypharmacy in schizophrenia. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2010; 23(2): 103–111.Google Scholar
Correll, CU, Rummel-Kluge, C, Corves, C, et al. Antipsychotic combinations vs monotherapy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr. Bull. 2009; 35(2): 443–457.Google Scholar
Buchanan, RW, Kirkpatrick, B, Bryant, N, et al. Fluoxetine augmentation of clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996; 153(12): 1625–1627.Google Scholar
Wetzel, H, Anghelescu, I, Szegedi, A, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions of clozapine with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: differential effects of fluvoxamine and paroxetine in a prospective study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1998; 18(1): 2–9.Google Scholar
Berk, M, Gama, CS, Sundram, S, et al. Mirtazapine add-on therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotics: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2009; 24(3): 233–238.Google Scholar
Zoccali, R, Muscatello, MR, Cedro, C, et al. The effect of mirtazapine augmentation of clozapine in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2004; 19(2): 71–76.Google Scholar
Tiihonen, J, Hallikainen, T, Ryynänen, OP, et al. Lamotrigine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. Biol. Psychiatry. 2003; 54(11): 1241–1248.Google Scholar
Goff, DC, Keefe, R, Citrome, L, et al. Lamotrigine as add-on therapy in schizophrenia: results of 2 placebo-controlled trials. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007; 27(6): 582–589.Google Scholar
Muscatello, MR, Bruno, A, Pandolfo, G, et al. Topiramate augmentation of clozapine in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Psychopharmacol. 2011; 25(5): 667–674.Google Scholar
Small, JG, Klapper, MH, Malloy, FW, Steadman, TM. Tolerability and efficacy of clozapine combined with lithium in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2003; 23(3): 223–228.Google Scholar
Evins, AE, Fitzgerald, SM, Wine, L, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of glycine added to clozapine in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000; 157(5): 826–828.Google Scholar
Heresco-Levy, U, Javitt, DC, Ermilov, M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999; 56(1): 29–36.Google Scholar
Assion, HJ, Reinbold, H, Lemanski, S, et al. Amisulpride augmentation in patients with schizophrenia partially responsive or unresponsive to clozapine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008; 41(1): 24–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiloh, R, Zemishlany, Z, Aizenberg, D, et al. Sulpiride augmentation in people with schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1997; 171: 569–573.Google Scholar
Munro, J, Matthiasson, P, Osborne, S, et al. Amisulpride augmentation of clozapine: an open non-randomized study in patients with schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2004; 110(4): 292–298.Google Scholar
Zink, M, Knopf, U, Henn, FA, Thome, J. Combination of clozapine and amisulpride in treatment-resistant schizophrenia—case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004; 37(1): 26–31.Google Scholar
Kämpf, P, Agelink, MW, Naber, D. Augmentation of clozapine with amisulpride: a promising therapeutic approach to refractory schizophrenic symptoms. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2005; 38(1): 39–40.Google Scholar
Walsh, E, Buchanan, A, Fahy, T. Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2002; 180: 490–495.Google Scholar
Wessely, S. The Camberwell Study of Crime and Schizophrenia. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1998; 33(Suppl 1): S24–S28.Google Scholar
Taylor, PJ, Estroff, SE. Schizophrenia and violence. In: Hirsch, FR, Weinberger, DR, eds. Schizophrenia, 2nd edn. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd.; 2007; 30: 591–612.Google Scholar
Citrome, L, Volavka, J, Czobor, P, et al. Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services. 2001; 52(11): 1510–1514.Google Scholar
Krakowski, MI, Czobor, P, Citrome, L, et al. Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2006; 63(6): 622–629.Google Scholar
Frogley, C, Taylor, D, Dickens, G, Picchioni, M. A systematic review of the evidence of clozapine’s anti-aggressive effects. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012; 15(9): 1351–1371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guy, W. The Clinical Global Impression Scale. In: Guy, W, ed. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology –Rev. edn. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, ADAMHA, MIMH Psychopharmacology Research Branch; 1976: 218–222.Google Scholar
Webster, C, Douglas, K, Eaves, D, Hart, S. HCR-20: Assessing Risk for Violence. Version 2. Burnaby, BC, Canada: Mental Health, Law and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.Google Scholar
Genç, Y, Taner, E, Candansayar, S. Comparison of clozapine-amisulpride and clozapine-quetiapine combinations for patients with schizophrenia who are partially responsive to clozapine: a single-blind randomized study. Adv. Ther. 2007; 24(1): 1–13.Google Scholar
Ziegenbein, M, Sieberer, M, Kuenzel, HE, Kropp, S. Augmentation of clozapine with amisulpride in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: an open clinical study. German Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 9(1): 17–21.Google Scholar
Zink, M, Kuwilsky, A, Krumm, B, Dressing, H. Efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone versus risperidone as augmentation in patients partially responsive to clozapine: a randomised controlled clinical trial. J. Psychopharmacol. 2009; 23(3): 305–314.Google Scholar
Kuwilsky, A, Krumm, B, Englisch, S, et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerability of clozapine combined with ziprasidone or risperidone. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2010; 43(6): 216–220.Google Scholar
Taylor, DM, Smith, L. Augmentation of clozapine with a second antipsychotic—a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2009; 119(6): 419–425.Google Scholar
Chang, JS, Ahn, YM, Park, HJ, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation in clozapine-treated patients with refractory schizophrenia: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2008; 69(5): 720–731.Google Scholar
Sommer, IE, Begemann, MJ, Temmerman, A, Leucht, S. Pharmacological augmentation strategies for schizophrenia patients with insufficient response to clozapine: a quantitative literature review. Schizophr. Bull. 2012; 38(5): 1003–1011.Google Scholar
Vauquelin, G, Bostoen, S, Vanderheyden, P, Seeman, P. Clozapine, atypical antipsychotics, and the benefits of fast-off D2 dopamine receptor antagonism. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2012; 385(4): 337–372.Google Scholar
Leucht, S. Amisulpride a selective dopamine antagonist and atypical antipsychotic: results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004; 7(Suppl 1): S15–S20.Google Scholar
Scatton, B, Claustre, Y, Cudennec, A, et al. Amisulpride: from animal pharmacology to therapeutic action. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1997; 12(Suppl 2): S29–S36.Google Scholar
Vernaleken, I, Siessmeier, T, Buchholz, HG, et al. High striatal occupancy of D2-like dopamine receptors by amisulpride in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004; 7(4): 421–430.Google Scholar
Abbas, AI, Hedlund, PB, Huang, XP, et al. Amisulpride is a potent 5-HT7 antagonist: relevance for antidepressant actions in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2009; 205(1): 119–128.Google Scholar
Perrault, G, Depoortere, R, Morel, E, et al. Psychopharmacological profile of amisulpride: an antipsychotic drug with presynaptic D2/D3 dopamine receptor antagonist activity and limbic selectivity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997; 280(1): 73–82.Google Scholar
Bowskill, SV, Patel, MX, Handley, SA, Flanagan, RJ. Plasma amisulpride in relation to prescribed dose, clozapine augmentation, and other factors: data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service, 2002–2010. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2012; 27(5): 507–513.Google Scholar
Nordström, AL, Farde, L, Halldin, C. High 5-HT2 receptor occupancy in clozapine treated patients demonstrated by PET. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 1993; 110(3): 365–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, S, Zipursky, RB, Remington, G. Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999; 156(2): 286–293.Google Scholar
Buckley, P, Bartell, J, Donenwirth, K, et al. Violence and schizophrenia: clozapine as a specific antiaggressive agent. Bull. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law. 1995; 23(4): 607–611.Google Scholar
Wilson, WH. Clinical review of clozapine treatment in a state hospital. Hosp. Community Psychiatry. 1992; 43(7): 700–703.Google Scholar
Umukoro, S, Aladeokin, AC, Eduviere, AT. Aggressive behavior: a comprehensive review of its neurochemical mechanisms and management. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2013; 18(2): 195–203.Google Scholar
Nelson, RJ, Trainor, BC. Neural mechanisms of aggression. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007; 8(7): 536–546.Google Scholar
Lieberman, JA, Safferman, AZ, Pollack, S, et al. Clinical effects of clozapine in chronic schizophrenia: response to treatment and predictors of outcome. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994; 151(12): 1744–1752.Google Scholar
Fabrazzo, M, La Pia, S, Monteleone, P, et al. Is the time course of clozapine response correlated to the time course of clozapine plasma levels? A one-year prospective study in drug-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002; 27(6): 1050–1055.Google Scholar
Schulte, PF. What is an adequate trial with clozapine? Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2003; 42(7): 607–618.Google Scholar
Wilson, WH. Time required for initial improvement during clozapine treatment of refractory schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996; 157(7): 951–952.Google Scholar
Junginger, J, Parks-Levy, J, McGuire, L. Delusions and symptom-consistent violence. Psychiatr. Serv. 1998; 49(2): 218–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, KA, Volavka, J, Czobor, P, et al. Aggression and psychopathology in treatment-resistant inpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2005; 39(1): 109–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volavka, J, Zito, JM, Vitrai, J, Czobor, P. Clozapine effects on hostility and aggression in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1993; 13(4): 287–288.Google Scholar
Krakowski, MI, Czobor, P. Executive function predicts response to antiaggression treatment in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2012; 73(1): 74–80.Google Scholar
Volavka, J, Citrome, L. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of the persistently aggressive psychotic patient: methodological concerns. Schizophr. Res. 1999; 35(Suppl): S23–S33.Google Scholar
McGlashan, TH. A selective review of recent North American long-term followup studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1988; 14(4): 515–542.Google Scholar
Revicki, DA, Luce, BR, Weschler, JM, Brown, RE, Adler, MA. Cost effectiveness of clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. Hosp. Community Psychiatry. 1990; 41(8): 850–854.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×