Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T09:16:12.141Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 11 - Laboratory Medicine in Transplantation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 March 2018

Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Christiansen, FT. HLA and Transplantation – The Role of the Histocompatibility Laboratory. Pathology – Journal of the RCPA. 2010;42:S46.Google Scholar
Becker, LE, Susal, C, Morath, C. Kidney Transplantation across HLA and ABO Antibody Barriers. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2013;18(4):445–54.Google Scholar
Mierzejewska, B, Durlik, M, Lisik, W, Baum, C, Schroder, P, Kopke, J, et al. Current Approaches in National Kidney Paired Donation Programs. Ann Transplant. 2013;18:112–24.Google Scholar
Leffell, MS, Zachary, AA. The Role of the Histocompatibility Laboratory in Desensitization for Transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009;14(4):398402.Google Scholar
Leeser, DB, Aull, MJ, Afaneh, C, Dadhania, D, Charlton, M, Walker, JK, et al. Living Donor Kidney Paired Donation Transplantation: Experience as a Founding Member Center of the National Kidney Registry. Clin Transplant. 2012;26(3):E21322.Google Scholar
Murphey, CL, Bingaman, AW. Histocompatibility Considerations for Kidney Paired Donor Exchange Programs. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2012;17(4):427–32.Google Scholar
de Bakker, PI, Raychaudhuri, S. Interrogating the Major Histocompatibility Complex with High-throughput Genomics. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21(R1):R2936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkman, PJ, Saper, MA, Samraoui, B, Bennett, WS, Strominger, JL, Wiley, DC. Structure of the Human Class I Histocompatibility Antigen, HLA-A2. Nature. 1987;329(6139):506–12.Google Scholar
Gussow, D, Rein, R, Ginjaar, I, Hochstenbach, F, Seemann, G, Kottman, A, et al. The Human Beta 2-microglobulin Gene. Primary Structure and Definition of the Transcriptional Unit. J Immunol. 1987;139(9):3132–8.Google Scholar
Travers, P, Blundell, TL, Sternberg, MJ, Bodmer, WF. Structural and Evolutionary Analysis of HLA-D-region Products. Nature. 1984;310(5974):235–8.Google Scholar
Petersdorf, EW. Genetics of Graft-versus-Host Disease: The Major Histocompatibility Complex. Blood Rev. 2013;27(1):112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shlomchik, WD. Graft-versus-Host Disease. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2007;7(5):340–52.Google Scholar
Sheldon, S, Poulton, K. HLA Typing and Its Influence on Organ Transplantation. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, NJ). 2006;333:157–74.Google Scholar
Mytilineos, J, Lempert, M, Scherer, S, Schwarz, V, Opelz, G. Comparison of Serological and DNA PCR-SSP Typing Results for HLA-A and HLA-B in 421 Black Individuals: A Collaborative Transplant Study Report. Human Immunology. 1998;59(8):512–7.Google Scholar
Erlich, H. HLA DNA Typing: Past, Present, and Future. Tissue Antigens. 2012;80(1):111.Google Scholar
Horsburgh, T, Martin, S, Robson, AJ. The Application of Flow Cytometry to Histocompatibility Testing. Transpl Immunol. 2000;8(1):315.Google Scholar
Eng, HS, Leffell, MS. Histocompatibility Testing after Fifty Years of Transplantation. J Immunol Methods. 2011;369(1–2):121.Google Scholar
Lu, Y, Boehm, J, Nichol, L, Trucco, M, Ringquist, S. Multiplex HLA-typing by Pyrosequencing. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, NJ). 2009;496:89114.Google Scholar
Terasaki, PI, McClelland, JD. Microdroplet Assay of Human Serum Cytotoxins. Nature. 1964;204: 9981000.Google Scholar
Petersdorf, EW. The Major Histocompatibility Complex: A Model for Understanding Graft-versus-Host Disease. Blood. 2013;122(11):1863–72.Google Scholar
Gibbs, RA. DNA Amplification by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Analytical Chemistry. 1990;62(13):1202–14.Google Scholar
Schiffman, MH. Validation of Hybridization Assays: Correlation of Filter in Situ, Dot Blot and PCR with Southern Blot. IARC Sci Publ. 1992(119):169–79.Google Scholar
Stott, DI. Immunoblotting, Dot-blotting, and ELISPOT Assays: Methods and Applications. Journal of Immunoassay. 2000;21(2–3):273–96.Google Scholar
Cao, K, Chopek, M, Fernandez-Vina, MA. High and Intermediate Resolution DNA Typing Systems for Class I HLA-A, B, C Genes by Hybridization with Sequence-specific Oligonucleotide Probes (SSOP). Reviews in Immunogenetics. 1999;1(2):177208.Google Scholar
Luo, M, Blanchard, J, Pan, Y, Brunham, K, Brunham, RC. High-resolution Sequence Typing of HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 Exon 2 DNA with Taxonomy-based Sequence Analysis (TBSA) Allele Assignment. Tissue Antigens. 1999;54(1):6982.Google Scholar
Hosomichi, K, Jinam, TA, Mitsunaga, S, Nakaoka, H, Inoue, I. Phase-defined Complete Sequencing of the HLA Genes by Next-generation Sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2013;14:355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trachtenberg, EA, Holcomb, CL. Next-generation HLA Sequencing Using the 454 GS FLX System. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, NJ). 2013;1034:197219.Google Scholar
Goodwin, S, McPherson, JD, McCombie, WR. Coming of Age: Ten Years of Next-generation Sequencing Technologies. Nat Rev Genet. 2016;17(6):333–51.Google Scholar
Scientific, TF. Ion Torrent™ Next-gen Sequencing Technology. 2014, May 19.Google Scholar
Rothberg, JM, Hinz, W, Rearick, TM, Schultz, J, Mileski, W, Davey, M, et al. An Integrated Semiconductor Device Enabling Non-optical Genome sequencing. Nature. 2011;475(7356):348–52.Google Scholar
Guo, J, Xu, N, Li, Z, Zhang, S, Wu, J, Kim, DH, et al. Four-color DNA Sequencing with 3’-O-modified Nucleotide Reversible Terminators and Chemically Cleavable Fluorescent Dideoxynucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(27):9145–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inc. I. Illumina Sequencing by Synthesis (Now in 3D). 2016, Oct 5.Google Scholar
Scientific, TF. The Workflow | Ion Chef System Enables Walk away Freedom. 2016 Jan 26.Google Scholar
Freedman, BI, Pastan, SO, Israni, AK, Schladt, D, Julian, BA, Gautreaux, MD, et al. APOL1 Genotype and Kidney Transplantation Outcomes from Deceased African American Donors. Transplantation. 2016;100(1):194202.Google Scholar
Kidd KK1, KJ, Speed, WC, Fang, R, Furtado, MR, Hyland, FC, Pakstis, AJ. Expanding Data and Resources for Forensic Use of SNPs in Individual Identification. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 2012;6(5):646–52.Google Scholar
Cano, P, Klitz, W, Mack, SJ, Maiers, M, Marsh, SG, Noreen, H, et al. Common and Well-documented HLA Alleles: Report of the Ad-Hoc Committee of the American Society for Histocompatiblity and Immunogenetics. Hum Immunol. 2007;68(5):392417.Google Scholar
Mack, SJ, Cano, P, Hollenbach, JA, He, J, Hurley, CK, Middleton, D, et al. Common and Well-documented HLA Alleles: 2012 Update to the CWD Catalogue. Tissue Antigens. 2013;81(4):194203.Google Scholar
Tambur, AR, Leventhal, JR, Zitzner, JR, Walsh, RC, Friedewald, JJ. The DQ Barrier: Improving Organ Allocation Equity Using HLA-DQ Information. Transplantation. 2013;95(4):635–40.Google Scholar
Kaneku, H. 2012. Annual Literature Review of Donor-specific HLA Antibodies after Organ Transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2012:207–17.Google Scholar
Duquesnoy, RJ, Awadalla, Y, Lomago, J, Jelinek, L, Howe, J, Zern, D, et al. Retransplant Candidates Have Donor-specific Antibodies that React with Structurally Defined HLA-DR,DQ,DP Epitopes. Transpl Immunol. 2008;18(4):352–60.Google Scholar
Kristt, D, Stein, J, Yaniv, I, Klein, T. Assessing Quantitative Chimerism Longitudinally: Technical Considerations, Clinical Applications and Routine Feasibility. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007;39(5):255–68.Google Scholar
Boeck, S, Hamann, M, Pihusch, V, Heller, T, Diem, H, Rolf, B, et al. Kinetics of Dendritic Cell Chimerism and T Cell Chimerism in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;37(1):5764.Google Scholar
Kruchen, A, Stahl, T, Gieseke, F, Binder, TM, Ozcan, Z, Meisel, R, et al. Donor Choice in Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation: Fetal Microchimerism Is Associated with Better Outcome in Pediatric Leukemia Patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50(10):1367–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Besien, K, Liu, HT, Artz, A. Microchimerism and Allogeneic Transplantation: We Need the Proof in the Pudding. Chimerism. 2013;4(3):109–10.Google Scholar
Kletzel, M, Huang, W, Olszewski, M, Khan, S. Validation of Chimerism in Pediatric Recipients of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) a Comparison between Two Methods: Real-time PCR (qPCR) vs. Variable Number Tandem Repeats PCR (VNTR PCR). Chimerism. 2013;4(1):18.Google Scholar
Taimur, S, Askar, M, Sobecks, R, Rybicki, L, Warshawsky, I, Mossad, S. Donor T-cell Chimerism and Early Post-transplant Cytomegalovirus Viremia in Patients Treated with Myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. Transpl Infect Dis. 2013.Google Scholar
Andreani, M, Testi, M, Gaziev, J, Condello, R, Bontadini, A, Tazzari, PL, et al. Quantitatively Different Red Cell/Nucleated Cell Chimerism in Patients with Long-term, Persistent Hematopoietic Mixed Chimerism after Bone Marrow Transplantation for Thalassemia Major or Sickle Cell Disease. Haematologica. 2011;96(1):128–33.Google Scholar
Hsieh, MM, Kang, EM, Fitzhugh, CD, Link, MB, Bolan, CD, Kurlander, R, et al. Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-cell Transplantation for Sickle Cell Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(24):2309–17.Google Scholar
Pilat, N, Wekerle, T. Transplantation Tolerance through Mixed Chimerism. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6(10):594605.Google Scholar
Levin, MD, de Veld, JC, van der Holt, B, van’t Veer, MB. Screening for Alloantibodies in the Serum of Patients Receiving Platelet Transfusions: A Comparison of the ELISA, Lymphocytotoxicity, and the Indirect Immunofluorescence Method. Transfusion. 2003;43(1):72–7.Google Scholar
Doughty, R, James, V, Magee, J. An Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Leucocyte and Platelet Antibodies. J Immunol Methods. 1981;47(2):161–9.Google Scholar
Okudaira, K, Goodwin, JS, Williams, RC Jr. Anti-Ia Antibody in the Sera of Normal Subjects after in Vivo Antigenic Stimulation. J Exp Med. 1982;156(1):255–67.Google Scholar
Bishara, A, Nelken, D, Bonavida, B, Brautbar, C. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of HLA: Gene Dose Effect. Tissue Antigens. 1984;23(5):284–9.Google Scholar
Buican, TN, Purcell, A. ‘Many-color’ Flow Microfluorometric Analysis by Multiplex Labelling. Survey of Immunologic Research. 1983;2(2):178–88.Google Scholar
Keij, JF, Steinkamp, JA. Flow Cytometric Characterization and Classification of Multiple Dual-color Fluorescent Microspheres Using Fluorescence Lifetime. Cytometry. 1998;33(3):318–23.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vignali, DA. Multiplexed Particle-based Flow Cytometric Assays. J Immunol Methods. 2000;243(1–2):243–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pei, R, Lee, JH, Shih, NJ, Chen, M, Terasaki, PI. Single Human Leukocyte Antigen Flow Cytometry Beads for Accurate Identification of Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibody Specificities. Transplantation. 2003;75(1):43–9.Google Scholar
El-Awar, N, Lee, J, Terasaki, PI. HLA Antibody Identification with Single Antigen Beads Compared to Conventional Methods. Hum Immunol. 2005;66(9):989–97.Google Scholar
Qiu, J, Cai, J, Terasaki, PI, El-Awar, N, Lee, JH. Detection of Antibodies to HLA-DP in Renal Transplant Recipients Using Single Antigen Beads. Transplantation. 2005;80(10):1511–3.Google Scholar
Goodman, RS, Taylor, CJ, O’Rourke, CM, Lynch, A, Bradley, JA, Key, T. Utility of HLAMatchmaker and Single-antigen HLA-antibody Detection Beads for Identification of Acceptable Mismatches in Highly Sensitized Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation. 2006;81(9):1331–6.Google Scholar
Bray, RA, Nolen, JDL, Larsen, C, Pearson, T, Newell, KA, Kokko, K, et al. Transplanting the Highly Sensitized Patient: The Emory Algorithm. American Journal of Transplantation. 2006;6(10):2307–15.Google Scholar
Zachary, AA, Sholander, JT, Houp, JA, Leffell, MS. Using Real Data for a Virtual Crossmatch. Human Immunology. 2009;70(8):574–9.Google Scholar
Grenzi, PC, de Marco, R, Silva, RZR, Campos, ÉF, Gerbase-DeLima, M. Antibodies against Denatured HLA Class II Molecules Detected in Luminex-single Antigen Assay. Human Immunology. 2013;74(10):1300–3.Google Scholar
Weinstock, C, Schnaidt, M. The Complement-mediated Prozone Effect in the Luminex Single-antigen Bead Assay and Its Impact on HLA Antibody Determination in Patient Sera. Int J Immunogenet. 2013;40(3):171–7.Google Scholar
Shenton, BK, Bell, AE, Harmer, AW, Boyce, M, Briggs, D, Cavanagh, G, et al. Importance of Methodology in the Flow Cytometric Crossmatch: A Multicentre Study. Transplantation Proceedings. 1997;29(1–2):1454–5.Google Scholar
Gandhi, MJ, DeGoey, S, Falbo, D, Jenkins, S, Stubbs, JR, Noreen, H, et al. Inter and Intra Laboratory Concordance of HLA Antibody Results Obtained by Single Antigen Bead Based Assay. Human Immunology. 2013;74(3):310–7.Google Scholar
Cecka, JM. Calculated, PRA (CPRA): The New Measure of Sensitization for Transplant Candidates. Am J Transplant. 2010;10(1):26–9.Google Scholar
Leffell, MS. The Calculated Panel Reactive Antibody Policy: An Advancement Improving Organ Allocation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2011;16(4):404–9.Google Scholar
Gebel, HM, Bray, RA. The Evolution and Clinical Impact of Human Leukocyte Antigen Technology. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19(6):598602.Google Scholar
Chang, D, Kobashigawa, J. The Use of the Calculated Panel-reactive Antibody and Virtual Crossmatch in Heart Transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2012;17(4):423–6.Google Scholar
Campbell, P. Clinical Relevance of Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies in Liver, Heart, Lung and Intestine Transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2013;18(4):463–9.Google Scholar
Ellis, TM, Schiller, JJ, Roza, AM, Cronin, DC, Shames, BD, Johnson, CP. Diagnostic Accuracy of Solid Phase HLA Antibody Assays for Prediction of Crossmatch Strength. Hum Immunol. 2012;73(7):706–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kostyu, DD, Cresswell, P, Amos, DB. A Public HLA Antigen Associated with HLA-A9, Aw32, and Bw4. Immunogenetics. 1980;10(5):433–42.Google Scholar
Parham, P, McLean, J. Characterization, Evolution, and Molecular Basis of a Polymorphic Antigenic Determinant Shared by HLA-A and B Products. Hum Immunol. 1980;1(2):131–9.Google Scholar
Hollenbach, JA, Madbouly, A, Gragert, L, Vierra-Green, C, Flesch, S, Spellman, S, et al. A Combined DPA1~DPB1 Amino Acid Epitope is the Primary Unit of Selection on the HLA-DP Heterodimer. Immunogenetics. 2012;64(8):559–69.Google Scholar
Gebel, HM, Lebeck, LK. Crossmatch Procedures Used in Organ Transplantation. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 1991;11(3):603–20.Google Scholar
Sandler, SG, Abedalthagafi, MM. Historic Milestones in the Evolution of the Crossmatch. Immunohematology / American Red Cross. 2009;25(4):147–51.Google Scholar
Bray, RA, Tarsitani, C, Gebel, HM, Lee, JH. Clinical Cytometry and Progress in HLA Antibody Detection. Methods Cell Biol. 2011;103:285310.Google Scholar
Scornik, JC. Detection of Alloantibodies by Flow Cytometry: Relevance to Clinical Transplantation. Cytometry. 1995;22(4):259–63.Google Scholar
Talbot, D. Flow Cytometric Crossmatching in Human Organ Transplantation. Transpl Immunol. 1994;2(2):138–9.Google Scholar
Bach, FH, Bach, ML, Sondel, PM, Sundharadas, G. Genetic Control of Mixed Leukocyte Culture Reactivity. Transplant Rev. 1972;12:3056.Google Scholar
DuPont, B, Hansen, JA. Human Mixed-lymphocyte Culture Reaction: Genetics, Specificity, and Biological Implications. Advances in Immunology. 1976;23:107202.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. The Mixed Leukocyte Culture Reaction. Med Clin North Am. 1972;56(2):337–51.Google Scholar
He, J, Li, Y, Zhang, H, Wei, X, Zheng, H, Xu, C, et al. Immune Function Assay (ImmuKnow) as a Predictor of Allograft Rejection and Infection in Kidney Transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2013;27(4):E3518.Google Scholar
Ge, S, Pao, A, Vo, A, Deer, N, Karasyov, A, Petrosyan, A, et al. Immunologic Parameters and Viral Infections in Patients Desensitized with Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Rituximab. Transpl Immunol. 2011;24(3):142–8.Google Scholar
Schulz-Juergensen, S, Burdelski, MM, Oellerich, M, Brandhorst, G. Intracellular ATP Production in CD4+ T Cells as a Predictor for Infection and Allograft Rejection in Trough-level Guided Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients under Calcineurin-Inhibitor Therapy. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2012;34(1):410.Google Scholar
Klein, E. Interpretation of Lymphocytotoxicity Assays and the Demonstration of Auto-tumor Reactive Lymphocytes in Patients: Central Issues of Present Day Tumor Immunology. The Tokai Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine. 1983;8(5–6):385–98.Google Scholar
Martz, E, Heagy, W, Gromkowski, SH. The Mechanism of CTL-mediated Killing: Monoclonal Antibody Analysis of the Roles of Killer and Target-cell Membrane Proteins. Immunol Rev. 1983;72:7396.Google Scholar
Biesecker, JL, Fitch, FW, Rowley, DA, Scollard, D, Stuart, FP. Cellular and Humoral Immunity after Allogeneic Transplantation in the Rat. II. Comparison of a 51Cr Release Assay and Modified Microcytotoxicity Assay for Detection of Cellular Immunity and Blocking Serum Factors. Transplantation. 1973;16(5):421–31.Google Scholar
Bradley, JA, Mason, DW, Morris, PJ. Evidence that Rat Renal Allografts Are Rejected by Cytotoxic T Cells and Not by Nonspecific Effectors. Transplantation. 1985;39(2):169–75.Google Scholar
Gurley, KE, Lowry, RP, Forbes, RD. Immune Mechanisms in Organ Allograft Rejection. II. T Helper Cells, Delayed-type Hypersensitivity, and Rejection of Renal Allografts. Transplantation. 1983;36(4):401–5.Google Scholar
Augustine, JJ, Hricik, DE. T-cell immune Monitoring by the ELISPOT Assay for Interferon Gamma. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(17–18):1359–63.Google Scholar
Lehmann, PV, Zhang, W. Unique Strengths of ELISPOT for T Cell Diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;792:323.Google Scholar
Hirayama, M, Azuma, E, Kumamoto, T, Iwamoto, S, Yamada, H, Nashida, Y, et al. Prediction of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease and Detection of Distinct End-organ Targets by Enumeration of Peripheral Blood Cytokine Spot-forming Cells. Transplantation. 2005;80(1):5865.Google Scholar
Poggio, ED, Augustine, JJ, Clemente, M, Danzig, JM, Volokh, N, Zand, MS, et al. Pretransplant Cellular Alloimmunity as Assessed by a Panel of Reactive T Cells Assay Correlates with Acute Renal Graft Rejection. Transplantation. 2007;83(7):847–52.Google Scholar
Zand, MS, Bose, A, Vo, T, Coppage, M, Pellegrin, T, Arend, L, et al. A Renewable Source of Donor Cells for Repetitive Monitoring of T- and B-cell Alloreactivity. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(1):7686.Google Scholar
Cherkassky, L, Lanning, M, Lalli, PN, Czerr, J, Siegel, H, Danziger-Isakov, L, et al. Evaluation of Alloreactivity in Kidney Transplant Recipients Treated with Antithymocyte Globulin versus IL-2 Receptor Blocker. Am J Transplant. 2011;11(7):1388–96.Google Scholar
Augustine, JJ, Poggio, ED, Heeger, PS, Hricik, DE. Preferential Benefit of Antibody Induction Therapy in Kidney Recipients with High Pretransplant Frequencies of Donor-reactive Interferon-gamma Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Spots. Transplantation. 2008;86(4):529–34.Google Scholar
Pearl, JP, Parris, J, Hale, DA, Hoffmann, SC, Bernstein, WB, McCoy, KL, et al. Immunocompetent T-cells with a Memory-like Phenotype Are the Dominant Cell Type Following Antibody-mediated T-cell Depletion. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(3):465–74.Google Scholar
Abate, D, Saldan, A, Mengoli, C, Fiscon, M, Silvestre, C, Fallico, L, et al. Comparison of CMV ELISPOT and CMV Quantiferon Interferon-gamma Releasing Assays in Assessing Risk of CMV Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients. J Clin Microbiol. 2013.Google Scholar
Prosser, SE, Orentas, RJ, Jurgens, L, Cohen, EP, Hariharan, S. Recovery of BK Virus Large T-antigen-specific Cellular Immune Response Correlates with Resolution of BK Virus Nephritis. Transplantation. 2008;85(2):185–92.Google Scholar
Adeyi, OA, Girnita, AL, Howe, J, Marrari, M, Awadalla, Y, Askar, M, et al. Serum Analysis after Transplant Nephrectomy Reveals Restricted Antibody Specificity Patterns against Structurally Defined HLA Class I Mismatches. Transpl Immunol. 2005;14(1):5362.Google Scholar
Heidt, S, Roelen, DL, de Vaal, YJ, Kester, MG, Eijsink, C, Thomas, S, et al. A NOVel ELISPOT Assay to Quantify HLA-specific B Cells in HLA-immunized Individuals. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(6):1469–78.Google Scholar
Altman, JD, Davis, MM. MHC-peptide Tetramers to Visualize Antigen-specific T Cells. Current Protocols in Immunology. Edited by Coligan, John E [et al]. 2003;Chapter 17:Unit 17 3.Google Scholar
Nepom, GT. MHC Class II Tetramers. J Immunol. 2012;188(6):2477–82.Google Scholar
Fukuda, M. Lysosomal Membrane Glycoproteins. Structure, Biosynthesis, and Intracellular Trafficking. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(32):21327–30.Google Scholar
Zaritskaya, L, Shurin, MR, Sayers, TJ, Malyguine, AM. New Flow Cytometric Assays for Monitoring Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity. Expert Review of Vaccines. 2010;9(6):601–16.Google Scholar
Wlodkowic, D, Skommer, J, Darzynkiewicz, Z. Cytometry of Apoptosis. Historical Perspective and New Advances. Experimental Oncology. 2012;34(3):255–62.Google Scholar
Mathew, JM, Fuller, L, Carreno, M, Garcia-Morales, R, Burke, GW, 3rd, Ricordi, C, et al. Involvement of Multiple Subpopulations of Human Bone Marrow Cells in the Regulation of Allogeneic Cellular Immune Responses. Transplantation. 2000;70(12):1752–60.Google Scholar
Takahashi, H, Ruiz, P, Ricordi, C, Delacruz, V, Miki, A, Mita, A, et al. Quantitative in Situ Analysis of FoxP3+ T Regulatory Cells on Transplant Tissue Using Laser Scanning Cytometry. Cell Transplant. 2012;21(1):113–25.Google Scholar
Setoguchi, R, Hori, S, Takahashi, T, Sakaguchi, S. Homeostatic Maintenance of Natural Foxp3+ CD25+ CD4+ Regulatory T Cells by Interleukin (IL)-2 and Induction of Autoimmune Disease by IL-2 Neutralization. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2005;201(5):723–35.Google Scholar
Bleesing, JJ, Fleisher, TA. Cell Function-based Flow Cytometry. Semin Hematol. 2001;38(2):169–78.Google Scholar
Pala, P, Hussell, T, Openshaw, PJ. Flow Cytometric Measurement of Intracellular Cytokines. J Immunol Methods. 2000;243(1–2):107–24.Google Scholar
De Rosa, SC. Vaccine Applications of Flow Cytometry. Methods (San Diego, Calif). 2012;57(3):383–91.Google Scholar
Maecker, HT, Nolan, GP, Fathman, CG. New Technologies for Autoimmune Disease Monitoring. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity. 2010;17(4):322–8.Google Scholar
Afzali, B, Lombardi, G, Lechler, RI, Lord, GM. The Role of T Helper 17 (Th17) and Regulatory T Cells (Treg) in Human Organ Transplantation and Autoimmune Disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2007;148(1):3246.Google Scholar
Dozmorov, I, Eisenbraun, MD, Lefkovits, I. Limiting Dilution Analysis: From Frequencies to Cellular Interactions. Immunology Today. 2000;21(1):15–8.Google Scholar
St Fazekas de, G. The Evaluation of Limiting Dilution Assays. J Immunol Methods. 1982;49(2):R1123.Google Scholar
Sharrock, CE, Kaminski, E, Man, S. Limiting Dilution Analysis of Human T Cells: A Useful Clinical Tool. Immunology Today. 1990;11(8):281–6.Google Scholar
Smith, TF, Espy, MJ, Mandrekar, J, Jones, MF, Cockerill, FR, Patel, R. Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Evaluating DNAemia due to Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and BK Virus in Solid-organ Transplant Recipients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007;45(8):1056–61.Google Scholar
Hirsch, HH, Randhawa, P, the ASTIDCoP. BK Polyomavirus in Solid Organ Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation. 2013;13(s4):179–88.Google Scholar
Manzia, TM, Angelico, R, Toti, L, Lai, Q, Ciano, P, Angelico, M, et al. Hepatitis C Virus Recurrence and Immunosuppression-free State after Liver Transplantation. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 2012;8(7):635–44.Google Scholar
Everhart, JE, Wei, Y, Eng, H, Charlton, MR, Persing, DH, Wiesner, RH, et al. Recurrent and New Hepatitis C Virus Infection after Liver Transplantation. Hepatology. 1999;29(4):1220–6.Google Scholar
Costes, V, Durand, L, Pageaux, GP, Ducos, J, Mondain, AM, Picot, MC, et al. Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes and Quantification of Serum Hepatitis C RNA in Liver Transplant Recipients. Relationship with Histologic Outcome of Recurrent Hepatitis C. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999;111(2):252–8.Google Scholar
Wallemacq, PE, Wallemacq, PE. Therapeutic Monitoring of Immunosuppressant Drugs. Where Are We? Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine. 2004;42(11):1204–11.Google Scholar
Lin, S, Cosgrove, CJ, Lin, S, Cosgrove, CJ. Perioperative Management of Immunosuppression. Surgical Clinics of North America. 2006;86(5):1167–83.Google Scholar
Kirk, AD. Induction Immunosuppression. Transplantation. 2006;82(5):593602.Google Scholar
Armstrong, VW, Schuetz, E, Zhang, Q, Groothuisen, S, Scholz, C, Shipkova, M, et al. Modified Pentamer Formation Assay for Measurement of Tacrolimus and Its Active Metabolites: Comparison with Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry and Microparticle Enzyme-linked Immunoassay (MEIA-II). Clinical Chemistry. 1998;44(12):2516–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, DL, Murthy, JN, Gallant-Haidner, H, Yatscoff, RW, Soldin, SJ. Minor Immunophilin Binding of Tacrolimus and Sirolimus Metabolites. Clinical Biochemistry. 2000;33(1):16.Google Scholar
Murthy, JN, Davis, DL, Yatscoff, RW, Soldin, SJ. Tacrolimus Metabolite Cross-reactivity in Different Tacrolimus Assays. Clinical Biochemistry. 1998;31(8):613–7.Google Scholar
Taylor, PJ, Taylor, PJ. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressant Drugs by High-performance Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2004;26(2):215–9.Google Scholar
Andrews, DJ, Cramb, R. Cyclosporin: Revisions in Monitoring Guidelines and Review of Current Analytical Methods. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2002;39(Pt 5):424–35.Google Scholar
Filler, G. Calcineurin Inhibitors in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. Paediatric Drugs. 2007;9(3):165–74.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, F, Ross, HJ, Gustafsson, F, Ross, HJ. Proliferation Signal Inhibitors in Cardiac Transplantation. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2007;22(2):111–6.Google Scholar
Reichenspurner, H. Overview of Tacrolimus-based Immunosuppression after Heart or Lung Transplantation. Journal of Heart & Lung Transplantation. 2005;24(2):119–30.Google Scholar
Bowman, LJ, Brennan, DC. The Role of Tacrolimus in Renal Transplantation. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9(4):635–43.Google Scholar
Chapman, JR, Nankivell, BJ. Nephrotoxicity of Ciclosporin A: Short-term Gain, Long-term Pain? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2006;21(8):2060–3.Google Scholar
Hartford, CM, Ratain, MJ. Rapamycin: Something Old, Something New, Sometimes Borrowed and Now Renewed. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007;82(4):381–8.Google Scholar
de Pablo, A, Santos, F, Sole, A, Borro, JM, Cifrian, JM, Laporta, R, et al. Recommendations on the Use of Everolimus in Lung Transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2013;27(1):916.Google Scholar
Beckebaum, S, Cicinnati, VR, Radtke, A, Kabar, I. Calcineurin Inhibitors in Liver Transplantation – Still Champions or Threatened by Serious Competitors? Liver International: Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver. 2013;33(5):656–65.Google Scholar
Eisen, HJ, Tuzcu, EM, Dorent, R, Kobashigawa, J, Mancini, D, Valantine-von Kaeppler, HA, et al. Everolimus for the Prevention of Allograft Rejection and Vasculopathy in Cardiac-transplant Recipients. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;349(9):847–58.Google Scholar
Lebwohl, D, Anak, O, Sahmoud, T, Klimovsky, J, Elmroth, I, Haas, T, et al. Development of Everolimus, a Novel Oral mTOR Inhibitor, Across a Spectrum of Diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1291:1432.Google Scholar
Yao, JC, Phan, AT, Jehl, V, Shah, G, Meric-Bernstam, F. Everolimus in Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Clinical Experience. Cancer Res. 2013;73(5):1449–53.Google Scholar
Pallet, N, Legendre, C. Adverse Events Associated with mTOR Inhibitors. Expert Opinion on Drug safety. 2013;12(2):177–86.Google Scholar
Allison, AC, Eugui, EM. Mechanisms of Action of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Preventing Acute and Chronic Allograft Rejection. Transplantation. 2005;80(2 Suppl):S18190.Google Scholar
Ho, J, Wiebe, C, Gibson, IW, Rush, DN, Nickerson, PW. Immune Monitoring of Kidney Allografts. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(4):629–40.Google Scholar
Famulski, KS, de Freitas, DG, Kreepala, C, Chang, J, Sellares, J, Sis, B, et al. Molecular Phenotypes of Acute Kidney Injury in Kidney Transplants. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(5):948–58.Google Scholar
Anglicheau, D, Sharma, VK, Ding, R, Hummel, A, Snopkowski, C, Dadhania, D, et al. MicroRNA Expression Profiles Predictive of Human Renal Allograft Status. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(13):5330–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sotolongo, B, Asaoka, T, Island, E, Carreno, M, Delacruz, V, Cova, D, et al. Gene Expression Profiling of MicroRNAs in Small-bowel Transplantation Paraffin-embedded Mucosal Biopsy Tissue. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(1):62–5.Google Scholar
Asaoka, T, Sotolongo, B, Island, ER, Tryphonopoulos, P, Selvaggi, G, Moon, J, et al. MicroRNA Signature of Intestinal Acute Cellular Rejection in Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Mucosal Biopsies. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(2):458–68.Google Scholar
Reeve, J, Sellares, J, Mengel, M, Sis, B, Skene, A, Hidalgo, L, et al. Molecular Diagnosis of T cell-mediated Rejection in Human Kidney Transplant Biopsies. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(3):645–55.Google Scholar
Cravedi, P, Heeger, PS. Immunologic Monitoring in Transplantation Revisited. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2012;17(1):2632.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×