Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T12:20:50.755Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 12 - Vascular Imaging in Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke

from Section 2 - Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Investigation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2018

Gary K. K. Lau
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Sarah T. Pendlebury
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Peter M. Rothwell
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke
Diagnosis, Investigation and Treatment
, pp. 191 - 206
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexandrov, AV, Molina, CA, Grotta, JC et al. (2004). Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 351:21702178Google Scholar
Arnold, JA, Modaresi, KB, Thomas, N et al. (1999). Carotid plaque characterization by duplex scanning: Observer error may undermine current clinical trials. Stroke 30:6165Google Scholar
Babikian, VL, Wijman, CAC, Hyde, C et al. (1997). Cerebral microembolism and early recurrent cerebral or retinal ischemic events. Stroke 28:13141318CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, ES, Symons, SP, Fox, AJ (2006). Correlation of carotid stenosis diameter and cross-sectional areas with CT angiography. American Journal of Neuroradiology 27:638642Google ScholarPubMed
Barth, A, Arnold, M, Mattle, HPC et al. (2006). Contrast-enhanced 3-D MRA in decision making for carotid endarterectomy: A 6-year experience. Cerebrovascular Diseases 21:393400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, RW (1999). Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Journal of Neurology 246:637647Google Scholar
Baumgartner, RW, Mattle, HP, Aaslid, RC et al. (1997). Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography in arterial cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular Diseases 7:5763CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, CCR, Powell, S, Insall, MC et al. (1986). Effect of internal carotid artery occlusion on middle cerebral artery blood flow at rest and in response to hypercapnia. Lancet i:710712Google Scholar
Blakeley, DD, Oddone, EZ, Hasselblad, VC et al. (1995). Non-invasive carotid artery testing: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Internal Medicine 122:360367Google Scholar
Bornstein, NM, Norris, JW (1986). Subclavian steal: A harmless haemodynamic phenomenon? Lancet ii:303305Google Scholar
Brink, JA, McFarland, EG, Heiken, JP (1997). Helical/spiral computed body tomography. Clinical Radiology 52:489503Google Scholar
Camargo, EC, Furie, KL, Singhal, AB et al. (2007). Acute brain infarct: Detection and delineation with CT angiographic source images versus nonenhanced CT scans. Radiology 244:541548Google Scholar
Campbell, BC, Christensen, S, Tress, BM et al. (2013). Failure of collateral blood flow is associated with infarct growth in ischemic stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 33:11681172CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, BC, Mitchell, MJ, Kleinig, TJ et al. (2015). Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. New England Journal of Medicine 372:10091018Google Scholar
Chappell, ET, Moure, FC, Good, MC (2003). Comparison of computed tomographic angiography with digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms: A meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 52:624631Google Scholar
Chappell, F, Wardlaw, J, Best, JKK et al. (2006). Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: A meta-analysis. Lancet 376:15031512Google Scholar
Coutts, SB, Lev, MH, Eliasziw, M et al. (2004). ASPECTS on CTA source images versus unenhanced CT: Added value in predicting final infarct extent and clinical outcome. Stroke 35:24722476Google Scholar
Cuffe, R, Rothwell, PM (2006). Effect of non-optimal imaging on the relationship between the measured degree of symptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 37:17851791Google Scholar
Dahl, A, Russell, D, Rootwelt, KC et al. (1995). Cerebral vasoreactivity assessed with transcranial Doppler and regional cerebral blood flow measurements: Dose serum concentration and time course of the response to acetazolamide. Stroke 26:23022306CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeMarco, JK, Huston, J III, Nash, AK (2006). Extracranial carotid MR imaging at 3T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 14:1091021Google Scholar
Derdeyn, CP, Grubb, RL, Powers, WJ (1999). Cerebral haemodynamic impairment: Methods of measurements and association with stroke risk. Neurology 53:251259Google Scholar
Derdeyn, CP, Grubb, RL Jr., Powers, WJ (2005). Indications for cerebral revascularization for patients with atherosclerotic carotid occlusion. Skull Base 15:714Google Scholar
Dittrich, R, Ritter, MA, Kaps, MC et al. (2006). The use of embolic signal detection in multicenter trials to evaluate antiplatelet efficacy: Signal analysis and quality control mechanisms in the CARESS (Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic carotid Stenosis) trial. Stroke 37:10651069Google Scholar
Droste, DW, Jurgens, R, Nabavi, DGC et al. (1999). Echocontrast-enhanced ultrasound of extracranial internal carotid artery high-grade stenosis and occlusion. Stroke 30:23022306CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eliasziw, M, Streifler, JY, Fox, AJC for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (1994). Significance of plaque ulceration in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. Stroke 25:304308CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fanou, EM, Knight, J, Aviv, RI et al. (2015). Effect of collaterals on clinical presentation, baseline imaging, complications, and outcome in acute stroke. American Journal of Neuroradiology 36:22852291Google Scholar
Flossmann, E, Rothwell, PM (2003). Prognosis of verterobrobasilar transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke. Brain 126:19401954Google Scholar
Flossmann, E, Redgrave, JN, Schulz, UGC et al. (2006). Reliability of clinical diagnosis of the symptomatic vascular territory in patients with recent TIA or minor stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 21(Suppl 4):18Google Scholar
Fox, AJ, Eliasziw, M, Rothwell, PMC et al. (2005). Identification prognosis and management of patients with carotid artery near occlusion. American Journal of Neuroradiology 26:20862094Google Scholar
Friedman, SG (1990). Transient ischemic attacks resulting from carotid duplex imaging. Surgery 107:153155Google Scholar
Gaitini, D, Soudack, M (2005). Diagnosing carotid stenosis by Doppler sonography: State of the art. Journal of Ultrasound Medicine 24:11271136Google Scholar
Gerraty, RP, Bowser, DN, Infeld, BC et al. (1996). Microemboli during carotid angiography: Association with stroke risk factors or subsequent magnetic resonance imaging changes? Stroke 27:15431547Google Scholar
Gerriets, T, Seidel, G, Fiss, IC et al. (1999). Contrast-enhanced transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography: Efficiency and validity. Neurology 52:11331137Google Scholar
Graves, MJ (1997). Magnetic resonance angiography. British Journal of Radiology 70:628Google Scholar
Gronholdt, MLM (1999). Ultrasound and lipoproteins as predictors of lipid-rich rupture-prone plaques in the carotid artery. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 19:213Google Scholar
Grosveld, WJ, Lawson, JA, Eikelboom, BCC et al. (1988). Clinical and haemodynamic significance of innominate artery lesions evaluated by ultrasonography and digital angiography. Stroke 19:958962Google Scholar
Gur, AY, Bova, I, Bornstein, NM (1996). Is impaired cerebral vasomotor reactivity a predictive factor of stroke in asymptomatic patients? Stroke 27:21882190Google Scholar
Halliday, A, Mansfield, A, Marro, JC for the MRC Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group (2004). Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363:14911502Google Scholar
Hand, PJ, Wardlaw, JM, Rivers, CS et al. (2006). MR diffusion-weighted imaging and outcome prediction after ischemic stroke. Neurology 66:11591163Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, Warlow, CP (1990). Symptomatic carotid ischemic events: Safest and most cost effective way of selecting patients for angiography before carotid endarterectomy. British Medical Journal 300:14851491Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, Warlow, CP (1991). Lacunar transient ischemic attacks: A clinically useful concept? Lancet 337:335338Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, Slattery, JM, Warlow, CP (1991). The prognosis of hospital-referred transient ischemic attacks. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 54:793802CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heiken, JP, Brink, JA, Vannier, MW (1993). Spiral (helical) CT. Radiology 189:647656CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennerici, M, Klemm, C, Rautenberg, W (1988). The subclavian steal phenomenon: A common vascular disorder with rare neurologic deficits. Neurology 38:669673Google Scholar
Hopyan, JJ, Gladstone, DJ, Mallia, G et al. (2008). Renal safety of CT angiography and perfusion imaging in the emergency evaluation of acute stroke. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:18261830Google Scholar
Jeans, WD, Mackenzie, S, Baird, RN (1986). Angiography in transient cerebral ischemia using three views of the carotid bifurcation. British Journal of Radiology 59:135142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, DC, Goldstein, LB (2001). Clinical carotid endarterectomy decision making: Noninvasive vascular imaging versus angiography. Neurology 56:10091015Google Scholar
Johnston, DC, Chapman, KM, Goldstein, LB (2001). Low rate of complications of cerebral angiography in routine clinical practice. Neurology 57:20122014Google Scholar
Johnston, DC, Eastwood, JD, Nguyen, TC et al. (2002). Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of carotid arteries: Utility in routine clinical practice. Stroke 33:28342838Google Scholar
Josephson, SA, Bryant, SO, Mak, HK et al. (2004). Evaluation of carotid stenosis using CT angiography in the initial evaluation of stroke and TIA. Neurology 63:457460Google Scholar
Kempczinski, R, Hermann, G (1979). The innominate steal syndrome. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 20:481486Google Scholar
Khan, S, Cloud, GC, Kerry, S et al. (2007). Imaging of vertebral artery stenosis: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 78:12181225Google Scholar
Kim, YS, Garami, Z, Mikulik, RC for the CLOTBUST Collaborators (2005). Early recanalization rates and clinical outcomes in patients with tandem internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery occlusion and isolated middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 36:869871Google Scholar
Kleiser, B, Widder, B (1992). Course of carotid artery occlusions with impaired cerebrovascular reactivity. Stroke 23:171174Google Scholar
Krol, AL, Dzialowski, I, Roy, J et al. (2008). Incidence of radiocontrast nephropathy in patients undergoing acute stroke computed tomography angiography. Stroke 38:23642366Google Scholar
Leclerc, X, Godefroy, O, Pruvo, JPC et al. (1995). Computed tomographic angiography for the evaluation of carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 26:15771581Google Scholar
Levi, CR, Mitchell, A, Fitt, GC et al. (1996). The accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography in the assessment of extracranial carotid artery occlusive disease. Cerebrovascular Diseases 6:231236Google Scholar
Lovett, JK, Gallagher, PJ, Hands, LJC et al. (2004). Histological correlates of carotid plaque surface morphology on lumen contrast imaging. Circulation 110:21902197Google Scholar
Lu, L, Zhang, LJ, Poon, CS et al. (2012). Digital subtraction CT angiography for detection of intracranial aneurysms: Comparison with three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 262:605612Google Scholar
Markus, HS (1999). Transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 67:135137Google Scholar
Markus, HS (2006). Can microemboli on transcranial Doppler identify patients at increased stroke risk? Nature Clinical Practice in Cardiovascular Medicine 3:246247Google Scholar
Markus, HS, Harrison, MJG (1992). Estimation of cerebrovascular reactivity using transcranial Doppler, including the use of breath-holding as the vasodilatory stimulus. Stroke 23:668673Google Scholar
Markus, HS, Droste, DW, Brown, MM (1994). Detection of asymptomatic cerebral embolic signals with Doppler ultrasound. Lancet 343:10111012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, R, Bogousslavsky, J, Miklossy, J et al. (1992). Floating thrombus in the innominate artery as a cause of cerebral infarction in young adults. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2:177181Google Scholar
Mead, GE, Wardlaw, JM, Lewis, SCC et al. (1999). Can simple clinical features be used to identify patients with severe carotid stenosis on Doppler ultrasound? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 66:1619Google Scholar
Menon, BK, Smith, EE, Modi, J et al. (2011). Regional leptomeningeal score on CT angiography predicts clinical and imaging outcomes in patients with acute anterior circulation occlusions. American Journal of Neuroradiology 32:16401645Google Scholar
Menon, BK, d’Esterre, CD, Qazi, EM et al. (2015). Multiphase CT angiography: A new tool for the imaging triage of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Radiology 275:510520Google Scholar
Meuli, RA (2004). Imaging viable brain tissue with CT scan during acute stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 17:2834Google Scholar
Mitra, D, Connolly, D, Jenkins, SC et al. (2006). Comparison of image quality, diagnostic confidence and interobserver variability in contrast enhanced MR angiography and 2D time of flight angiography, in evaluation of carotid stenosis. British Journal of Radiology 79:201207Google Scholar
Molloy, J, Markus, HS (1999). Asymptomatic embolization predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 30:14401443Google Scholar
Nabavi, DG, Kloska, SP, Nam, EM et al. (2002). MOSAIC: Multimodal stroke assessment using computed tomography: Novel diagnostic approach for the prediction of infarction size and clinical outcome. Stroke 33:28192826Google Scholar
Nandalur, KR, Baskurt, E, Hagspiel, KDC et al. (2006). Carotid artery calcification on CT may independently predict stroke risk. American Journal of Radiology 186:547552Google Scholar
Nguyen-Huynh, MN, Wintermark, M, English, J et al. (2008). How accurate is CT angiography in evaluating intracranial atherosclerotic disease? Stroke 39:11841188CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, JW, Halliday, A (2004). Is ultrasound sufficient for vascular imaging prior to carotid endarterectomy? Stroke 35:370371Google Scholar
Norris, JW, Morriello, F, Rowed, DW et al. (2003). Vascular imaging before carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 34:e16Google Scholar
Parsons, MW, Pepper, EM, Chan, V et al. (2005). Perfusion computed tomography: Prediction of final infarct extent and stroke outcome. Annals of Neurology 58:672679Google Scholar
Pelz, DM, Fox, AJ, Vinuela, F (1985). Digital subtraction angiography: Current clinical applications. Stroke 16:528536Google Scholar
Polak, JF, Shemanski, L, O’Leary, DH for the Cardiovascular Health Study (1998). Hypoechoic plaque at US of the carotid artery: An independent risk factor for incident stroke in adults aged 65 years or older. Radiology 208:649654Google Scholar
Puetz, V, Dzialowski, I, Hill, MD et al. (2008). Intracranial thrombus extent predicts clinical outcome, final infarct size and hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke: The clot burden score. International Journal of Stroke 3:230236Google Scholar
Puetz, V, Khomenko, A, Hill, MD et al. (2011). Extent of hypoattenuation on CT angiography source images in basilar artery occlusion: Prognostic value in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study. Stroke 42:34543459Google Scholar
Rosario, JA, Hachinski, VA, Lee, DH et al. (1987). Adverse reactions to duplex scanning. Lancet ii:1023Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Gibson, RJ, Villagra, RC et al. (1998). The effect of angiographic technique and image quality on the reproducibility of measurement of carotid stenosis and assessment of plaque surface morphology. Clinical Radiology 53:439443Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Pendlebury, ST, Wardlaw, J et al. (2000a). Critical appraisal of the design and reporting of studies of the imaging and measurement of carotid stenosis. Stroke 31:14441450Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Gibson, R, Warlow, CP on behalf of the European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group (2000b). Interrelation between plaque surface morphology and degree of stenosis on carotid angiograms and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 31:615621Google Scholar
Ryu, CW, Kwak, HS, Jahng, GH et al. (2014). High-resolution MRI of intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Neurointervention 9:920Google Scholar
Schramm, P, Schellinger, PD, Klotz, E et al. (2004). Comparison of perfusion computed tomography and computed tomography angiography source images with perfusion-weighted imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with acute stroke of less than 6 hours’ duration. Stroke 35:16521658Google Scholar
Siewert, B, Patel, MR, Warach, S (1995). Magnetic resonance angiography. Neurologist 1:167184Google Scholar
Sliwka, U, Lingnau, A, Stohlmann, WD et al. (1997). Prevalence and time course of microembolic signals in patients with acute stroke: A prospective study. Stroke 28:358363Google Scholar
Streifler, JY, Eliaziw, M, Fox, AJ, for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (1994). Angiographic detection of carotid plaque ulceration: Comparison with surgical observations in a multicentre study. Stroke 25:11301132Google Scholar
Tan, IY, Demchuk, AM, Hopyan, J et al. (2009). CT angiography clot burden score and collateral score: Correlation with clinical and radiologic outcomes in acute middle cerebral artery infarct. American Journal of Neuroradiology 30:525531Google Scholar
U-King-Im, JM, Hollingworth, W, Trivedi, RAC et al. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies prior to carotid endarterectomy. Annals of Neurology 58:506515Google Scholar
Vernieri, F, Pasqualetti, P, Passarelli, FC et al. (1999). Outcome of carotid artery occlusion is predicted by cerebrovascular reactivity. Stroke 30:593598Google Scholar
Vernieri, F, Pasqualetti, P, Matteis, MC et al. (2001). Effect of collateral blood flow and cerebral vasomotor reactivity on the outcome of carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 32:15521558Google Scholar
Villablanca, JP, Hooshi, P, Martin, N et al. (2002). Three-dimensional helical computerized tomography angiography in the diagnosis characterization and management of middle cerebral artery aneurysms: Comparison with conventional angiography and intraoperative findings. Journal of Neurosurgery 97:13221332Google Scholar
Wardlaw, JM, Lewis, S (2005). Carotid stenosis measurement on colour Doppler ultrasound: Agreement of ECST NASCET and CCA methods applied to ultrasound with intra-arterial angiographic stenosis measurement. European Journal of Radiology 56:205211Google Scholar
Warnock, NG, Gandhi, MR, Bergvall, UC et al. (1993). Complications of intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography in patients investigated for cerebral vascular disease. British Journal of Radiology 66:855858Google Scholar
Watanabe, Y, Nagayama, M (2010). MR plaque imaging of the carotid artery. Neuroradiology 52:253274Google Scholar
Widder, B, Kleiser, B, Krapf, H (1994). Course of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with carotid artery occlusions. Stroke 25:19631967Google Scholar
Wilson, D, Adams, ME, Robertson, F et al. (2015). Investigating intracerebral hemorrhage. British Medical Journal 350:h2484Google Scholar
Wintermark, M, Uske, A, Chalaron, M et al. (2003). Multislice computerized tomography angiography in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms: A comparison with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. Journal of Neurosurgery 98:828836Google Scholar
Wintermark, M, Bogousslavsky, J (2003). Imaging of acute ischemic brain injury: The return of computed tomography. Current Opinions in Neurology 16:5963Google Scholar
Wintermark, M, Meuli, R, Browaeys, P et al. (2007). Comparison of CT perfusion and angiography and MRI in selecting stroke patients for acute treatment. Neurology 68:694697Google Scholar
Zhu, XL, Chan, MSY, Poon, WS (1997). Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: Which patients need diagnostic cerebral angiography? A prospective study of 206 cases and review of the literature. Stroke 28:14061409Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×