Acierno, R., Ruggiero, K. J., Kilpartick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Galea, S. (2006). Risk and protective factors for psychopathology among older versus younger adults after the 2004 Florida hurricanes. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 1051–1059.Google Scholar

Aguirre, B. E., Wenger, D., & Vigo, G. (1998). A test of the emergent norm theory of collective behavior. Sociological Forum, 13, 301–320.Google Scholar

Ahern, J., & Galea, S. (2011). Collective efficacy and major depression in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173, 1453–1462.Google Scholar

American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (2014). Resources for optimal care of the injured patient. Retrieved from https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/quality%20programs/trauma/vrc%20resources/resources%20for%20optimal%20care%202014%20v11.ashxGoogle Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar

Armour, C., & Hansent, M. (2015). Assessing DSM-5 latent subtypes of acute stress disorder dissociative or intrusive? Psychiatry Research, 225, 476–483.Google Scholar

Armour, C., Mullerova, J., & Elhai, J. D. (2016). A systematic literature review of PTSD’s latent structure in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV to DSM-5. Clinical Psychology Review, 44, 60–74.Google Scholar

Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (2007). Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Retrieved from www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/mh13syn.htmGoogle Scholar

Benight, C. C. (2004). Collective efficacy following a series of natural disasters. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17, 401–420.Google Scholar

Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella, C., Luz, M. P, Neylan, T. C. et al. (2012). Rescuers at risk: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 1001–1011.Google Scholar

Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20–28.Google Scholar

Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & LaGreca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 1–49.Google Scholar

Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2013). Annual research review: Positive adjustment to adversity – trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 378–401.Google Scholar

Bonanno, G. A., & Gupta, S. (2009). Resilience after disaster. In Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 145–160). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bonanno, G. A., Neria, Y., Mancini, A., Coifman, K. G., Litz, B., & Insel, B. (2007). Is there more to complicated grief than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 342–351.Google Scholar

Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in New York after the terrorist attacks: A study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 606–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Breslau, N. (2002). Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 923–929.Google Scholar

Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P., & Peterson, E. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 216–222.Google Scholar

Breslau, N., & Schultz, L. (2013). Neuroticism and post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective investigation. Psychological Medicine, 43, 1697–1702.Google Scholar

Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766.Google Scholar

Bromet, E. J., Havenaar, J. M., & Guey, L. T. (2011). A 25 year retrospective review of the psychological consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Clinical Oncology, 23, 297–305.Google Scholar

Bryant, R. A. (2011). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 233–239.Google Scholar

Bryant, R. A., Friedman, M. J., Spiegel, D., Ursano, R. J., & Strain, J. (2011). A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 802–817.Google Scholar

Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I. et al. (2015). Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206, 417–423.Google Scholar

Bryant, R. A., & Njenga, F. G. (2006). Cultural sensitivity: Making trauma assessment and treatment plans culturally relevant. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 74–79.Google ScholarPubMed

Bryant, R. A., O’Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Clark, C. R., & Silov, D. (2010). The psychiatric sequelae of traumatic injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 312–320.Google Scholar

Bui, E., Mauro, C., Robinaugh, D. J., Skritskaya, N., Wang, Y., Gribbin, C. et al. (2015). The structured clinical interview for complicated grief: Reliability, validity, and exploratory factor analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 485–492.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). Preliminary results from the world trade center evacuation study – New York City, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 815–817.Google Scholar

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2015). The human cost of natural disasters. Retrieved from http://www.cred.be/publicationsGoogle Scholar

Cho, D., & Park, C. L. (2013). Growth following trauma: Overview and current status. Terapia Psicológica, 31, 69–79.Google Scholar

Cohen, J. P., Mannarino, A. P., Gibson, L. E., Cozza, S. J., Brymer, M. J., & Murray, L. (2006). Interventions for children and adolescents following disasters. In Ritchie, E. C., Watson, P. J., & Friedman, M. J. (Eds.), Interventions following mass violence and disasters: Strategies for mental health practice (pp. 227–256). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.Google Scholar

Cook, J. M., & Stirman, S. W. (2015). Implementation of evidence-based treatment for PTSD. PTSD Research Quarterly, 26, 1–9.Google Scholar

Cusack, K., Jonas, D. E., Forneris, C. A., Wines, C., Sonis, J., Middleton, J. C. et al. (2016). Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 128–141.Google Scholar

Davidson, J. R., & Fairbank, J. A. (1993). The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. In Davidoson, J. R.T. & Foa, E. B. (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM-lV and beyond (pp. 147–169). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar

Davidson, J. R., & McFarlane, A. C. (2006). The extent and impact of mental health problems after disaster. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 9–14.Google Scholar

Davidson, R. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Social influences of neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 689–695.Google Scholar

Difede, J., Olden, M., & Cukor, J. (2014). Evidence-based treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Medicine, 65, 319–332.Google Scholar

DiGangi, J. A., Gomez, D., Mendoza, L., Jason, L. A., Keys, C. B., & Koenen, K. C. (2013). Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 728–744.Google Scholar

Dua, T., Barbui, C., Clark, N., Fleischmann, A., Poznyak, V., van Ommeren, M. et al. (2011). Evidence-based guidelines for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries: Summary of WHO recommendations. PLoS Medicine, 8, e1001122.Google Scholar

Elbogen, E. B., Wagner, H. R., Fuller, S. R., Calhoun, P. S., Kinneer, P. M., Beckham, J. C. et al. (2010). Correlates of anger and hostility in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1051–1058.Google Scholar

Elliott, J. R., & Pais, J. (2006). Race, class, and Hurricane Katrina: Social differences in human responses to disaster. Social Science Research, 35, 295–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Everly, G. S., Barnett, D. J., Sperry, N. L., & Links, J. M. (2010). The use of psychological first aid (PFA) training among nurses to enhance population resiliency. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 12, 21–31.Google Scholar

Felix, E. D., & Afifi, W. (2015). The role of social support on mental health after multiple wildfire disasters. Journal of Community Psychology, 43, 156–170.Google Scholar

Flynn, B. W., & Morganstein, J. C. (2014). Curriculum recommendations for disaster health professionals: Disaster behavioral health. National Center for Disaster Medicine & Public Health. Retrieved from http://ncdmph.usuhs.edu/Documents/BehavioralHealthREcommendations-201401.pdfGoogle Scholar

Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (Eds.) (2009). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 2nd edition. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Bisson, J. I., Cohen, J. A., Crow, B. E., Foa, E. B. et al. (2010). A guide to guidelines for the treatment of PTSD and related conditions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 537–552.Google Scholar

Friedman, M. J. (2013). Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5: Getting here from there and where to go next. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 548–556.Google Scholar

Friedman, M. J. (2014). Literature on DSM-5 and ICD-11. PTSD Research Quarterly, 25, 1–3.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., Gifford, R. K., Flynn, B. W., Peterson, K. M., Ahearn, F. L., Donaldson, L. P. et al. (2009). Effects of the 2002 sniper attacks on the homeless population in Washington, DC. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3, 163–167.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., Herberman Mash, H. B., Benevides, K. N., Morganstein, J. C., & Ursano, R. J. (2015a). Distress of routine activities and perceived safety associated with post-traumatic stress, depression, and alcohol use: 2002 Washington, DC, Sniper Attacks. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 9, 509–515.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., McKibben, J. B. A., Reissman, D. B., Scharf, T., Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., Shultz, J. M. et al. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and alcohol and tobacco use in public health workers after the 2004 Florida hurricanes. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 7, 89–95.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Kao, T. C., & Bharitya, V. R. (1999). Disaster-related bereavement: Scute symptoms and subsequent depression. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 70, 902–909.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Liu, X., McKibben, J. B. A., Wang, L., & Reissman, D. B. (2015b). Depressive symptom severity and community collective efficacy following the 2004 Florida hurricanes. PLoS ONE, 10, e0130863.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Norwood, A. E., & Holloway, H. C. (2003). Trauma, terrorism, and disaster. In Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., & Norwood, A. E. (Eds.), Terrorism and disaster: Individual and community mental health interventions (pp. 1–20). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1370–1376.Google Scholar

Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Wang, L., & Osuch, E. (2001). Psychological and behavioral responses to disaster: The role of identification. Atlantic Psychiatry, 1, 63–78.Google Scholar

Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J. et al. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 982–987.Google Scholar

Galea, S., Brewin, C. R., Gruber, M., Jones, R. T., King, D. W., King, L. A. et al. (2007). Exposure to hurricane-related stressors and mental illness after Hurricane Katrina. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1427–1434.Google Scholar

Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27, 78–91.Google Scholar

Gapen, M., Cross, D., Ortigo, K., Graham, A., Johnson, E., Evces, M. et al. (2011). Perceived neighborhood disorder, community cohesion, and PTSD symptoms among low-income African Americans in an urban health setting. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 31–37.Google Scholar

Ghodse, H., & Galea, S. (2006). Tsunami: Understanding mental health consequences and the unprecedented response. International Review of Psychiatry, 18, 289–297.Google Scholar

Goldman, L., Finkelstein, R., Schafer, P., & Pugh, T. (2014). Resilient communities: empowering older adults in disasters & daily life. New York: New York Academy of Medicine.Google Scholar

Goldmann, E., & Galea, S. (2014). Mental health consequences of disasters. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 169–183.Google Scholar

Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and perceived safety after the terrorist attack on the Pentagon. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1380–1382.Google Scholar

Hansen, M., Armour, C., Wang, L., Elklit, A., & Bryant, R. A. (2015). Assessing possible DSM-5 ASD subtypes in a sample of victims meeting caseness for DSM-5 ASD based on self-report following multiple forms of traumatic exposure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 31, 84–89.Google Scholar

He, L., Tang, S., Yu, W., Xu, W., Xie, Q., & Wang, J. (2014). The prevalence, comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults. Psychiatry Research, 219, 347–352.Google Scholar

Heid, A. R., Pruchno, R., Cartwright, F. P., & Wilson-Genderson, M. (2016). Expsoure to Hurricane Sandy, neighborhood collective efficacy, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in older adults. Aging and Mental Health (E-pub ahead of print).Google Scholar

Herberman Mash, H. B., Ursano, R. J., Benevides, K. N., & Fullerton, C. S. (2016). Identification with terrorist victims of the Washington, DC sniper attacks: Posttraumatic stress and depression. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 41–48.Google Scholar

Heron-Delaney, M., Kenardy, J., Charlton, E., & Matsuoka, Y. (2013). A systematic review of predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for adult road traffic crash survivors. Injury, 44, 1413–1422.Google Scholar

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.Google Scholar

Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 207–218.Google Scholar

Hobfoll, S. E., & Lilly, R. S. (1993). Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 128–148.Google Scholar

Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J. et al. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry 70, 283–315.Google Scholar

Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13–22.Google Scholar

Holloway, H. C., & Ursano, R. J. (1984). The Vietnam veteran: Memory, social context, and metaphor. Psychiatry, 47, 103–108.Google Scholar

Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, R. D. et al. (2005). Psychopathology among New York city public school children 6 months after September 11. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 545–552.Google Scholar

Howlett, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2016). Prevention of trauma and stressor-related disorders: A review. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 357–369.Google Scholar

Institute for Economics & Peace (2015). Global terrorism index, 2015: Measuring and understanding the impact of terrorism. Retrieved from http://static.visionofhumanity.org/sites/default/files/2015%20Global%20Terrorism%20Index%20Report_2.pdfGoogle Scholar

Institute of Medicine (2003). Preparing for the psychological consequences of terrorism: A public health strategy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar

Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2007). IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. Geneva: IASC.Google Scholar

Jonas, D. E., Cusack, K., Forneris, C. A., Wilkins, T. M., Sonis, J., Middleton, J. C. et al. (2013). Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparative effectiveness review No. 92. (Prepared by the RTI International – University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10056-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC011-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfmGoogle Scholar

Kar, N. (2009). Psychological impact of disasters on children: Review of assessment and interventions. World Journal of Pediatrics, 5, 5–11.Google Scholar

Kar, N., Mohapatra, P. K., Nayak, K. C., Pattanaik, P., Swain, S. P., & Kar, H. C. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: Exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 8.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Barber, C., Birnbaum, H. G., Frank, R. G., Greenberg, P. E., Rose, R. M. et al. (1999). Depression in the workplace: Effects of short-term disability. Health Affairs, 18, 163–171.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Brewin, C., Galea, S., King, D., King, L., Lurie, N. et al. (2006). Overview of baseline survey results: Hurricane Katrina community advisory group. Retrieved from http://hurricanekatrina.med.harvard.edu/pdf/baseline_report%208-25-06.pdfGoogle Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 21, 169–184.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Rose, S., Koenen, K. C., Karam, E. G., Stang, P. E., Stein, D. J. et al. (2014). How well can post-traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre-trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry, 13, 265–274.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060.Google Scholar

Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 537–547.Google Scholar

King, R. V., Burkle, F. M., Walsh, L. E., & North, C. S. (2015). Competencies for disaster mental health. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17, 548.Google Scholar

Kirschenbaum, A. (2004). Chaos organization and disaster management. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.Google Scholar

Kliem, S., & Kroger, C. (2013). Prevention of chronic PTSD with early cognitive behavioral therapy: A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Behavioral Research Therapy, 51, 753–761.Google Scholar

Kristensen, P., Weisaeth, L., & Heir, T. (2012). Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: A review. Psychiatry, 75, 76–97.Google Scholar

Krystal, H. (2008). Resilience: Accommodation and recovery. In Parens, H., Blum, H., & Akhtar, S. (Eds.), The unbroken soul: Tragedy, trauma and resilience (pp. 47–64). Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar

Lowe, S. R., & Galea, S. (2015). The mental health consequences of mass shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16, 1–21.Google Scholar

Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Reed, G. M., van Ommeren, M. et al. (2013). Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the International Classification of Diseases-11. Lancet, 381, 1683–1685.Google Scholar

Maguen, S., Neria, Y., Conoscenti, L. M., & Litz, B. T. (2009). Depression and prolonged grief in the wake of disasters, In Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 116–130). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Math, S. B., Tandon, S., Girimaji, S. C., Benegal, V., Kumar, U., Hamza, A. et al. (2008). Psychological impact of the tsunami on children and adolescents from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 31–37.Google Scholar

McCarroll, J. E., Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Liu, X., & Lundy, A. (2002). Somatic symptoms in Gulf War mortuary workers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 29–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCaslin, S. E., Inslicht, S. S., Henn-Haasse, C., Chemtob, C., Metsler, T. J., Neylan, T. C. et al. (2009). Uniformed rescue workers responding to disaster. In Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 302–317). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McCormick, L. C., Tajeu, G. S., & Klapow, J. (2015). Mental health consequences of chemical and radiologic emergencies a systematic review. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 33, 197–211.Google Scholar

McFarlane, A. C., & Williams, R. (2012). Mental health services required after disasters: learning from the lasting effects of disasters. Depression Research and Treatment, 2012, 970194.Google Scholar

Mellman, T. A., Kulick-Bell, R., Ashlock, L. E., & Nolan, B. (1995). Sleep events among veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 110–115.Google Scholar

Miguel-Tobal, J. J., Cano-Vindel, A., Gonzalez-Ordi, H., Iruarrizaga, I., Rudenstine, S., Vlahov, D. et al. (2006). PTSD and depression after the Madrid March 11 train bombings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 69–80.Google Scholar

Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H., Marx, B. P., Holowka, D. W. et al. (2013). The prevalence and latent structure of proposed DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in U.S. national and veteran samples. Psychological Trauma, 5, 501–512.Google Scholar

Morganstein, J. C., West, J. C., Huff, L. A., Flynn, B. W., Fullerton, C. S., Benedek, D. M. et al. (2016). Psychosocial responses to disaster and exposures: Distress reactions, health risk behavior, and mental disorders. In Shigemura, J. & Chhem, R. K. (Eds.), Mental health and social issues following a nuclear accident: The case of Fukushima (pp. 99–117). Tokyo, Japan: Springer.Google Scholar

National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD (2005). Psychological first aid: Field operations guide. Retrieved from www.NCTSN.org and www.NCPTSD.va.govGoogle Scholar

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 26. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).Google Scholar

National Institute of Mental Health (2002). Mental health and mass violence: Evidence-based early psychological intervention for victims/survivors of mass violence: A workshop to reach consensus on best practices, NIH Publication No. 02-5138. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (Eds.) (2009). Mental health and disasters. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38, 467–480.Google Scholar

NORC-Associated Press (2014). Two years after superstorm Sandy: Resilience in twelve neighborhoods. Chicago: The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research.Google Scholar

Nordlokken, A., Pape, H., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Heir, T. (2013). Changes in alcohol consumption after a natural disaster: A study of Norwegian survivors after the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami. BMC Public Health, 13, 58.Google Scholar

Norris, F. H., Baker, C. K., Murphy, A. D., & Kaniasty, K. (2005). Social support mobilization and deterioration after Mexico’s 1999 flood: Effects of context, gender, and time. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 15–28.Google Scholar

Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak, part I: An empirical review of the empirical literature: 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207–239.Google Scholar

Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal Community Psychology, 41, 127–150.Google Scholar

Norris, F. H., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science and Medicine, 68, 2190–2198.Google Scholar

North, C. S. (2014). Current research and recent breakthroughs on the mental health effects of disasters. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16, 481–489.Google Scholar

North, C. S., Adinoff, B., Pollio, D. E., Kinge, S., Downs, D. L., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Alcohol use disorders and drinking among survivors of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 5, 962–969.Google Scholar

North, C. S., Nixon, S. J., Shariat, S., Mallonee, S., McMillen, J. C., Spitznagel, E. L. et al. (1999). Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 755–762.Google Scholar

North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310, 507–518.Google Scholar

North, C. S., Ringwalt, C. L., Downs, D., Derzon, J., & Galvin, D. (2011). Postdisaster course of acohol use disorders in systematically studied survivors of 10 disasters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 173–180.Google Scholar

North, C. S., & Suris, A. M. (2012). Psychiatric and psychological issues in survivors of major disasters. In Marini, I. & Stebnicki, M. A. (Eds.), The psychological and social impact of illness and disability (pp. 165–178). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

North, C. S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J. C., Pfefferbaum, B., Spitznagel, E. L., Cox, J. et al. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 857–859.Google Scholar

Orcutt, H. K., Miron, L. R., & Seligowski, A. V. (2014). Impact of mass shootings on individual adjustment. PTSD Research Quarterly, 25, 1050–1835.Google Scholar

Orth, U., Cahill, S. P., Foa, E. B., & Maercker, A. (2008). Anger and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in crime victims: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 208–218.Google Scholar

Orth, U., & Wieland, E. (2006). Anger, hostility, and posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 698–706.Google Scholar

Orui, M., Harada, S., & Hayashi, M. (2014). Changes in suicide rates in disaster-stricken areas following the Great East Japan Earthquake and their effect on economic factors: An ecological study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 19, 459–466.Google Scholar

Park, C. L. (2016) Meaning making in the context of disasters. Journal of Clinical Psychology (E-pub ahead of print).Google Scholar

Perrin, M. A., DiGrande, L., Wheeler, K., Thorpe, L., Farfel, M., & Brackbill, R. (2007). Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. American Journal Psychiatry, 164, 1385–1394.Google Scholar

Pfefferbaum, B., Flynn, B. W., Schonfield, D., Brown, L. M., Jacobs, G. A., Dodgen, D. et al. (2012). The integration of mental and behavioral health into disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 6, 60–66.Google Scholar

Pietrzak, R. H., Tracy, M., Galea, S., Kilpartick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Hamblen, J. L. et al. (2012). Resilience in the face of disaster: Prevalence and longitudinal course of mental disorders following Hurricane Ike. PLoS One 7, e38964.Google Scholar

Plough, A., Fielding, J. E., Chandra, A., Williams, M., Eisenman, D., Wells, K. B. et al. (2013). Building community disaster resilience: Perspectives from a large urban county department of public health. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 1190–1197.Google Scholar

Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K. et al. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000121.Google Scholar

Pynoos, R. S., Goenjian, A., Tashjian, M., Karakashian, M., Manjikian, R., Manoukian, G. et al. (1993). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian earthquake. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 239–247.Google Scholar

Raphael, B., Martinek, N., & Wooding, S. (2004). Assessing traumatic bereavement. In Wilson, J. P. & Keane, T. M. (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD, second edition (pp. 492–510). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Clark, D. E., Kraemer, H. C., Kuramoto, S. J., Kuhl, E. A. et al. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part II: Test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 59–70.Google Scholar

Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 984–991.Google Scholar

Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal Clinical Psychology, 58, 307–321.Google Scholar

Rose, S., Aiken, A., & McColl, M. A. (2014). A scoping review of psychological interventions for PTSD in military personnel and veterans. Military Behavioral Health, 2, 264–282.Google Scholar

Rubin, G. J., Brewin, C. R., Greenberg, N., Simpson, J., & Wessely, S. (2005). Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005: Cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners. British Medical Journal, 331, 606.Google Scholar

Saathoff, G., & Everly, Jr., G. S. (2002). Psychological challenges of bioterror: Containing contagion. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 4, 245–252.Google Scholar

Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924.Google Scholar

Santiago, P. N., Ursano, R. J., Gray, C. L., Pynoos, R. S., Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernandez, R. et al. (2013). A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS ONE, 8, e59236.Google Scholar

Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D. et al. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans’ Reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581–588.Google Scholar

Schnurr, P. P. (2013). Editorial: The changed face of PTSD diagnosis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 535–536.Google Scholar

Schnyder, U., Muller, J., Morina, N., Schick, M., Bryand, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2015). A comparison of DSM-5 and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 267–274.Google Scholar

Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N. et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507–1512.Google Scholar

Schwarz, E. D., & Kowalski, J. M. (1991). Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults after a school shooting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 936–944.Google Scholar

Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 223–229.Google Scholar

Shalev, A. Y., Ankri, Y., Israeli-Shalev, Y., Peleg, T., Adessky, R., & Freedman, S. (2012). Prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder by early treatment: Results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach and Prevention study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 166–176.Google Scholar

Shaw, J. A. (2003). Children exposed to war/terrorism. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 237–246.Google Scholar

Shear, M. K. (2015). Complicated grief. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 153–160.Google Scholar

Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N. et al. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 103–117.Google Scholar

Shigemura, J., & Chhem, R. K. (Eds.) (2016). Mental health and social issues following a nuclear accident: The case of Fukushima. Tokyo, Japan: Springer.Google Scholar

Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., McIntosh, D. N., Poulin, M., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1235–1244.Google Scholar

Sledge, W. H., Boydstun, J. A., & Rabe, A. J. (1980). Self-concept changes related to war captivity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 430–443.Google Scholar

Solomon, S. D., Smith, E. M., Robins, N. L., & Fischbach, R. L. (1987). Social involvement as a mediator of disaster-induced stress. Journal of Applied and Social Psychology, 17, 1092–1112.Google Scholar

Somasundaram, D. J., & van de Put, W. A. (2006). Management of trauma in special populations after a disaster. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 64–73.Google Scholar

Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 525338.Google Scholar

Southwick, S. M., Pietrzak, R. H., Tsai, J., Krystal, J. H., & Charney, D. (2015). Resilience: An update. PTSD Research Quarterly, 25, 1050–1835.Google Scholar

Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., Hoge, C. W., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: A review of randomized clinical trials. Journal of the American Medical Association, 314, 489–500.Google Scholar

Stein, B. D., Elliott, M. N., Jajcox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Berry, S. H., Klein, D. J. et al. (2004). A national longitudinal study of the psychological consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: Reactions, impairment, and help-seeking. Psychiatry, 67, 105–117.Google Scholar

Taft, C. T., Creech, S. K., & Kachodourian, L. (2012). Assessment and treatment of posttraumatic anger and aggression: A review. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49, 777–788.Google Scholar

Terr, L. C. (1981). “Forbidden games:” Post-traumatic child’s play. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 741–760.Google Scholar

Thienkrua, W., Cardozo, B. L., Chakkraband, M. L., Guadamuz, T. E., Pengjuntr, W., Tantipiwatanaskul, P. et al. (2006). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among children in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 549–559.Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 959–992.Google Scholar

Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 122–138.Google Scholar

Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Armour, C., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015). Dimensional structure of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, 546–553.Google Scholar

Ueda, Y., Yabe, H., Maeda, M., Ohira, T., Fujii, S., Niwa, S. et al. (2016). Drinking behavior and mental illness among evacuees in Fukushima following the Great East Japan Earthquake: The Fukushima Health Management Survey. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 40, 623–630.Google Scholar

Ursano, R. J. (2005). Workplace preparedness for terrorism: Report of findings to Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_report_sloan_workplace_prepare_terrorism_preparedness.pdfGoogle Scholar

Ursano, R. J., & Friedman, M. J. (2006). Mental health and behavioral interventions for victims of disasters and mass violence: Systems, caring, planning, and needs. In Ritchie, E. C., Watson, P. J., & Friedman, M. J. (Eds.), Interventions following mass violence and disasters: Strategies for mental health practice (pp. 405–414). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Ursano, R. J., & Fullerton, C. S. (1990). Cognitive and behavioral responses to trauma. Journal of Applied Psychology, 20, 1766–1775.Google Scholar

Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Vance, K., & Kao, T. C. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder and identification in disaster workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 353–359.Google Scholar

Ursano, R. J., McKibben, J. B. A., Reissman, D. B., Liu, X., Wang, L., Sampson, R. J. et al. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and community collective efficacy following the 2004 Florida hurricanes. PLoS ONE 9, e88467.Google Scholar

Van der Velden, P. G., & Kleber, R. J. (2009). Substance use and misuse after disaster. In Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 94–115). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., & Kilpatrick, D. (2004). Sustained increased consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan residents after September 11, 2001. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 253–254.Google Scholar

Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Boscarino, J. A., Bucuvalas, M. et al. (2002). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 988–996.Google Scholar

Walsh, L., Altman, B., King, R. V., & Strauss-Riggs, K. (2014). Enhancing the translation of disaster health competencies into practice. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 8, 70–78.Google Scholar

Walsh, L., Subbarao, I., Gebbie, K., Schor, K. W., Lyznicki, J., Strauss-Riggs, K. et al. (2012). Core competencies for disaster medicine and public health. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 6, 44–52.Google Scholar

Weisler, R. H., Barbee, J. G., & Townsend, M. H. (2006). Mental health and recovery in the Gulf Coast after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 585–588.Google Scholar

World Health Organization (2001). World health report 2001. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar

World Health Organization & United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2012). Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit for humanitarian settings. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar

World Nuclear Association (2016). Retrieved from http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident.aspxGoogle Scholar

Worthen, M., Rathod, S. D., Cohen, G., Sampson, L., Ursano, R., Gifford, R. et al. (2015). Anger and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity in a trauma-exposed military population: Differences by trauma context and gender. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 539–546.Google Scholar

Yamashita, J., & Shigemura, J. (2013). The great east Japan earthquake, tsunami, and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: A triple disaster affecting the mental health of the country. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36, 351–370.Google Scholar

Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Southwick, S., & Charney, D. S. (2006). Developing an agenda for translational studies of resilience and vulnerability following trauma exposure. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 379–396.Google Scholar

Zatzick, D. F., Rivara, F. P., Nathens, A. B., Jurkovich, G. J., Wang, J, Fan, M. Y. et al. (2007). A nationwide US study of post-traumatic stress after hospitalization for physical injury. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1469–1480.Google Scholar

Zunih, L. M., & Myers, D. (2000). Training manual for human service workers in major disasters (2nd ed.). DHHS Publication no. ADM 90–538. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.Google Scholar