Adachi, N., Onuma, T., Nishiwaki, S., et al. (2000). Inter-ictal and post-ictal psychoses in frontal lobe epilepsy: A retrospective comparison with psychoses in temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure, 9, 328–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akanuma, N., Kanemoto, K., Adachi, N., et al. (2005). Prolonged postictal psychosis with forced normalization (Landolt) in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 6, 456–9.Google Scholar

Alldredge, B. K. (1999). Seizure risk associated with psychotropic drugs: Clinical and pharmacokinetic considerations. Neurology, 53(Suppl 2), 68–75.Google Scholar

Barr, W. B., Ashtari, M., Bilder, R. M., Degreef, G., & Lieberman, J. A. (1997). Brain morphometric comparison of first-episode schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 515–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baumgartner, C., Podreka, I., Benda, N., et al. (1995). Postictal psychosis: A SPECT study. Epilepsia, 36(Suppl. 3), S218.Google Scholar

Betts, T. A. (1981). Epilepsy and the mental hospital. In Epilepsy and Psychiatry, ed. Reynolds, E. H., & Trimble, M. R.. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 175–84.

Bruens, J. H. (1971). Psychoses in epilepsy. Psychiatria, Neurologia, Neurochirurgia, 74, 174–92.Google Scholar

Bruton, C. J., Stevens, J. R., & Frith, C. D. (1994). Epilepsy, psychosis, and schizophrenia: Clinical and neuropathologic correlations. Neurology, 44, 34–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conlon, P., Trimble, M. R., & Rogers, D. (1990). A study of epileptic psychosis using magnetic resonance imaging. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 231–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Currie, S., Heathfield, K. W. G., Henson, R. A., & Scott, D. F. (1971). Clinical course and prognosis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 94, 173–90.Google Scholar

Dana-Haeri, J., Trimble, M. R., & Oxley, J. (1983). Prolactin and gonadotrophin changes following generalized and partial seizures. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 46, 331–5.Google Scholar

Davison, K. & Bagley, C. R. (1969). Schizophrenia-like psychoses associated with organic disorder of the central nervous system: A review of the literature. In Current Problems in Neuropsychiatry: British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication 4, ed. Herrington, R. N.. Ashford, Kent, England: Headley Brothers, pp. 1–45.

Devinsky, O., Kelly, K., Porter, R. J., & Theodore, W. H. (1988). Clinical and electroencephalographic features of simple partial seizures. Neurology, 43, 1347–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Devinsky, O., Abramson, H., Alper, K., et al. (1995). Postictal psychosis: A case control series of 20 patients and 150 controls. Epilepsy Research, 20, 247–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DSM-IV (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Engel, J., Jr, Bandler, R., Griffith, N. C., & Caldecott-Hazard, S. (1991). Neurobiological evidence for epilepsy-induced interictal disturbances. In Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 55, ed. Smith, D., Treiman, D., and Trimble, M.. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 97–111.

Fenton, G. W. (1972). Epilepsy and automatism. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 7, 57–64.Google Scholar

Fisher, R. S. & Schachter, S. C. (2000). The postictal state: A neglected entity in the management of epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 1, 52–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flor-Henry, P. (1969). Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 10, 363–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gallhofer, B., Trimble, M. R., Frackowiak, R., Gibbs, J., & Jones, T. (1985). A study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in epileptic psychosis using positron emission tomography and oxygen. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 201–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardiner, M. & Lehesjoki, A.-E. (2000). Genetics of the epilepsies. Current Opinion in Neurology, 13, 157–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibbs, F. A. (1951). Ictal and non-ictal psychiatric disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 113, 522–8.Google Scholar

Gibbs, F. A. & Gibbs, E. L. (1952). Atlas of Electroencephalography, Vol. 11. Epilepsy. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Gloor, P. (1991). Neurobiological substrates of ictal behavioral changes. In Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 55, ed. Smith, D., Treiman, D., & Trimble, M.. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 1–34.

Guarnieri, R., Wichert-Ana, L., Jallak, J. E. C., et al. (2005). Interictal SPECT in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and psychosis: A case-control study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 138, 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gudmundsson, G. (1966). Epilepsy in Iceland – a clinical and epidemiological investigation. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 25(Suppl.), 1–124.Google Scholar

Hauser, W. A., Annegess, J. F., & Rocca, W. A. (1996). Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy-contributions of population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 71, 576–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, I. & Larsen, J. K. (1979). Psychoses in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 42, 948–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kanemoto, K., Kawasaki, J., & Kawai, I. (1996a). Postictal psychosis: A comparison with acute interictal and chronic psychoses. Epilepsia, 37, 551–6.Google Scholar

Kanemoto, K., Takenchi, J., Kawasaki, J., & Kawai, I. (1996b). Characteristics of temporal lobe epilepsy with mesial temporal sclerosis, with special reference to psychotic episodes. Neurology, 47, 1199–203.Google Scholar

Kanner, A. M., Stagno, S., Kotagal, P., & Morris, H. H. (1996). Postictal psychiatric events during prolonged video-electroencephalographic monitoring studies. Archives of Neurology, 53, 258–63.Google Scholar

Kat, W. (1937). Uber den Gegensatz Epilepsie-Schizophrenie und das kombinierte Vorkommen dieser Krankheiten (Antagonism between epilepsy and schizophrenia and simultaneous occurrence of these diseases). Psychiatrie en Neurologie Blatte, 41, 733–45.Google Scholar

Ketter, T. A., Malow, B. A., Flamini, R., et al. (1994). Anticonvulsant withdrawal-emergent psychopathology. Neurology, 44, 55–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kraft, A. M., Price, T. R. P., & Peltierm, D. (1984). Complex partial seizures and schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 25, 113–24.Google Scholar

Krishnamoorthy, E. S. (2000). An approach to classifying neuropsychiatric disorders in epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 1, 373–7.Google Scholar

Kristensen, O. & Sindrup, H. H. (1987). Psychomotor epilepsy and psychosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 57, 361–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krohn, W. (1961). A study of epilepsy in Northern Norway: Its frequency and character. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 150(Suppl), 215–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krumholz, A. (1999). Epidemiology and evidence for morbidity of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 16, 314–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lancman, M. E., Craven, W. J., Asconape, J. J., & Penry, J. K. (1994). Clinical management of recurrent postictal psychosis. Journal of Epilepsy, 7, 47–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Landolt, H. (1953). Some clinical electroencephalographical correlations in epileptic psychoses (twilight states). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 5, 121.Google Scholar

Landolt, H. (1958). Serial electroencephalographic investigations during psychotic episodes in epileptic patients and during schizophrenic attacks. In Lectures on Epilepsy, ed. Lorentz de Haas, A. M.. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 91–133.

Lee, S. I. (1985). Nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Archives of Neurology, 42, 778–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindsay, J., Ounstead, C., & Richards, P. (1979). Long term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures, III: Psychiatric aspects in childhood and adult life. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 21, 630–36.Google Scholar

Logsdail, S. J. & Toone, B. K. (1988). Postictal psychosis: A clinical and phenomenological description. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 246–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mace, C. J. (1993). Epilepsy and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 439–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, J. E., Syed, G. M. B., Fenwick, P. B. C., & Lishman, W. A. (1993). A pilot study of schizophrenia-like psychosis in epilepsy using single-photon emission computerised tomography. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 32–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKenna, P. J., Kane, J. M., & Parrish, K. (1985). Psychotic syndromes in epilepsy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 895–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mellers, J. D., Adachi, N., Yakei, N., et al. (1998). SPET study of verbal fluency in schizophrenia and epilepsy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 69–74.Google Scholar

Mendez, M. F., Grau, R., Doss, R. C., & Taylor, J. L. (1993). Schizophrenia in epilepsy: Seizure and psychosis variables. Neurology, 43, 1073–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Onuma, T., Adachi, N., Hisano, T., & Uesugi, S. (1991). 10-year follow-up study of epilepsy with psychosis. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 45, 360–61.Google Scholar

Onuma, T., Adachi, N., Ishida, S., Katou, M., & Uesugi, S. (1995). Prevalence and annual incidence of psychoses in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 36(Suppl. 3), S218.Google Scholar

Pakalnis, A., Drake, M. E., John, K., & Kellum, J. B. (1987). Forced normalization: Acute psychosis after seizure control in 7 patients. Archives of Neurology, 44, 289–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perez, M. M., Trimble, M. R., Murray, N. M. F., & Reider, I. (1985). Epileptic psychosis: An evaluation of PSE profiles. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 155–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perez, M. M. & Trimble, M. R. (1980). Epileptic psychosis: Diagnostic comparison with process schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 245–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Qin, P., Xu, H., Laursen, T. M., Vestergaard, M., & Mortensen, P. B. (2005). Risk for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychosis among patients with epilepsy: Population based cohort study. British Medical Journal, 331, 23–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ramani, V. & Gumnit, R. J. (1982). Intensive monitoring of interictal psychosis in epilepsy. Annals of Neurology, 11, 613–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reith, J., Benkelfat, C., Sherwin, A., et al. (1994). Elevated dopa decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 11651–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reynolds, E. H. (1991). Interictal psychiatric disorders: Neurochemical aspects. In Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 55, ed. Smith, D., Treiman, D., & Trimble, M.. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 47–58.

Ring, H. A., Trimble, M. R., Costa, D. C., et al. (1994). Striatal dopamine receptor binding in epileptic psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 35, 375–80.Google Scholar

Roberts, G. W., Done, D. J., Bruton, C., & Crow, T. J. (1990). A “mock up” of schizophrenia: Temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia-like psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 127–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rolak, L. A., Rutecki, P., Ashizawa, T., & Harati, Y. (1992). Clinical features of Todd's post-epileptic paralysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 55, 63–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Savard, G., Andermann, F., Olivier, A., & Remillard, G. M. (1991). Postictal psychosis after partial complex seizures: A multiple case study. Epilepsia, 32, 225–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmitz, B. (1998). Forced normalization: History of a concept. In Forced Normalization and Alternative Psychoses of Epilepsy, ed. Trimble, M. R. & Schmitz, B.. Petersfield, Hampshire, UK: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, pp. 7–24.

Schmitz, B. & Wolf, P. (1995). Psychosis in epilepsy: Frequency and risk factors. Journal of Epilepsy, 8, 295–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scholtes, F. B., Renier, W. O., & Meinardi, H. (1996). Non-convulsive status epilepticus: Causes, treatment, and outcome in 65 patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 61, 93–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sherwin, I. (1981). Psychosis associated with epilepsy: Significance of laterality of the epileptogenic lesion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 44, 83–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shorvon, S. (1994). Status Epilepticus. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Shorvon, S. D. (1990). Epidemiology, classification, natural history, and genetics of epilepsy. Lancet, 336, 93–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shukla, G. D., Srivastava, O. N., Katiyar, B. C., Joshi, V., & Mohan, P. K. (1979). Psychiatric manifestations of temporal lobe epilepsy: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 411–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Slater, E., Beard, A. W., & Glithero, E. (1963). The schizophrenia-like psychoses of epilepsy, i–v. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 95–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Small, J. G., Milstein, V., & Stevens, J. R. (1962). Are psychomotor epileptics different?Archives of Neurology, 7, 187–94.Google Scholar

So, N. K., Savard, G., Andermann, F., Olivier, A., & Quesney, L. F. (1990). Acute postictal psychosis: A stereo EEG study. Epilepsia, 31, 188–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Standage, K. F. & Fenton, G. W. (1975). Psychiatric profiles of patients with epilepsy: A controlled investigation. Psychological Medicine, 5, 152–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Steinlein, O. K. (2004). Genetic mechanisms that underlie epilepsy. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 400–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stevens, J. R. (1986). Epilepsy and psychosis: Neuropathological studies of six cases. In Aspects of Epilepsy and Psychiatry, ed. Trimble, M. R. & Bolwig, T. G.. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 117–46.

Stevens, J. R. (1991). Psychosis and the temporal lobe. In Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 55, ed. Smith, D., Treiman, D., & Trimble, M.. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 79–96.

Stevens, J. R. (1995). Clozapine: The yin and yang of seizures and psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 425–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, D. C. (1975). Factors influencing the occurrence of schizophrenia-like psychosis in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychological Medicine, 5, 249–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, D. C. (2003). Schizophrenias and epilepsies: Why? When? How?Epilepsy and Behavior, 4, 474–82.Google Scholar

Tellenbach, H. (1965). Epilepsie als Anfallsleiden und als Psychose: Uber alternative Psychosen paranoider Pragung bei “forcierter Normalisierung” (Landolt) des Elektroencephalogramms Epileptischer. Nervenarzt, 36, 190–202.Google Scholar

Toone, B. K., Garralda, M. E., & Ron, M. A. (1982). The psychoses of epilepsy and the functional psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 256–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trimble, M. R. (1978). Serum prolactin in epilepsy and hysteria. British Medical Journal, 2, 1682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trimble, M. R. (1991). The Psychoses of Epilepsy. New York, NY: Raven Press.

Trimble, M. R., Ring, H. A., & Schmitz, B. (1996). Neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy. In Neuropsychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook, ed. Fogel, B., Schiffer, R., & Rao, S.. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, pp. 771–803.

Umbricht, D., Degreef, G., Barr, W. B., et al. (1995). Postictal and chronic psychoses in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 224–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williamson, P. D. & Spencer, S. S. (1986). Clinical and EEG features of complex partial seizures of extratemporal origin. Epilepsia, 27(Suppl. 2), S46–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Willmore, L. J. (1976). When seizures are complicated by coma. Geriatrics, 31, 112–14.Google Scholar

Wolf, P. (1984). The clinical syndromes of forced normalization. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 38, 187–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolf, P. (1991). Acute behavioral symptomatology at disappearance of epileptiform EEG abnormality: Paradoxical or “forced” normalization. In Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 55, ed. Smith, D., Treiman, D., & Trimble, M.. New York, NY: Raven Press, pp. 127–42.