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11 - Facial Actions as Social Signals

from Part II - Machine Analysis of Social Signals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2017

By
Michel Valstar ,
Stefanos Zafeiriou  and
Maja Pantic
Edited by
Judee K. Burgoon ,
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann ,
Maja Pantic  and
Alessandro Vinciarelli
Michel Valstar
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Stefanos Zafeiriou
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Maja Pantic
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Judee K. Burgoon
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann
Affiliation:
Université de Genève
Maja Pantic
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Alessandro Vinciarelli
Affiliation:
University of Glasgow
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Summary

According to a recent survey on social signal processing (Vinciarelli, Pantic, & Bourlard, 2009), next-generation computing needs to implement the essence of social intelligence including the ability to recognize human social signals and social behaviors, such as turn taking, politeness, and disagreement, in order to become more effective and more efficient. Social signals and social behaviors are the expression of one's attitude towards social situation and interplay, and they are manifested through a multiplicity of nonverbal behavioral cues, including facial expressions, body postures and gestures, and vocal outbursts like laughter. Of the many social signals, only face, eye, and posture cues are capable of informing us about all identified social behaviors. During social interaction, it is a social norm that one looks their dyadic partner in the eyes, clearly focusing one's vision on the face. Facial expressions thus make for very powerful social signals. As one of the most comprehensive and objective ways to describe facial expressions, the facial action coding system (FACS) has recently received significant attention. Automating FACS coding would greatly benefit social signal processing, opening up new avenues to understanding how we communicate through facial expressions. In this chapter we provide a comprehensive overview of research into machine analysis of facial actions. We systematically review all components of such systems: pre-processing, feature extraction, and machine coding of facial actions. In addition, the existing FACS-coded facial expression databases are summarized. Finally, challenges that have to be addressed to make automatic facial action analysis applicable in real-life situations are extensively discussed.

Introduction

Scientific work on facial expressions can be traced back to at least 1872 when Charles Darwin published The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). He explored the importance of facial expressions for communication and described variations in facial expressions of emotions. Today, it is widely acknowledged that facial expressions serve as the primary nonverbal social signal for human beings, and are responsible for a large part to regulate interactions with each other (Ekman & Ronsenberg, 2005). They communicate emotions, clarify and emphasize what is being said, and signal comprehension, disagreement, and intentions (Pantic, 2009).

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Social Signal Processing , pp. 123 - 154
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

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