Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T11:32:05.260Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - It’s not all Chest Pain: Sex and Gender in Acute Care Cardiology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2016

By
Morgan Soffler ,
Alyson J. McGregor  and
Basmah Safdar
Edited by
Alyson J. McGregor ,
Esther K. Choo  and
Bruce M. Becker
Alyson J. McGregor
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
Esther K. Choo
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
Bruce M. Becker
Affiliation:
Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Sex and Gender in Acute Care Medicine , pp. 6 - 23
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Rosamond, W, Flegal, K, Furie, K et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2008;117(4):e25–e146.Google ScholarPubMed
Towfighi, A, Zheng, L, Ovbiagele, B. Sex-specific trends in midlife coronary heart disease risk and prevalence. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(19):1762–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, JL, Adams, CD, Antman, EM et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013;127(23):e663–e828.Google Scholar
McSweeney, JC, Cody, M, O’Sullivan, P, Elberson, K, Moser, DK, Garvin, BJ. Women’s early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;108(21):2619–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, NA, Daskalopoulou, SS, Karp, I et al. Sex differences in acute coronary syndrome symptom presentation in young patients. JAMA Internal Medicine 2013;173(20):1863–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Ting, HH, Chen, AY, Roe, MT et al. Delay from symptom onset to hospital presentation for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(20):1834–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canto, AJ, Kiefe, CI, Goldberg, RJ et al. Differences in symptom presentation and hospital mortality according to type of acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 2012;163(4):572–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almdal, T, Scharling, H, Jensen, JS, Vestergaard, H. The independent effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death: a population-based study of 13,000 men and women with 20 years of follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164(13):1422–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, R, Barzi, F, Woodward, M. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. British Medical Journal (clinical research ed.) 2006;332(7533):73–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huxley, RR, Woodward, M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet 2011;378(9799):1297–1305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daugherty, SL, Masoudi, FA, Zeng, C et al. Sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with incident hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2013;31(2):271–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutledge, T, Reis, SE, Olson, MB et al. Depression symptom severity and reported treatment history in the prediction of cardiac risk in women with suspected myocardial ischemia: the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006;63(8):874–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hak, AE, Karlson, EW, Feskanich, D, Stampfer, MJ, Costenbader, KH. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: results from the nurses’ health study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009;61(10):1396–1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manzi, S, Meilahn, EN, Rairie, JE et al. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997;145(5):408–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frasure-Smith, N, Lesperance, F, Talajic, M. The impact of negative emotions on prognosis following myocardial infarction: is it more than depression? Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 1995;14(5):388–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marroquin, OC, Kip, KE, Kelley, DE et al. Metabolic syndrome modifies the cardiovascular risk associated with angiographic coronary artery disease in women: a report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Circulation 2004;109(6):714–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kip, KE, Marroquin, OC, Kelley, DE et al. Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women: a report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Circulation 2004;109(6):706–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, JH, Lindsell, CJ, Hornung, RW et al. The elder patient with suspected acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2007;14(8):732–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, J, Daskalopoulou, SS, Thanassoulis, G et al. Sex- and gender-related risk factor burden in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2014;30(1):109–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, LJ, Bugiardini, R, Merz, CN. Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009;54(17):1561–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, NR, Paynter, NP, Eaton, CB et al. Comparison of the Framingham and Reynolds Risk scores for global cardiovascular risk prediction in the multiethnic Women’s Health Initiative. Circulation 2012;125(14):1748–56 (S1741–s1711).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Than, M, Flaws, D, Sanders, S et al. Development and validation of the Emergency Department Assessment of Chest Pain Score and 2 h accelerated diagnostic protocol. Emergency Medicine Australasia: EMA 2014;26(1):34–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mieres, JH, Shaw, LJ, Arai, A et al. Role of noninvasive testing in the clinical evaluation of women with suspected coronary artery disease: Consensus statement from the Cardiac Imaging Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and the Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, American Heart Association. Circulation 2005;111(5):682–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Achenbach, S, Kramer, CM, Zoghbi, WA, Dilsizian, V. The year in coronary artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Cardiovascular Imaging 2010;3(10):1065–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Einstein, AJ, Henzlova, MJ, Rajagopalan, S. Estimating risk of cancer associated with radiation exposure from 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography. Journal of the American Medical Association 2007;298(3):317–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Vaccarino, V, Badimon, L, Corti, R et al. Ischaemic heart disease in women: are there sex differences in pathophysiology and risk factors? Position paper from the working group on coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovascular Research 2011;90(1):9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinzmetal, M, Kennamer, R, Merliss, R, Wada, T, Bor, N. Angina pectoris. I. A variant form of angina pectoris; preliminary report. American Journal of Medicine 1959;27:375–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beltrame, JF, Limaye, SB, Horowitz, JD. The coronary slow flow phenomenon – a new coronary microvascular disorder. Cardiology 2002;97(4):197–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, RO, III, Epstein, SE. “Microvascular angina” as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. American Journal of Cardiology 1988;61(15):1338–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohri, M, Koyanagi, M, Egashira, K et al. Angina pectoris caused by coronary microvascular spasm. Lancet 1998;351(9110):1165–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbogast, R, Bourassa, MG. Myocardial function during atrial pacing in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms. Comparison with patients having significant coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 1973;32(3):257–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Fiore, DP, Beltrame, JF. Chest pain in patients with “normal angiography”: could it be cardiac? International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 2013;11(1):56–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pepine, CJ, Nichols, WW, Pauly, DF. Estrogen and different aspects of vascular disease in women and men. Circulation Research 2006;99(5):459–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugiardini, R, Bairey Merz, CN. Angina with “normal” coronary arteries: a changing philosophy. Journal of the American Medical Association 2005;293(4):477–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Likoff, W, Segal, BL, Kasparian, H. Paradox of normal selective coronary arteriograms in patients considered to have unmistakable coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1967;276(19):1063–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dolor, RJ, Melloni, C, Chatterjee, R et al. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, in Treatment Strategies for Women with Coronary Artery Disease. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012.Google ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, TR. Six-year follow-up of the Norwegian Multicenter Study on Timolol after Acute Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;313(17):1055–58.Google ScholarPubMed
Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2.ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1988;12(6 Suppl A):3a–13a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duvernoy, CS. Evolving strategies for the treatment of microvascular angina in women. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 2012;10(11):1413–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaccarino, V, Parsons, L, Every, NR, Barron, HV, Krumholz, HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341(4):217–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaccarino, V, Krumholz, HM, Yarzebski, J, Gore, JM, Goldberg, RJ. Sex differences in 2-year mortality after hospital discharge for myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;134(3):173–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaccarino, V. Ischemic heart disease in women: many questions, few facts. Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2010;3(2):111–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, C, Clemens, F, Lopez Sendon, JL et al. Gender differences in the management and clinical outcome of stable angina. Circulation 2006;113(4):490–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akhter, N, Milford-Beland, S, Roe, MT, Piana, RN, Kao, J, Shroff, A. Gender differences among patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the American College of Cardiology – National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR). American Heart Journal 2009;157(1):141–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendel, RC. Myocardial infarction in women. Cardiology 1990;77 (Suppl 2):41–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dustan, HP. Coronary artery disease in women. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1990;6 (Suppl B):19b–21b.Google ScholarPubMed
Bugiardini, R. Women, “non-specific” chest pain, and normal or near-normal coronary angiograms are not synonymous with favourable outcome. European Heart Journal 2006;27(12):1387–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulati, M, Cooper-DeHoff, RM, McClure, C et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(9):843–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, LJ, Min, JK, Narula, J et al. Sex differences in mortality associated with computed tomographic angiographic measurements of obstructive and nonobstructive coronary artery disease: an exploratory analysis. Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging 2010;3(4):473–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemingway, H, McCallum, A, Shipley, M, Manderbacka, K, Martikainen, P, Keskimaki, I. Incidence and prognostic implications of stable angina pectoris among women and men. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006;295(12):1404–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Shaw, LJ, Bairey Merz, CN, Pepine, CJ et al. Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender-optimized diagnostic strategies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006;47(3 Suppl):s4–s20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bybee, KA, Prasad, A. Stress-related cardiomyopathy syndromes. Circulation 2008;118(4):397–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bybee, KA, Kara, T, Prasad, A et al. Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;141(11):858–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharkey, SW, Lesser, JR, Zenovich, AG et al. Acute and reversible cardiomyopathy provoked by stress in women from the United States. Circulation 2005;111(4):472–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurowski, V, Kaiser, A, von Hof, K et al. Apical and midventricular transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy): frequency, mechanisms, and prognosis. Chest 2007;132(3):809–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gianni, M, Dentali, F, Grandi, AM, Sumner, G, Hiralal, R, Lonn, E. Apical ballooning syndrome or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. European Heart Journal 2006;27(13):1523–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuchihashi, K, Ueshima, K, Uchida, T et al. Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina Pectoris-Myocardial Infarction Investigations in Japan. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001;38(1):11–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasad, A. Apical ballooning syndrome: an important differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007;115(5):e56–e59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abe, Y, Kondo, M, Matsuoka, R, Araki, M, Dohyama, K, Tanio, H. Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003;41(5):737–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kneale, BJ, Chowienczyk, PJ, Brett, SE, Coltart, DJ, Ritter, JM. Gender differences in sensitivity to adrenergic agonists of forearm resistance vasculature. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2000;36(4):1233–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mori, H, Ishikawa, S, Kojima, S et al. Increased responsiveness of left ventricular apical myocardium to adrenergic stimuli. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27(2):192–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donohue, D, Movahed, MR. Clinical characteristics, demographics and prognosis of transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome. Heart Failure Reviews 2005;10(4):311–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elesber, AA, Prasad, A, Lennon, RJ, Wright, RS, Lerman, A, Rihal, CS. Four-year recurrence rate and prognosis of the apical ballooning syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007;50(5):448–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leone, F, Macchiusi, A, Ricci, R, Cerquetani, E, Reynaud, M. Acute myocardial infarction from spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a case report and review of the literature. Cardiology in Review 2004;12(1):3–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tweet, MS, Hayes, SN, Pitta, SR et al. Clinical features, management, and prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Circulation 2012;126(5):579–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alfonso, F. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: new insights from the tip of the iceberg? Circulation 2012;126(6):667–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zupan, I, Noc, M, Trinkaus, D, Popovic, M. Double vessel extension of spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection in young women treated with thrombolytics. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions: Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2001;52(2):226–30.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hugli, O, Braun, JE, Kim, S, Pelletier, AJ, Camargo, CA Jr. United States emergency department visits for acute decompensated heart failure, 1992 to 2001. American Journal of Cardiology 2005;96(11):1537–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massie, BM, Shah, NB. Evolving trends in the epidemiologic factors of heart failure: rationale for preventive strategies and comprehensive disease management. American Heart Journal 1997;133(6):703–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redfield, MM, Jacobsen, SJ, Burnett, JC Jr., Mahoney, DW, Bailey, KR, Rodeheffer, RJ. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;289(2):194–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scantlebury, DC, Borlaug, BA. Why are women more likely than men to develop heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? Current Opinion in Cardiology 2011;26(6):562–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heiat, A, Gross, CP, Krumholz, HM. Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(15):1682–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsich, EM, Pina, IL. Heart failure in women: a need for prospective data. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009;54(6):491–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghali, JK, Krause-Steinrauf, HJ, Adams, KF et al. Gender differences in advanced heart failure: insights from the BEST study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003;42(12):2128–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, CS, Chien, CV, Bidwell, JT et al. Comorbidity profiles and inpatient outcomes during hospitalization for heart failure: an analysis of the U.S. nationwide inpatient sample. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2014;14:73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, T, Sindone, A, Foo, F et al. Influence of history of heart failure on diagnostic performance and utility of B-type natriuretic peptide testing for acute dyspnea in the Emergency Department. American Heart Journal 2006;152(5):949–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivetti, G, Giordano, G, Corradi, D et al. Gender differences and aging: effects on the human heart. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1995;26(4):1068–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shim, CY, Park, S, Choi, D et al. Sex differences in central hemodynamics and their relationship to left ventricular diastolic function. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011;57(10):1226–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mottram, PM, Marwick, TH. Assessment of diastolic function: what the general cardiologist needs to know. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2005;91(5):681–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piro, M, Della Bona, R, Abbate, A, Biasucci, LM, Crea, F. Sex-related differences in myocardial remodeling. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010;55(11):1057–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarnoz, MJ, Curtis, AB. More reasons why men and women are not the same (gender differences in electrophysiology and arrhythmias). American Journal of Cardiology 2008;101(9):1291–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braunwald, E. Shattuck lecture – cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337(19):1360–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Go, AS, Hylek, EM, Phillips, KA et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;285(18):2370–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, WM, Blackshear, JL, Laupacis, A, Kronmal, R, Hart, RG. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995;155(5):469–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjamin, EJ, Levy, D, Vaziri, SM, D’Agostino, RB, Belanger, AJ, Wolf, PA. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271(11):840–44.Google Scholar
Dagres, N, Nieuwlaat, R, Vardas, PE et al. Gender-related differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007;49(5):572–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, SD, Epstein, AE, DiMarco, JP et al. Relationships between sinus rhythm, treatment, and survival in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study. Circulation 2004;109(12):1509–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Rienstra, M, Van Veldhuisen, DJ, Hagens, VE et al. Gender-related differences in rhythm control treatment in persistent atrial fibrillation: data of the Rate Control Versus Electrical Cardioversion (RACE) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005;46(7):1298–1306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphries, KH, Kerr, CR, Connolly, SJ et al. New-onset atrial fibrillation: sex differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome. Circulation 2001;103(19):2365–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poli, D, Antonucci, E, Grifoni, E, Abbate, R, Gensini, GF, Prisco, D. Gender differences in stroke risk of atrial fibrillation patients on oral anticoagulant treatment. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2009;101(5):938–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Fang, MC, Singer, DE, Chang, Y et al. Gender differences in the risk of ischemic stroke and peripheral embolism in atrial fibrillation: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) study. Circulation 2005;112(12):1687–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elkayam, U, Jalnapurkar, S, Barakkat, MN et al. Pregnancy-associated acute myocardial infarction: a review of contemporary experience in 150 cases between 2006 and 2011. Circulation 2014;129(16):1695–1702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sliwa, K, Fett, J, Elkayam, U. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2006;368(9536):687–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Sliwa, K, Drexler, H. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: recent insights in its pathophysiology. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 2008;18(5):173–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mielniczuk, LM, Williams, K, Davis, DR et al. Frequency of peripartum cardiomyopathy. American Journal of Cardiology 2006;97(12):1765–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brugger-Andersen, T, Hetland, O, Ponitz, V, Grundt, H, Nilsen, DW. The effect of primary percutaneous coronary intervention as compared to tenecteplase on myeloperoxidase, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, soluble fibrin and D-dimer in acute myocardial infarction. Thrombosis Research 2007;119(4):415–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×