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28 - Memory Matters

from Section B - Learning and Memory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2016

Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Susan T. Fiske
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Donald J. Foss
Affiliation:
University of Houston
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Summary

In December 2004, the New York Times reported on that year's winners of the Grawemeyer Awards. The Grawemeyer Awards are given in Psychology and also several other fields (e.g., education, religion, improving world order). That year they were accompanied by a $200,000 prize – amongst the largest for an award in a field that does not have a Nobel Prize. It was with enormous pride that I learned that I had won the award in Psychology. Another news outlet reported that I was the most controversial researcher ever to win the prize, and the most controversial winner since former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev won the 1994 prize for improving world order. The award is for a big, important idea in Psychology. So what was my big, important idea?

A staff member sent me an email about that time, letting me know what the external awards committee had said when summarizing my “idea.” Their summary practically made me weep. The committee said that I had “changed the way that both scientists and lay citizens think about the nature of human memory,” and had “made it clear that human memory is not a literal and faithful recorder of experience.” Of course, we've known for some time that memory is fallible, and just how easy it is for us to forget things. But what my work has shown is that we can also falsely remember things differently from the way they happened, and can remember entire events that never happened.

This work teaches us about the malleable nature of memory. Information suggested to an individual about an event can be integrated with the memory for the event itself, so that what actually occurred, and what was discussed later about what may have occurred, become inextricably interwoven, allowing distortion, elaboration, and even total fabrication from suggestions.

People often ask me how I came up with this idea, and to answer I have to take us back to the 1970s. Back then I was interested in what happened when witnesses were questioned about events they had experienced, important events such as crimes or accidents. I did several studies in which I showed that leading questions could bias what people claimed to have seen.

Type
Chapter
Information
Scientists Making a Difference
One Hundred Eminent Behavioral and Brain Scientists Talk about Their Most Important Contributions
, pp. 136 - 139
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

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References

Costandi, M. (2013). Corrupted memory. Nature, 500, 268–270.Google Scholar
Loftus, E. F. (2007). Elizabeth F. Loftus (Autobiography). In Lindzey, G. & Runyan, M. (eds.). History of psychology in autobiography (vol. IX, pp. 198–227). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Press.
Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the inter-action between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585–589.Google Scholar

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