Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T04:33:50.667Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Impacts of Exotic and Native Species Invading Tidal Marshes

from Part III - Marsh Response to Stress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 June 2021

By
David M. Burdick ,
Gregg E. Moore  and
Katharyn E. Boyer
Edited by
Duncan M. FitzGerald  and
Zoe J. Hughes
Duncan M. FitzGerald
Affiliation:
Boston University
Zoe J. Hughes
Affiliation:
Boston University
Get access

Summary

As humans have spread across the globe, travel and trade have deliberately or inadvertently carried and released animals and plants as well as microbes into new geographies. With human populations concentrated along rivers and coasts, it is not surprising that many exotic species have been released in coastal areas and a few can survive and thrive, especially in habitats similar to those where they evolved. In tidal marshes, organisms experience some of the most extreme physical conditions on earth: temperatures from −20 to 40°C, flooding twice a day but only a few times a month at higher elevations, sediments ranging from oxidized to severely reduced (Eh of +700 to −300 mV), soil salinity from hypersaline (40–90 ppt) to fresh depending on floodwater source and precipitation, and erosive forces from waves, currents, and ice at higher latitudes. Despite these harsh and variable conditions, there are many organisms adapted to tidal marshes, and new introductions and hybrids that can thrive given the opportunity.

Keywords

invasive speciesexoticsPhragmitesvertebratesmicro-invaders
Type
Chapter
Information
Salt Marshes
Function, Dynamics, and Stresses
 , pp. 367 - 387
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Able, K. W., Hagan, S. M., and Brown, S. A. 2003. Mechanisms of marsh habitat alteration due to Phragmites: Response of young-of-the-year mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) to treatment for Phragmites removal. Estuaries 26:484–494.Google Scholar
Alber, M., Swenson, E. M., Adamowicz, S. C., and Mendelssohn, I. A. 2008. Salt marsh dieback: an overview of recent events in the US. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80: 1–11.Google Scholar
Altieri, A. H., Bertness, M. D., Coverdale, T. C., Herrmann, N. C., and Angelini, C. 2012. A trophic cascade triggers collapse of a salt-marsh ecosystem with intensive recreational fishing. Ecology, 93: 1402–1410.Google Scholar
Amsberry, L., Baker, M. A., Ewanchuk, P. J., and Bertness, M. D. 2000. Clonal integration and the expansion of Phragmites australis. Ecological Applications, 10: 1110–1118.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. M., and Treshow, M. 1980. A review of environmental and genetic factors that affect height in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Salt marsh cord grass). Estuaries, 3:168–176.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. G. 1995. Interaction between Lythrum salicaria and native organisms: a critical review. Environmental Management, 19: 225–231.Google Scholar
Ayres, D. R., Smith, D. L., Zaremba, K., Klohr, S., and Strong, D. R. 2004. Spread of exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (Spartina sp.) in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Biological Invasions, 6:221–231.Google Scholar
Ayres, D. R., Strong, D. R., and Baye, P. 2003. Spartina foliosa (Poaceae)–a common species on the road to rarity. Madrono, 50:209–213.Google Scholar
Balouskus, R. G., and Targett, T. E. 2012. Egg deposition by Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia: substrate utilization and comparison of natural and altered shoreline type. Estuaries and Coasts, 35:1100–1109.Google Scholar
Bart, D., Burdick, D., Chambers, R. and Hartman, J. M. 2006. Human facilitation of Phragmites australis invasions in tidal marshes: a review and synthesis. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 14:53–65.Google Scholar
Belknap, D. F. and Wilson, K. R. 2014. Invasive green crab impacts on salt marshes in Maine-sudden increase in erosion potential. Abstract. Northeast Section, Geological Society of America. 24 March 2014, Lancaster, PA.Google Scholar
Benoit, L. K., and Askins, R. A. 1999. Impact of the spread of Phragmites on the distribution of birds in Connecticut tidal marshes. Wetlands, 19: 194–208.Google Scholar
Bertness, M. D. 1984. Habitat and community modification by an introduced herbivorous snail. Ecology, 65: 370–381.Google Scholar
Bertness, M. D., Brisson, C. P., Bevil, M. C., and Crotty, S. M. 2014. Herbivory drives the spread of salt marsh die-off. PLoS ONE, 9(3): e92916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092916Google Scholar
Blank, R., and Young, J. 1997. Influence of invasion of perennial pepperweed on soil properties. pp. 11–13 In Management of Perennial Pepperweed (Tall Whitetop). Special Report 972. Corvallis, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; Oregon State University, Agricultural Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Blossey, B., Skinner, L. C. and Taylor, J. 2001. Impact and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10:1787–1807.Google Scholar
Boyer, K. E. and Burdick, A. P. 2010. Control of Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed) and recovery of native plants in tidal marshes of the San Francisco Estuary. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 18(6): 731–743.Google Scholar
Buchsbaum, R. N., Catena, J., Hutchins, E., and Pirri, M. J. 2006. Changes in salt marsh vegetation, Phragmites australis, and nekton in response to increased tidal flushing in a New England salt marsh. Wetlands, 26:544–557.Google Scholar
Burdick, D. M., and Konisky, R. A. 2003. Determinants for expansion of Phragmites australis, common reed, in natural and impacted coastal marshes. Estuaries, 26: 407–416.Google Scholar
Burdick, D. M., and Roman, C. T. 2012. Salt marsh responses to tidal restriction and restoration. A summary of experiences. pp. 373–382 In: Roman, C.T. and Burdick, D.M. (eds.) Tidal Marsh Restoration: A Synthesis of Science and Practice. Island Press. Washington.Google Scholar
Burdick, D., Peter, C., and Moore, G. E. 2013. Phase II of Tidal Marsh Restoration at Steedman Woods Reserve at York, Maine. Final report to Museums of Old York; accessed from UNH Scholars Repository: https://scholars.unh.edu.Google Scholar
Casazza, M. L., Overton, C. T., Bui, T. -V. D., Hull, J. M., Albertson, J. D., Bloom, V. K., Bobzien, S., et al. 2016. Endangered species management and ecosystem restoration: finding the common ground. Ecology and Society, 21(1):19.Google Scholar
Chambers, R. M., Meyerson, L. A., and Dibble, K. L. 2012. Ecology of Phragmites australis and responses to tidal restoration. pp. 81–96. In: Roman, C.T. and Burdick, D.M. (eds.) Tidal Marsh Restoration. Island Press. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Chambers, R. M., Meyerson, L. A., and Saltonstall, K. 1999. Expansion of Phragmites australis into tidal wetlands of North America. Aquatic Botany, 64:261–273.Google Scholar
Chambers, R. M., Osgood, D. T., Bart, D. J., and Montalto, F. 2003. Phragmites australis invasion and expansion in tidal wetlands: interactions among salinity, sulfide, and hydrology. Estuaries, 26:398–406.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. W., Carlton, J. T., Bellinger, M. R, and Blakeslee, A. M. H. 2007. Premature refutation of a human-mediated marine species introduction: the case history of the marine snail Littorina littorea in the Northwestern Atlantic. Biological Invasions, 9:995–1008.Google Scholar
Chen, H., Qualls, R. G., and Miller, M. C. 2002. Adaptive responses of Lepidium latifolium to soil flooding: biomass allocation, adventitious rooting, aerenchyma formation and ethylene production. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 48:119–128.Google Scholar
Connolly, B. A. and Hale, I. L. 2016. Lepidium latifolium (Brassicaceae): invasive perennial pepperweed observed in Rhode Island. Rhodora, 118(974):229–231.Google Scholar
Coverdale, T. C., Altieri, A. H., and Bertness, M. D. 2012. Belowground herbivory increases vulnerability of New England salt marshes to die-off. Ecology, 93:2085–2094.Google Scholar
Daehler, C. C., and Strong, D. R. 1996. Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. invasions in Pacific estuaries, USA. Biological Conservation, 78:51–58.Google Scholar
Daehler, C., and Strong, D. 1997. Hybridization between introduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora; Poaceae) and native California cordgrass (S. foliosa) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. American Journal of Botany, 84:607–611.Google Scholar
Davidson, T. M., and de Rivera, C. E. 2010. Accelerated erosion of saltmarshes infested by the non-native burrowing crustacean Sphaeroma quoianum. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 419:129–136.Google Scholar
Denoth, M., and Myers, J. H. 2007. Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a rare species: combining evidence from experiments and long-term monitoring. Plant Ecology, 191:153–161.Google Scholar
Dibble, K. L., andMeyerson, L. A. 2012. Tidal flushing restores the physiological condition of fish residing in degraded salt marshes. PLoS ONE 7(9): e46161. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046161Google Scholar
Dibble, K. L., and Meyerson, L. A. 2013. The effects of plant invasion and ecosystem restoration on energy flow through salt marsh food webs. Estuaries and Coasts, 35Google Scholar
Dibble, K. L., Pooler, P. S, and Meyerson, L. A. 2013. Impacts of plant invasions can be reversed through restoration: a regional meta-analysis of faunal communities. Biological Invasions, 15:1725–1737.Google Scholar
Elmer, W. H., LaMondia, J. A., Useman, S., Mendelssohn, I. A., Schneider, R. W., Jimenez-Gasco, M. M., Marra, R. E., and Caruso, F. L. 2013. Sudden vegetation dieback in Atlantic and Gulf Coast salt marshes. Plant Disease, 97: 436–445.Google Scholar
Eiswerth, M., Singletary, L., Zimmerman, J., Johnson, W. 2005. Dynamic benefit–cost analysis for controlling perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium): A Case Study. Weed Technology 19: 237–243.Google Scholar
Fagherazzi, S., Kirwan, M. L., Mudd, S. M., Guntenspergen, G. R., Temmerman, S., D’Alpaos, A., van de Koppel, J., et al. 2012. Numerical models of salt marsh evolution: Ecological, geomorphic, and climatic factors. Reviews of Geophysics, 50: RG1002.Google Scholar
Farnsworth, E. J., and Ellis, D. R. 2001. Is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) an invasive threat to freshwater wetlands? Conflicting evidence from several ecological metrics. Wetlands, 21:199–209.Google Scholar
Feng, J., Huang, Q., Qi, F., Guo, J., and Lin, G. 2015. Utilization of exotic Spartina alterniflora by fish community in the mangrove ecosystem of Zhangjiang Estuary: evidence from stable isotope analyses. Biological Invasions, 7: 2113–2121.Google Scholar
Flanagan, R. J., Mitchell, R. J., and Karron, J. D. 2010. Increased relative abundance of an invasive competitor for pollination, Lythrum salicaria, reduces seed number in Mimulus ringens. Oecologia, 164: 445–454.Google Scholar
Ford, M. A., and Grace, J. B. 1998. Effects of vertebrate herbivores on soil processes, plant biomass, litter accumulation and soil elevation changes in a coastal marsh. Journal of Ecology, 86: 974–982.Google Scholar
Grosholz, E. 2010. Avoidance by grazers facilitates spread of an invasive hybrid plant. Ecology Letters, 13:145–153.Google Scholar
Guntenspergen, G. R., Keough, J. R., and Weinstein, M. P. 2003. Phragmites technical forum and workshop: synthesis of scientific knowledge and management needs. Estuaries, 26:1–8.Google Scholar
Hauber, D. P., Saltonstall, K., White, D. A., and Hood, C. S. 2011. Genetic variation in the common reed, Phragmites australis, in the Mississippi River Delta marshes: Evidence for multiple introductions. Estuaries and Coasts, 34:851–862.Google Scholar
Hazelton, E. L. G., Mozdzer, T. J., Burdick, D. M., Kettenring, K. M., and Whigham, D. F. 2014. Phragmites australis management in the United States: 40 years of methods and outcomes. AoB Plants 6: plu001.Google Scholar
Hershner, C., and Havens, K. J. 2008. Managing invasive aquatic plants in a changing system: strategic consideration of ecosystem services. Conservation Biology, 22: 544–550.Google Scholar
Hierro, J. L., and Callaway, R. M. 2003. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion. Plant and Soil, 256:29–39.Google Scholar
Hindell, J. S., and Warry, F. Y. 2010. Nutritional support of estuary perch (Macquaria colonorum) in a temperate Australian inlet: Evaluating the relative importance of invasive Spartina. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 90:159–167.Google Scholar
Holdredge, C., Bertness, M. D., and Altieri, A. H. 2009. Role of crab herbivory in die-off of New England salt marshes. Conservation Biology, 23: 672–679.Google Scholar
Hughes, Z. J., FitzGerald, D. M., Wilson, C. A., Pennings, S. C., Wieski, K., and Mahadevan, A.. 2009. Rapid headward erosion of marsh creeks in response to relative sea level rise. Geophysical Research Letters 36: 5.Google Scholar
Jodoin, Y., Lavoie, C. L., Villeneuve, P., Theriault, M., Beaulieu, J., and Belzile, F. 2008. Highways as corridors and habitats for the invasive common reed Phragmites australis in Quebec, Canada. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45:459–466.Google Scholar
Jefferies, R. L., Jano, A. P., and Abraham, K. F. 2006. A biotic agent promotes large-scale catastrophic change in the coastal marshes of Hudson Bay. Journal of Ecology, 94:234–242.Google Scholar
Kahn, H. 1973. Paris Notebook, doldrums for French research. New Scientist 60:797–98.Google Scholar
Kelley, J. T., Belknap, D. F., Jacobson, G. L. Jr., and Jacobson, H. A. 1988. The morphology and origin of salt marshes along the glaciated coastline of Maine, USA. Journal of Coastal Research, 4:649–665.Google Scholar
Kerr, D. W., Hogle, I. B., Ort, B. S., and Thornton, W. J. 2016. A review of 15 years of Spartina management in the San Francisco Estuary. Biological Invasions, 18:2247–2266.Google Scholar
Kiehn, W. M., and Morris, J. T. 2009. Relationships between Spartina alterniflora and Littoraria irrorata in a South Carolina salt marsh. Wetlands, 29:818–825.Google Scholar
Kiviat, E. 2013. Ecosystem services of Phragmites in North America with emphasis on habitat functions. AoB PLANTS 5: plt008. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plt008Google Scholar
Knight, I. A., Wilson, B. E., Gill, M., Aviles, L., Cronin, J. T., Nyman, J. A., Schneider, S. A., and Diaz, R. 2018. Invasion of Nipponaclerda biwakoensis (Hemiptera: Aclerdidae) and Phragmites australis die-back in southern Louisiana, USA. Biological Invasions, 20:2739–2744.Google Scholar
Konisky, R. A. and Burdick, D. M. 2004. Effects of stressors on invasive and halophytic plants. of New England salt marshes: a framework for predicting response to tidal restoration. Wetlands, 24: 434–447.Google Scholar
Lelong, B., Lavoie, C., Jodoin, Y., and Belzile, F. 2007. Expansion pathways of the exotic common reed (Phragmites australis): a historical and genetic analysis. Diversity and Distributions, 13:430–437.Google Scholar
Levin, L. A., Neira, C., and Grosholz, E. D. 2006. Invasive cordgrass modifies wetland trophic function. Ecology, 87:419–432.Google Scholar
Levine, J. M., Brewer, J. S. and Bertness, M. D. 1998. Nutrients, competition and plant zonation in a New England salt marsh. Journal of Ecology, 86: 285–292.Google Scholar
Li, B., Liao, C., Zhang, X., Chen, H., Wang, Q., Chen, Z., Gan, X. et al. 2009. Spartina alterniflora invasions in the Yangtze River Estuary, China: An overview of current status and ecosystem effects. Ecological Engineering, 35:511–520.Google Scholar
Lyeik, K. A. 1989. Lepidium latifolium L., a sea-shore species in Norway. Blyttia, 47:109–113.Google Scholar
Marchant, C. J. 1967. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain. Botanical Journal, 60:1–24.Google Scholar
McKee, K. L., Mendelssohn, I. A. and Materne, M. D. 2004. Acute salt marsh dieback in the Mississippi River deltaic plain: a drought induced phenomenon? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13:65–73.Google Scholar
Meyerson, L. A., Saltonstall, K., and Chambers, R. M. 2009. Phragmites australis in coastal marshes of North America: A historical and ecological perspective. pp. 57–82. In: Human Impacts on Salt Marshes: A Global Perspective, ed. Silliman, B.R., Bertness, M. D., Grosholz, E. D. (eds.) University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Miller, D. L., Smeins, F. E., Webb, J. W., and Yager, L. 2005. Mid-Texas, USA coastal marsh vegetation pattern and dynamics as influenced by environmental stress and snow goose herbivory. Wetlands, 25:648–658.Google Scholar
Minchinton, T. E. 2002. Precipitation during El Niño correlates with increasing spread of Phragmites australis in New England, USA, coastal marshes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 242: 305–309.Google Scholar
Minchinton, T. E., and Bertness, M. D. 2003. Disturbance mediated competition and the spread of Phragmites australis in a coastal marsh. Ecological Applications 13: 1400–1416.Google Scholar
Minchinton, T. E., Simpson, J. C., and Bertness, M. D. 2006. Mechanisms of exclusion of native coastal marsh plants by an invasive grass. Journal of Ecology, 94: 342–354.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E., Burdick, D. M., Peter, C. R. and Keirstead, D. R. 2011. Mapping soil pore water salinity of tidal marsh habitats using electromagnetic induction in Great Bay Estuary, USA. Wetlands, 31:309–318.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E., Burdick, D. M., Peter, C. R. and Keirstead, D. R. 2012. Belowground biomass of Phragmites australis in coastal marshes. Northeast Naturalist, 19:611–626.Google Scholar
Morris, J. T., Sundareshwar, P. V., Nietch, C. T., Kjerfve, B. and Cahoon, D. R. 2002. Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level. Ecology, 83: 2869–2877.Google Scholar
Morse, N. B., Pellissier, P. A., Cianciola, E. N., Bereton, R. L., Sullivan, M. M., Shonka, N. K., Wheeler, T. B., and McDowell, W. H. 2014. Novel ecosystems in the Anthopocene: a revision of the novel ecosystem concept for pragmatic applications. Ecology and Society, 19:12.Google Scholar
Neira, C., Levin, L A., Grosholz, E. D. and Mendoza, G. 2007. Influence of invasive Spartina growth stages on associated macrofaunal communities. Biological Invasions 9:975–993.Google Scholar
Nyman, J. A., Walters, R. J., Delaune, R. D. and Patrick, W. H. Jr. 2006. Marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 69:370–380.Google Scholar
Orson, R. A. 1999. A paleoecological assessment of Phragmites australis in New England tidal marshes: changes in plant community structure during the last few millennia. Biological Invasions, 1:149–158.Google Scholar
Orth, J. F., Gammon, M., Abdul-Basir, F., Stevenson, R. D., Tsirelson, D., Ebersole, J., Speak, S. and Kesseli, R. 2006. Natural history, distribution, and management of Lepidium latifolium (Brassicaceae) in New England. Rhodora, 108: 103–118.Google Scholar
Overton, C. T., Casazza, M. L., Takekawa, J. Y., Strong, D. R., and Holyoak, M. 2014. Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment? Biological Invasions, 16:1897–1914.Google Scholar
Patten, K. 2002. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) control with Imazapyr. Weed Technology, 16:826–32.Google Scholar
Peter, C. R., and Burdick, D. M. 2010. Can plant competition and diversity reduce the growth and survival of exotic Phragmites australis invading a tidal marsh? Estuaries and Coasts, 33: 1226–1236.Google Scholar
Portnoy, J. W., and Valiela, I. 1997. Short-term effects of salinity reduction and drainage on salt-marsh biogeochemical cycling and Spartina (cordgrass) production. Estuaries, 20:569–578.Google Scholar
Raichel, D. L., Able, K. W., and Hartman, J. M. 2003. The influence of Phragmites (common reed) on the distribution, abundance, and potential prey of a resident marsh fish in the Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey. Estuaries, 26: 511–521.Google Scholar
Raposa, K. B., McKinney, R. A., Wigand, C., Hollister, J. W., Lovall, C., Szura, K., Gurak, J. A. Jr., et al. 2018. Top-down and bottom-up controls on southern New England salt marsh crab populations. PeerJ, 6, e4876. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4876Google Scholar
Renz, M. J., and Blank, R. R. 2004. Influence of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) biology and plant-soil relationships on management and restoration. Weed Technology, 18:1359–1363.Google Scholar
Renz, M. J., DiTomaso, , and J. M. 1998. The effectiveness of mowing and herbicides to control perennial pepperweed in rangeland and roadside habitats. Proceedings of the California Weed Science Society, 50:178.Google Scholar
Renz, M. J., and DiTomaso, J. M. 1999. Biology and control of perennial pepperweed. Proceedings of the California Weed Science Society, 51: 13–16.Google Scholar
Renz, M. J., and DiTomaso, J. M. 2006. Early season mowing improves the effectiveness of chlorsulfuron and glyphosate for control of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium). Weed Technology, 20:32–36.Google Scholar
Reynolds, L. K., and Boyer, K. E. 2010. Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium): Properties of invaded tidal marshes. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 3(2): 130–138.Google Scholar
Robbins, W. W., Bellue, M. K., and Ball, W. S. 1951. Weeds of California. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Rohmer, T., Kerr, D., and Hogle, I. 2014. San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project 2013 ISP monitoring and treatment report. Prepared for the California State Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, California, USA. www.spartinaGoogle Scholar
Rooth, J. E., and Stevenson, J. C. 2000. Sediment deposition patterns in Phragmites australis communities: Implications for coastal areas threatened by rising sea-level. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 8:173–183.Google Scholar
Rudrappa, T., Bonsall, J., Gallagher, J. L., Seliskar, D. M., and Bais, H. P. 2007. Root-secreted allelochemical in the noxious weed Phragmites australis deploys a reactive oxygen species response and microtubule assembly disruption to execute rhizotoxicity. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33: 1898–1918.Google Scholar
Saltonstall, K. 2002. Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99:2445–2449Google Scholar
Saltonstall, K., Peterson, P. M., and Soreng, R. 2004. Recognition of Phragmites australis subsp. americanus (Poaceae: Arundinaceae) in North America: Evidence from morphological and genetic analyses. Sida, 21:683–692.Google Scholar
Silliman, B. R., van de Koppel, J., Bertness, M. D., Stanton, L. E. and Mendelssohn, I. A. 2005. Drought, snails, and large-scale die-off of southern US salt marshes. Science, 310: 1803–1806.Google Scholar
Silliman, B. R., and Zieman, J. C. 2001. Top-down control of Spartina alterniflora production by periwinkle grazing in a Virginia salt marsh. Ecology, 82: 2830–2845.Google Scholar
Simenstad, C. A., and Thom, R. M. 1995. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) as an invasive halophyte in Pacific Northwest Estuaries. Hortus Northwest, 6:9–12; 38–40.Google Scholar
Smith, J. A. M. 2013. The role of Phragmites australis in mediating inland salt marsh migration in a mid-Atlantic estuary. PLoS ONE 8(5): e65091. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065091Google Scholar
Smith, S. M. 2009. Multi-decadal changes in salt marshes of Cape Cod, MA: photographic analyses of vegetation loss, species shifts, and geomorphic change. Northeastern Naturalist, 16:183–208.Google Scholar
Smith, S. M., Roman, C. T., James-Pirri, M. J., Chapman, , Portnoy, K. J., and Gwilliam, E. 2009. Responses of plant communities to incremental hydrologic restoration of a tide-restricted salt marsh in southern New England (Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Restoration Ecology, 17:606–618.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R., and Ayres, D. R. 2013. Ecological and evolutionary misadventures of Spartina. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44:389–410.Google Scholar
Talley, T. S., Crooks, J. A., and Levin, L. A. 2001. Habitat utilization and alteration by the invasive burrowing isopod, Sphaeroma quoyanum, in California salt marshes. Marine Biology, 138:561–573.Google Scholar
Tang, M., and Kristensen, E. 2010. Associations between macrobenthos and invasive cordgrass, Spartina anglica, in the Danish Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 64:321–329.Google Scholar
Tavernia, B. G., and Reed, J. M. 2012. The impact of exotic purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) on wetland bird abundances. The American Midland Naturalist, 168: 352–363.Google Scholar
Thornton, W. 2018. How do transplant source, restoration site, and herbivory influence Pacific cordgrass restoration? Master’s thesis, San Francisco State University.Google Scholar
Trocki, C. L., and Paton, P. W. C. 2006. Assessing habitat selection by foraging egrets in salt marshes at multiple spatial scales. Wetlands, 26:307–312.Google Scholar
Tyrrell, M., Dionne, M. and Edgerly, J. 2008. Physical factors mediate effects of grazing by a non-indigenous snail species on saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in New England marshes. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65:746–752.Google Scholar
Uddin, N., Robinson, R. W., Buultjen, A., Al Haruna, A. U., and Shampa, S. H. 2017. Role of allelopathy of Phragmites australis in its invasion processes, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 486: 237–244.Google Scholar
Wan, S., Qin, P., Liu, J., and Zhou, H. 2009. The positive and negative effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora in China. Ecological Engineering, 35:444–452.Google Scholar
Weber, W. A. 1989. Additions to the flora of Colorado. Phytologia, 67:429–437.Google Scholar
Wilson, C. A., Hughes, Z. J., and FitzGerald, D. M. 2012. The effects of crab bioturbation on Mid-Atlantic saltmarsh tidal creek extension: geotechnical and geochemical changes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 106: 33–44.Google Scholar
Windham, L., and Lathrop, V. 1999. Effects of Phragmites australis (common reed) invasion on aboveground biomass and soil properties in brackish tidal marsh of the Mullica River, New Jersey. Estuaries, 22:927–935.Google Scholar
Windham, L., and Meyerson, L. A.. 2003. Effects of common reed (Phragmites australis) expansions on nitrogen dynamics of tidal marshes of the northeastern U.S. Estuaries, 26: 452–464.Google Scholar
Young, J. A., Palmquist, D. E., and Wotring, S. O. 1997. The invasive nature of Lepidium latifolium: A review, pp. 59–68. In: Brock, J. A., Wade, M. Pysek, P., Green, D. (eds.). Plant Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Young, J. A., Palmquist, D. E., and Blank, R. R. 1998. The ecology and control of perennial pepperweed. Weed Technology, 12(2): 402–405.Google Scholar
Zhang, R. S., Shen, Y. M., Lu, L. Y., Yan, S. G., Wang, Y. H., Li, J. L., and Zhang, Z. L. 2004. Formation of Spartina alterniflora salt marshes on the coast of Jiangsu Province, China. Ecological Engineering, 23:95–105.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×