Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T20:18:27.457Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 5 - Special Conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2018

Kate Bramham
Affiliation:
King’s College Hospital, London
Matt Hall
Affiliation:
Nottingham University Hospitals
Catherine Nelson-Piercy
Affiliation:
Guys's & St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Confortini, P, Galanti, G, Ancona, G, Giongo, A, Bruschi, E, Orenzini, E. Full term pregnancy and successful delivery in a patient on chronic hemodialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc. 1971(8):7480.Google Scholar
Successful pregnancies in women treated by dialysis and kidney transplantation: Report from the Registration Committee of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 1980;87(10):839845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagon, JA, Vernaeve, H, De Muylder, X, Lafontaine, JJ, Martens, J, Van Roost, G. Pregnancy and dialysis. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998;31(5):756765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toma, H, Tanabe, K, Tokumoto, T, Kobayashi, C, Yagisawa, T. Pregnancy in women receiving renal dialysis or transplantation in Japan: A nationwide survey. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 1999;14(6):15111516.Google Scholar
Okundaye, I, Abrinko, P, Hou, S. Registry of pregnancy in dialysis patients. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998;31(5):766773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malik, GH, Al-Harbi, A, Al-Mohaya, S, Dohaimi, H, Kechrid, M, Shetaia, MS, et al. Pregnancy in patients on dialysis – experience at a referral center. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2005;53:937941.Google Scholar
Barua, M, Hladunewich, M, Keunen, J, Pierratos, A, McFarlane, P, Sood, M, et al. Successful pregnancies on nocturnal home hemodialysis. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN. 2008;3(2):392396.Google Scholar
Shahir, AK, Briggs, N, Katsoulis, J, Levidiotis, V. An observational outcomes study from 1966–2008, examining pregnancy and neonatal outcomes from dialysed women using data from the ANZDATA registry. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic). 2013;18(4):276284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccoli, GB, Minelli, F, Versino, E, Cabiddu, G, Attini, R, Vigotti, FN, et al. Pregnancy in dialysis patients in the new millennium: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis correlating dialysis schedules and pregnancy outcomes. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piccoli, GB, Conijn, A, Consiglio, V, Vasario, E, Attini, R, Deagostini, MC, et al. Pregnancy in dialysis patients: Is the evidence strong enough to lead us to change our counseling policy? Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN. 2010;5(1):6271.Google Scholar
Lim, VS, Henriquez, C, Sievertsen, G, Frohman, LA. Ovarian function in chronic renal failure: Evidence suggesting hypothalamic anovulation. Annals of internal medicine. 1980;93(1):2127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez, F, de la Cueva, R, Wauters, JP, Lemarchand-Beraud, T. Endocrine abnormalities in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis: The role of prolactin. The American journal of medicine. 1980;68(4):522530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantouvalos, H, Metallinos, C, Makrygiannakis, A, Gouskos, A. Sex hormones in women on hemodialysis. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: The official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1984;22(5):367370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strippoli, GF, Collaborative, D, Sexual Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Working G, Vecchio, M, Palmer, S, De Berardis, G, et al. Sexual dysfunction in women with ESRD requiring hemodialysis. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN. 2012;7(6):974981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hou, S. Conception and pregnancy in peritoneal dialysis patients. Peritoneal dialysis international: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2001;21 Suppl. 3:S2904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moranne, O, Samouelian, V, Lapeyre, F, Pagniez, D, Subtil, D, Dequiedt, P, et al. [Pregnancy and hemodialysis]. Nephrologie. 2004;25(7):287292.Google ScholarPubMed
Tan, LK, Kanagalingam, D, Tan, HK, Choong, HL. Obstetric outcomes in women with end-stage renal failure requiring renal dialysis. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: The official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2006;94(1):1722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eroglu, D, Lembet, A, Ozdemir, FN, Ergin, T, Kazanci, F, Kuscu, E, et al. Pregnancy during hemodialysis: Perinatal outcome in our cases. Transplantation proceedings. 2004;36(1):5355.Google Scholar
Haase, M, Morgera, S, Bamberg, C, Halle, H, Martini, S, Hocher, B, et al. A systematic approach to managing pregnant dialysis patients – the importance of an intensified haemodiafiltration protocol. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2005;20(11):25372542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luders, C, Castro, MC, Titan, SM, De Castro, I, Elias, RM, Abensur, H, et al. Obstetric outcome in pregnant women on long-term dialysis: A case series. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2010;56(1):7785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hladunewich, MA, Hou, S, Odutayo, A, Cornelis, T, Pierratos, A, Goldstein, M, et al. Intensive hemodialysis associates with improved pregnancy outcomes: A Canadian and United States cohort comparison. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN. 2014;25(5):11031109.Google Scholar
Jesudason, S, Grace, BS, McDonald, SP. Pregnancy outcomes according to dialysis commencing before or after conception in women with ESRD. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN. 2014;9(1):143149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asamiya, Y, Otsubo, S, Matsuda, Y, Kimata, N, Kikuchi, K, Miwa, N, et al. The importance of low blood urea nitrogen levels in pregnant patients undergoing hemodialysis to optimize birth weight and gestational age. Kidney international. 2009;75(11):12171222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, CY, Ting, IW, Lin, TH, Lee, CN. Pregnancy in patients on chronic dialysis: A single center experience and combined analysis of reported results. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology. 2008;136(2):165170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kioko, EM, Shaw, KM, Clarke, AD, Warren, DJ. Successful pregnancy in a diabetic patient treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Diabetes care. 1983;6(3):298300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett-Jones, DN, Aber, GM, Baker, K. Successful pregnancy in a patient treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 1989;4(6):583585.Google Scholar
Jakobi, P, Ohel, G, Szylman, P, Levit, A, Lewin, M, Paldi, E. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis as the primary approach in the management of severe renal insufficiency in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1992;79(5 [Pt 2]):808810.Google ScholarPubMed
Gomez Vazquez, JA, Martinez Calva, IE, Mendiola Fernandez, R, Escalera Leon, V, Cardona, M, Noyola, H. Pregnancy in end-stage renal disease patients and treatment with peritoneal dialysis: Report of two cases. Peritoneal dialysis international: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2007;27(3):353358.Google Scholar
Altay, M, Akay, H, Parpucu, H, Duranay, M, Oguz, Y. A rare case: Full-term delivery in a lupus patient on CAPD. Peritoneal dialysis international: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2007;27(6):711712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jefferys, A, Wyburn, K, Chow, J, Cleland, B, Hennessy, A. Peritoneal dialysis in pregnancy: A case series. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic). 2008;13(5):380383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okundaye, I, Hou, S. Management of pregnancy in women undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Advances in peritoneal dialysis: Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis. 1996;12:151155.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, WT, Darbari, S, Kwan, M, OR-G, C, Devita, MV. Pregnancy in peritoneal dialysis: A case report and review of adequacy and outcomes. International urology and nephrology. 2005;37(1):145151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, CY, Ting, IW, Hsieh, FJ, Lee, CN. Haemoperitoneum in a pregnant woman with peritoneal dialysis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2006;21(5):14541455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lew, SQ. Persistent hemoperitoneum in a pregnant patient receiving peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis international: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2006;26(1):108110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadallah, MF, Ahmad, B, Karubian, F, Campese, VM. Pregnancy in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1992;20(4):407410.Google Scholar
Chao, AS, Huang, JY, Lien, R, Kung, FT, Chen, PJ, Hsieh, PC. Pregnancy in women who undergo long-term hemodialysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2002;187(1):152156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oosterhof, H, Navis, GJ, Go, JG, Dassel, AC, de Jong, PE, Aarnoudse, JG. Pregnancy in a patient on chronic haemodialysis: Fetal monitoring by Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 1993;100(12):11401141.Google Scholar
Malone, FD, Craigo, SD, Giatras, I, Carlson, J, Athanassiou, A, D’Alton, ME. Suggested ultrasound parameters for the assessment of fetal well-being during chronic hemodialysis. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology: The official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998;11(6):450452.Google Scholar
Bamberg, C, Diekmann, F, Haase, M, Budde, K, Hocher, B, Halle, H, et al. Pregnancy on intensified hemodialysis: Fetal surveillance and perinatal outcome. Fetal diagnosis and therapy. 2007;22(4):289293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romero, R, Espinoza, J, Kusanovic, JP, Gotsch, F, Hassan, S, Erez, O, et al. The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2006;113 Suppl. 3:1742.Google Scholar
Brost, BC, Newman, RB, Hendricks, SK, Droste, S, Mathur, RS. Effect of hemodialysis on serum progesterone level in pregnant women. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1999;33(5):917919.Google Scholar
Piccoli, GB, Cabiddu, G, Daidone, G, Guzzo, G, Maxia, S, Ciniglio, I, et al. The children of dialysis: Live-born babies from on-dialysis mothers in Italy – an epidemiological perspective comparing dialysis, kidney transplantation and the overall population. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2014;29(8):15781586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fahy, BG, Gouzd, VA, Atallah, JN. Pregnancy tests with end-stage renal disease. Journal of clinical anesthesia. 2008;20(8):609613.Google Scholar
Holley, JL, Reddy, SS. Pregnancy in dialysis patients: A review of outcomes, complications, and management. Seminars in dialysis. 2003;16(5):384388.Google Scholar
Batarse, R, Steiger, RM, Guest, S. Peritoneal dialysis prescription during the third trimester of pregnancy. Peritoneal dialysis international: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. 2014.Google Scholar
Hladunewich, M, Hercz, AE, Keunen, J, Chan, C, Pierratos, A. Pregnancy in end stage renal disease. Seminars in dialysis. 2011;24(6):634639.Google Scholar
Malek, A, Sager, R, Eckardt, KU, Bauer, C, Schneider, H. Lack of transport of erythropoietin across the human placenta as studied by an in vitro perfusion system. Pflugers Archiv: European journal of physiology. 1994;427(1–2):157161.Google Scholar
Bothwell, TH. Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2000;72(1 Suppl.):257S–64S.Google Scholar
Bates, SM, Greer, IA, Hirsh, J, Ginsberg, JS. Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126(3 Suppl.):627S–44S.Google Scholar
Lavainne, F, Meffray, E, Pepper, RJ, Neel, M, Delcroix, C, Salama, AD, et al. Heparin use during dialysis sessions induces an increase in the antiangiogenic factor soluble Flt1. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: Official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2014;29(6):12251231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shenhav, S, Gemer, O, Sherman, DJ, Peled, R, Segal, S. Midtrimester triple-test levels in women with chronic hypertension and altered renal function. Prenatal diagnosis. 2003;23(2):166167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittfooth, S, Tertti, R, Lepantalo, M, Porela, P, Qin, QP, Tynjala, J, et al. Studies on the effects of heparin products on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Clinica chimica acta: International journal of clinical chemistry. 2011;412(3–4):376381.Google Scholar
Shulman, LP, Briggs, R, Phillips, OP, Friedman, SA, Sibai, B. Renal hemodialysis and maternal serum triple analyte screening. Fetal diagnosis and therapy. 1998;13(1):2628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tzitzikos, G, Saridi, M, Filippopoulou, T, Makri, A, Goulioti, A, Stavropoulos, T, et al. Measurement of tumor markers in chronic hemodialysis patients. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation: An official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia. 2010;21(1):5053.Google Scholar
Khandelwal, M. Vaginal progesterone in risk reduction of preterm birth in women with short cervix in the midtrimester of pregnancy. International journal of women’s health. 2012;4:481490.Google Scholar
Luciani, G, Bossola, M, Tazza, L, Panocchia, N, Liberatori, M, De Carolis, S, et al. Pregnancy during chronic hemodialysis: A single dialysis-unit experience with five cases. Renal failure. 2002;24(6):853862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Murray, JE, Reid, DE, Harrison, JH, Merrill, JP. Successful pregnancies after human renal transplantation. The New England journal of medicine. 1963;269:341343.Google Scholar
McKay, DB, Josephson, MA. Pregnancy in recipients of solid organs – effects on mother and child. The New England journal of medicine. 2006;354(12):12811293.Google Scholar
Davison, JM, Bailey, DJ. Pregnancy following renal transplantation. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2003;29(4):227233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, DB, Josephson, MA, Armenti, VT, August, P, Coscia, LA, Davis, CL, et al. Reproduction and transplantation: Report on the AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues and Transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(7):15921599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hou, S. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20(3):253259.Google Scholar
Lessan-Pezeshki, M. Pregnancy after renal transplantation: Points to consider. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(5):703707.Google Scholar
Lessan-Pezeshki, M, Ghazizadeh, S, Khatami, MR, Mahdavi, M, Razeghi, E, Seifi, S, et al. Fertility and contraceptive issues after kidney transplantation in women. Transplant Proc. 2004;36(5):14051406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josephson, MA, McKay, DB. Women and transplantation: Fertility, sexuality, pregnancy, contraception. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20(5):433440.Google Scholar
Ramhendar, T, Byrne, P. Contraception for renal transplant recipients in the Republic of Ireland: A review. Ir J Med Sci. 2013;182(3):315317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, VA, Davis, JS, Sayles, HS, Wu, SS. Contraception and fertility awareness among women with solid organ transplants. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2013;122(4):809814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European best practice guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: Long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.10. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17 Suppl. 4:5055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richman, K, Gohh, R. Pregnancy after renal transplantation: A review of registry and single-center practices and outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(9):34283434.Google Scholar
Fischer, T, Neumayer, HH, Fischer, R, Barenbrock, M, Schobel, HP, Lattrell, BC, et al. Effect of pregnancy on long-term kidney function in renal transplant recipients treated with ciclosporine and with azathioprine. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(11):27322739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, JM. Renal disorders in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2001;13(2):109114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, JM. The effect of pregnancy on kidney function in renal allograft recipients. Kidney Int. 1985;27(1):7479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hou, S, Firanek, C. Management of the pregnant dialysis patient. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 1998;5(1):2430.Google Scholar
Armenti, VT, Radomski, JS, Moritz, MJ, Gaughan, WJ, Hecker, WP, Lavelanet, A, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2004:103114.Google Scholar
Crowe, AV, Rustom, R, Gradden, C, Sells, RA, Bakran, A, Bone, JM, et al. Pregnancy does not adversely affect renal transplant function. QJM. 1999;92(11):631635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz Lemini, MC, Ibarguengoitia Ochoa, F, Villanueva Gonzalez, MA. Perinatal outcome following renal transplantation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;96(2):7679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galdo, T, Gonzalez, F, Espinoza, M, Quintero, N, Espinoza, O, Herrera, S, et al. Impact of pregnancy on the function of transplanted kidneys. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(3):15771579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gutierrez, MJ, Acebedo-Ribo, M, Garcia-Donaire, JA, Manzanera, MJ, Molina, A, Gonzalez, E, et al. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(9):37213722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooi, LS, Rozina, G, Shaariah, MY, Teo, SM, Tan, CH, Bavanandan, S, et al. Pregnancy in patients with renal transplants in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58(1):2736.Google ScholarPubMed
Keitel, E, Bruno, RM, Duarte, M, Santos, AF, Bittar, AE, Bianco, PD, et al. Pregnancy outcome after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2004;36(4):870871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miniero, R, Tardivo, I, Curtoni, ES, Bresadola, F, Calconi, G, Cavallari, A, et al. Outcome of pregnancy after organ transplantation: A retrospective survey in Italy. Transpl Int. 2005;17(11):724729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliveira, LG, Sass, N, Sato, JL, Ozaki, KS, Medina Pestana, JO. Pregnancy after renal transplantation – a five-yr single-center experience. Clin Transplant. 2007;21(3):301304.Google Scholar
Pour-Reza-Gholi, F, Nafar, M, Farrokhi, F, Entezari, A, Taha, N, Firouzan, A, et al. Pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(7):30903092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahamimov, R, Ben-Haroush, A, Wittenberg, C, Mor, E, Lustig, S, Gafter, U, et al. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: Long-term effect on patient and graft survival. A single-center experience. Transplantation. 2006;81(5):660664.Google Scholar
Sibanda, N, Briggs, JD, Davison, JM, Johnson, RJ, Rudge, CJ. Pregnancy after organ transplantation: A report from the UK Transplant pregnancy registry. Transplantation. 2007;83(10):13011307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, BC, Kingdon, EJ, Tuck, SM, Fernando, ON, Sweny, P. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: The Royal Free Hospital experience. QJM. 2003;96(11):837844.Google Scholar
Yildirim, Y, Uslu, A. Pregnancy in patients with previous successful renal transplantation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;90(3):198202.Google Scholar
Levidiotis, V, Chang, S, McDonald, S. Pregnancy and maternal outcomes among kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(11):24332440.Google Scholar
Stratta, P, Canavese, C, Giacchino, F, Mesiano, P, Quaglia, M, Rossetti, M. Pregnancy in kidney transplantation: satisfactory outcomes and harsh realities. J Nephrol. 2003;16(6):792806.Google ScholarPubMed
Rose, C, Gill, J, Zalunardo, N, Johnston, O, Mehrotra, A, Gill, JS. Timing of pregnancy after kidney transplantation and risk of allograft failure. American journal of transplantation: Official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2016;16(8):23602367.Google Scholar
Kwek, JL, Tey, V, Yang, L, Kanagalingam, D, Kee, T. Renal and obstetric outcomes in pregnancy after kidney transplantation: Twelve-year experience in a Singapore transplant center. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research. 2015;41(9):13371344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoumpos, S, McNeill, SH, Gorrie, M, Mark, PB, Brennand, JE, Geddes, CC, et al. Obstetric and long-term kidney outcomes in renal transplant recipients: A 40-yr single-center study. Clinical transplantation. 2016;30(6):673681.Google Scholar
Li, YP, Shih, JC, Lin, SY, Lee, CN. Pregnancy outcomes after kidney transplantation-A single-center experience in Taiwan. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;55(3):314318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stratta, P, Canavese, C, Giacchino, F, Mesiano, P, Quaglia, M, Rossetti, M. Pregnancy in kidney transplantation: Satisfactory outcomes and harsh realities. J Nephrol. 2003;16(6):792806.Google Scholar
Bramham, K, Nelson-Piercy, C, Gao, H, Pierce, M, Bush, N, Spark, P, et al. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: A UK national cohort study. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN. 2013;8(2):290298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, MR, Combs, CA, Weiskittel, P, Miodovnik, M. Lack of effect of pregnancy on renal allograft survival or function. Transplantation. 1995;59(4):472476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmela, KT, Kyllonen, LE, Holmberg, C, Gronhagen-Riska, C. Impaired renal function after pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1993;56(6):13721375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccoli, GB, Cabiddu, G, Attini, R, Gerbino, M, Todeschini, P, Perrino, ML, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies after kidney transplantation: Lessons learned from CKD. A comparison of transplanted, nontransplanted chronic kidney disease patients and low-risk pregnancies: a multicenter nationwide analysis. Transplantation. 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armenti, VT, McGrory, CH, Cater, JR, Radomski, JS, Moritz, MJ. Pregnancy outcomes in female renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 1998;30(5):17321734.Google Scholar
Coscia, LA, Constantinescu, S, Moritz, MJ, Frank, A, Ramirez, CB, Maley, WL, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2009:103122.Google Scholar
Deshpande, NA, James, NT, Kucirka, LM, Boyarsky, BJ, Garonzik-Wang, JM, Montgomery, RA, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of transplantation: Official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2011;11(11):23882404.Google Scholar
Sarween, N, Hughes, S, Evison, F, Day, C, Knox, E, Lipkin, G. SO012 Pregnancy outcomes in renal transplant recipients in England over 15 years. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2016;31(Suppl. 1):i6.Google Scholar
Ehrich, JH, Loirat, C, Davison, JM, Rizzoni, G, Wittkop, B, Selwood, NH, et al. Repeated successful pregnancies after kidney transplantation in 102 women (Report by the EDTA Registry). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(7):13141317.Google Scholar
Armenti, VT, Ahlswede, KM, Ahlswede, BA, Jarrell, BE, Moritz, MJ, Burke, JF. National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry – outcomes of 154 pregnancies in ciclosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1994;57(4):502506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yongwon, PJC, Younghan, K, Changee, L, Hyungmin, C, Taeyoon, K. 360 pregnancy outcome in renal transplant recipients: The experience of a single center in Korea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185(Suppl. 6:S180).Google Scholar
Morken, NH, Diaz-Garcia, C, Reisaeter, AV, Foss, A, Leivestad, T, Geiran, O, et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcome of pregnancies fathered by males on immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation. American journal of transplantation: Official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2015;15(6):16661673.Google Scholar
Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Meher, S, King, JF. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2007(2):CD004659.Google Scholar
Davison, JM. Pregnancy in renal allograft recipients: Problems, prognosis and practicalities. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;8(2):501525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, JS, Zalunardo, N, Rose, C, Tonelli, M. The pregnancy rate and live birth rate in kidney transplant recipients. American journal of transplantation: Official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2009;9(7):15411549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sgro, MD, Barozzino, T, Mirghani, HM, Sermer, M, Moscato, L, Akoury, H, et al. Pregnancy outcome post renal transplantation. Teratology. 2002;65(1):59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armenti, VT, Radomski, JS, Moritz, MJ, Gaughan, WJ, Philips, LZ, McGrory, CH, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): Outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2002:121130.Google Scholar
Penny, JA, Halligan, AWF, Shennan, AH, Lambert, PC, Jones, DR, de Swiet, M, et al. Automated, ambulatory, or conventional blood pressure measurement in pregnancy: Which is the better predictor of severe hypertension? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1998;178(3):521526.Google Scholar
Garg, AX, Nevis, IF, McArthur, E, Sontrop, JM, Koval, JJ, Lam, NN, et al. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors. The New England journal of medicine. 2014.Google Scholar
Nulman, I, Sgro, M, Barrera, M, Chitayat, D, Cairney, J, Koren, G. Long-term neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to ciclosporin after maternal renal transplant. Paediatr Drugs. 2010;12(2):113122.Google Scholar
Willis, FR, Findlay, CA, Gorrie, MJ, Watson, MA, Wilkinson, AG, Beattie, TJ. Children of renal transplant recipient mothers. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000;36(3):230235.Google Scholar
Stanley, CW, Gottlieb, R, Zager, R, Eisenberg, J, Richmond, R, Moritz, MJ, et al. Developmental well-being in offspring of women receiving ciclosporine post-renal transplant. Transplant Proc. 1999;31(1–2):241242.Google Scholar
Tendron-Franzin, A, Gouyon, JB, Guignard, JP, Decramer, S, Justrabo, E, Gilbert, T, et al. Long-term effects of in utero exposure to cyclosporin A on renal function in the rabbit. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(10):26872693.Google Scholar
Di Paolo, S, Schena, A, Morrone, LF, Manfredi, G, Stallone, G, Derosa, C, et al. Immunologic evaluation during the first year of life of infants born to ciclosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients: Analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin serum levels. Transplantation. 2000;69(10):20492054.Google Scholar
Pilarski, LM, Yacyshyn, BR, Lazarovits, AI. Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations and immune function from children exposed to ciclosporine or to azathioprine in utero. Transplantation. 1994;57(1):133144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, JR, Branch, DW, Holman, J. Autoimmune and pregnancy complications in the daughter of a kidney transplant patient. Transplantation. 2002;73(5):815816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochat, P, Decramer, S, Robert-Gnansia, E, Duborg, L, Audra, P. Renal outcome of children exposed to ciclosporine in utero Transplantation proceedings. 2004; 36(Suppl 2S): S208–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sifontis, NM, Coscia, LA, Constantinescu, S, Lavelanet, AF, Moritz, MJ, Armenti, VT. Pregnancy outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Transplantation. 2006;82(12):16981702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietrzak, B, Cyganek, A, Jabiry-Zieniewicz, Z, Bobrowska, K, Durlik, M, Paczek, L, et al. Function of the ovaries in female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation proceedings. 2006;38(1):180183.Google Scholar
Berkkanoglu, M, Bulut, H, Coetzee, K, Ozgur, K. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in male renal transplant recipients. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 2015;20(2):127130.Google Scholar
Norrman, E, Bergh, C, Wennerholm, UB. Pregnancy outcome and long-term follow-up after in vitro fertilization in women with renal transplantation. Hum Reprod. 2015;30(1):205213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietrzak, B, Mazanowska, N, Kociszewska-Najman, B, et al. Successful Pregnancy Outcome after In Vitro Fertilization in a Kidney Graft Recipient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ann Transplant. 2015;20:338341.Google Scholar
Ross, LF. Ethical considerations related to pregnancy in transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(12):1313–6.Google Scholar
Blume, C, Sensoy, A, Gross, MM, Guenter, HH, Haller, H, Manns, MP, et al. A comparison of the outcome of pregnancies after liver and kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2013;95(1):222227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shrestha, BM, Throssell, D, McKane, W, Raftery, AT. Injury to a transplanted kidney during caesarean section: a case report. Exp Clin Transplant. 2007;5(1):618–20.Google Scholar
National Transplant Pregnancy Registry: 2011 annual report. Philadelphia, PA: Thomas Jefferson University, 2012.Google Scholar

References

Deshpande, NA, James, NT, Kucirka, LM, Boyarsky, BJ, Garonzik-Wang, JM, Montgomery, RA, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of transplantation: Official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2011;11(11):23882404.Google Scholar
McKay, DB, Josephson, MA. Pregnancy in recipients of solid organs – effects on mother and child. The New England journal of medicine. 2006;354(12):12811293.Google Scholar
McCormick, T, Ashe, RG, Kearney, PM. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 2008;10(3):156162.Google Scholar
Harris, RE. The significance of eradication of bacteriuria during pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1979;53(1):7173.Google Scholar
Romero, R, Oyarzun, E, Mazor, M, Sirtori, M, Hobbins, JC, Bracken, M. Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery/low birth weight. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1989;73(4):576582.Google ScholarPubMed
Smaill, F, Vazquez, JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2007(2):CD000490.Google Scholar
European Best Practice Guidelines for Renal Transplantation. Section IV: Long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.10. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17 Suppl. 4:5055.Google Scholar
Thompson, BC, Kingdon, EJ, Tuck, SM, Fernando, ON, Sweny, P. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: The Royal Free Hospital experience. QJM. 2003;96(11):837844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galdo, T, Gonzalez, F, Espinoza, M, Quintero, N, Espinoza, O, Herrera, S, et al. Impact of pregnancy on the function of transplanted kidneys. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(3):15771579.Google Scholar
Oliveira, LG, Sass, N, Sato, JL, Ozaki, KS, Medina Pestana, JO. Pregnancy after renal transplantation – a five-yr single-center experience. Clin Transplant. 2007;21(3):301304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooi, LS, Rozina, G, Shaariah, MY, Teo, SM, Tan, CH, Bavanandan, S, et al. Pregnancy in patients with renal transplants in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58(1):2736.Google Scholar
Vazquez, JC, Villar, J. Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(3):CD002256.Google Scholar
Stamm, AM, Dismukes, WE, Simmons, BP, Cobbs, CG, Elliott, A, Budrich, P, et al. Listeriosis in renal transplant recipients: Report of an outbreak and review of 102 cases. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1982;4(3):665682.Google Scholar
Verani, JR, McGee, L, Schrag, SJ, Division of Bacterial Diseases NCfI, Respiratory Diseases CfDC, Prevention. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease – revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report Recommendations and reports/Centers for Disease Control. 2010;59(RR-10):136.Google Scholar
Andrews, PA, Emery, VC, Newstead, C. Summary of the British Transplantation Society guidelines for the prevention and management of CMV disease after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2011;92(11):11811187.Google Scholar
Humar, A, Limaye, AP, Blumberg, EA, Hauser, IA, Vincenti, F, Jardine, AG, et al. Extended valganciclovir prophylaxis in D+/R- kidney transplant recipients is associated with long-term reduction in cytomegalovirus disease: Two-year results of the IMPACT study. Transplantation. 2010;90(12):14271431.Google Scholar
Ventura, AM, Imperiali, N, Dominguez-Gil, B, del Prado Sierra, M, Munoz, MA, Andres, A, et al. Successful pregnancies in female kidney-transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus infection. Transplantation proceedings. 2003;35(3):10781080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
[bnf.org/bnf]. JFCBNFLBMAaRPSoGB.Google Scholar
Brown, ZA, Selke, S, Zeh, J, Kopelman, J, Maslow, A, Ashley, RL, et al. The acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. The New England journal of medicine. 1997;337(8):509515.Google Scholar
Harbell, J, Terrault, NA, Stock, P. Solid organ transplants in HIV-infected patients. Current HIV/AIDS reports. 2013;10(3):217225.Google Scholar
Diaz, F, Collazos, J, Mayo, J, Martinez, E. Sulfadiazine-induced multiple urolithiasis and acute renal failure in a patient with AIDS and Toxoplasma encephalitis. The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 1996;30(1):4142.Google Scholar
Coyne DW BDAitRTRUwuc.Google Scholar
Breymann, C. Treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy and postpartum with special focus on intravenous iron sucrose complex. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2005;88 Suppl. 2:S108S109.Google Scholar
Sifakis, S, Angelakis, E, Vardaki, E, Koumantaki, Y, Matalliotakis, I, Koumantakis, E. Erythropoietin in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation. 2001;51(3):150156.Google Scholar
Reveiz, L, Gyte, GM, Cuervo, LG, Casasbuenas, A. Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2011(10):CD003094.Google Scholar
Perewusnyk, G, Huch, R, Huch, A, Breymann, C. Parenteral iron therapy in obstetrics: 8 years experience with iron-sucrose complex. The British journal of nutrition. 2002;88(1):310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavord, S, Myers, B, Robinson, S, Allard, S, Strong, J, Oppenheimer, C, et al. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. British journal of haematology. 2012;156(5):588600.Google Scholar
Breymann, C, von Seefried, B, Stahel, M, Geisser, P, Canclini, C. Milk iron content in breast-feeding mothers after administration of intravenous iron sucrose complex. Journal of perinatal medicine. 2007;35(2):115118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, LA, von Dadelszen, P, Darley, J, Beguin, Y. Erythropoiesis and renal transplant pregnancy. Clinical transplantation. 2000;14(2):127135.Google Scholar
Thorp, M, Pulliam, J. Use of recombinant erythropoietin in a pregnant renal transplant recipient. American journal of nephrology. 1998;18(5):448451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goshorn, J, Youell, TD. Darbepoetin alfa treatment for post-renal transplantation anemia during pregnancy. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2005;46(5):e81–6.Google Scholar
Kashiwagi, M, Breymann, C, Huch, R, Huch, A. Hypertension in a pregnancy with renal anemia after recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2002;267(1):5456.Google Scholar
Resch, BE, Gaspar, R, Sonkodi, S, Falkay, G. Vasoactive effects of erythropoietin on human placental blood vessels in vitro. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2003;188(4):993996.Google Scholar
Juul, SE, Joyce, AE, Zhao, Y, Ledbetter, DJ. Why is erythropoietin present in human milk? Studies of erythropoietin receptors on enterocytes of human and rat neonates. Pediatric research. 1999;46(3):263268.Google Scholar
Schaefer, RM, Kokot, F, Wernze, H, Geiger, H, Heidland, A. Improved sexual function in hemodialysis patients on recombinant erythropoietin: A possible role for prolactin. Clinical nephrology. 1989;31(1):15.Google Scholar
Krafft, A, Bencaiova, G, Breymann, C. Selective use of recombinant human erythropoietin in pregnant patients with severe anemia or nonresponsive to iron sucrose alone. Fetal diagnosis and therapy. 2009;25(2):239245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boulet, SL, Okoroh, EM, Azonobi, I, Grant, A, Craig Hooper, W. Sickle cell disease in pregnancy: Maternal complications in a Medicaid-enrolled population. Maternal and child health journal. 2013;17(2):200207.Google Scholar
Edison, RJ, Muenke, M. Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;350(15):15791582.Google Scholar
Morton, A, Dalzell, F, Isbel, N, Prado, T. Pregnancy outcome in a renal transplant recipient with residual mild tertiary hyperparathyroidism. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2005;112(1):124125.Google Scholar
Schnatz, PF, Curry, SL. Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: Evidence-based management. Obstetrical & gynecological survey. 2002;57(6):365376.Google Scholar
Rutgers-Verhage, AR, deVries, TW, Torringa, MJ. No effects of bisphosphonates on the human fetus. Birth defects research Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology. 2003;67(3):203204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ornoy, A, Wajnberg, R, Diav-Citrin, O. The outcome of pregnancy following pre-pregnancy or early pregnancy alendronate treatment. Reproductive toxicology. 2006;22(4):578579.Google Scholar
McKenzie, AF, Budd, RS, Yang, C, Shapiro, B, Hicks, RJ. Technetium-99 m-methylene diphosphonate uptake in the fetal skeleton at 30 weeks gestation. Journal of nuclear medicine: Official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1994;35(8):13381341.Google Scholar
Stathopoulos, IP, Liakou, CG, Katsalira, A, Trovas, G, Lyritis, GG, Papaioannou, NA, et al. The use of bisphosphonates in women prior to or during pregnancy and lactation. Hormones. 2011;10(4):280291.Google Scholar
Kyle, PM. Drugs and the fetus. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology. 2006;18(2):9399.Google Scholar
Gutzin, SJ, Kozer, E, Magee, LA, Feig, DS, Koren, G. The safety of oral hypoglycemic agents in the first trimester of pregnancy: A meta-analysis. The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique. 2003;10(4):179183.Google Scholar
Gilbert, C, Valois, M, Koren, G. Pregnancy outcome after first-trimester exposure to metformin: A meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility. 2006;86(3):658663.Google Scholar
Ekpebegh, CO, Coetzee, EJ, van der Merwe, L, Levitt, NS. A 10-year retrospective analysis of pregnancy outcome in pregestational Type 2 diabetes: comparison of insulin and oral glucose-lowering agents. Diabetic medicine: A journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2007;24(3):253258.Google Scholar
Rowan, JA, Hague, WM, Gao, W, Battin, MR, Moore, MP, Mi, GTI. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2008;358(19):20032015.Google Scholar
Halpert, R, Fruchter, RG, Sedlis, A, Butt, K, Boyce, JG, Sillman, FH. Human papillomavirus and lower genital neoplasia in renal transplant patients. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1986;68(2):251258.Google Scholar
Ozsaran, AA, Ates, T, Dikmen, Y, Zeytinoglu, A, Terek, C, Erhan, Y, et al. Evaluation of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papilloma virus infection in renal transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. European journal of gynaecological oncology. 1999;20(2):127130.Google Scholar
Kasiske, BL, Snyder, JJ, Gilbertson, DT, Wang, C. Cancer after kidney transplantation in the United States. American journal of transplantation: Official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2004;4(6):905913.Google Scholar
Bruinsma, F, Lumley, J, Tan, J, Quinn, M. Precancerous changes in the cervix and risk of subsequent preterm birth. BJOG: An international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2007;114(1):7080.Google Scholar
Markowitz, LE, Hariri, S, Lin, C, Dunne, EF, Steinau, M, McQuillan, G, et al. Reduction in human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among young women following HPV vaccine introduction in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2003–2010. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2013;208(3):385393.Google Scholar
Kahn, JA. HPV vaccination for the prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The New England journal of medicine. 2009;361(3):271278.Google Scholar
Tomljenovic, L, Spinosa, JP, Shaw, CA. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines as an option for preventing cervical malignancies: (How) effective and safe? Current pharmaceutical design. 2013;19(8):14661487.Google Scholar

References

Noia, G, Masini, L, De Santis, M and Caruso, A. The impact of invasive procedures on prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of urinary tract anomalies. In Neonatal nephrology in progress, edited by Cataldi, L, Fanos, V, Simeoni, U. Lecce, Italy, Agora, 1996, pp. 6784.Google Scholar
Pope, JCI, Brock, JW III, Adams, MC, Stephens, FD and Ichikawa, I. How they begin and how they end: Classic and new theories for the development and deterioration of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT. J Am Soc Nephrol 10, 20182028, 1999.Google Scholar
Hsu, CW, Yamamoto, KT, Henry, RK, De Roos, AJ and Flynn, JT. Prenatal risk factors for childhood CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 25, 21052111, 2014.Google Scholar
Dart, AB, Ruth, CA, Sellers, EA, Au, W and Dean, HJ. Maternal diabetes mellitus and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in the child. Am J Kid Dis S0272-6386(14)01527–3. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.11.017. 2015. [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar
Kincaid-Smith, P and Becker, G. Reflux nephropathy and chronic atrophic pyelonephritis: A review. J Infect Dis 138, 774780, 1978.Google Scholar
Bailey, R. Vesicoureteric reflux in healthy infants and children. In Reflux nephropathy, edited by Hodson, J and Kincaid-Smith, P Masson, New York, 1979, pp. 5961.Google Scholar
Sargent, MA. What is the normal prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux? Pediatr Radiol 30, 587593, 2000.Google Scholar
Dillon, MJ and Goonasekera, CD. Reflux nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 9, 23772383, 1998.Google Scholar
Chapman, CJ, Bailey, RR, Janus, ED, Abbott, GD and Lynn, KL. Vesicoureteric reflux: Segregation analysis. Am J Med Genet 20, 577584, 1985.Google Scholar
Feather, SA, Malcolm, S, Woolf, AS, Wright, V, Blaydon, D, Reid, CJ, Flinter, FA, Proesmans, W, Devriendt, K, Carter, J, Warwicker, P, Goodship, TH and Goodship, JA. Primary, nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux and its nephropathy is genetically heterogeneous, with a locus on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet 66, 14201425, 2000.Google Scholar
Mak, RH and Kuo, HJ. Primary ureteral reflux: Emerging insights from molecular and genetic studies. Curr Opin Pediatr 15, 181185, 2003.Google Scholar
Woolf, AS, Price, KL, Scambler, PJ and Winyard, PJD. Evolving concepts in human renal dysplasia. J Am Soc Nephrol 15, 9981007, 2004.Google Scholar
Murawski, IJ and Gupta, IR. Vesicoureteric reflux and renal malformations: A developmental problem. Clinical Genetics 69: 105117, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, W, Van Eerde, AM, Fan, X, Quintero-Rivera, F, Kulkarni, S, Ferguson, H, Kim, HG, Fan, Y, Xi, Q, Li, QG, Sanlaville, D, Andrews, W, Sundaresan, V, Bi, W, Yan, J, Giltay, JC, Wijmenga, C, de Jong, TP, Feather, SA, Woolf, AS, Rao, Y, Lupski, JR, Eccles, MR, Quade, BJ, Gusella, JF, Morton, CC and Maas, RL. Disruption of ROBO2 is associated with urinary tract anomalies and confers risk of vesicoureteral reflux. Am J Hum Genet 80, 616632, 2007.Google Scholar
Smellie, J, Edwards, D, Hunter, N, Normand, IC and Prescod, N. Vesico-ureteric reflux and renal scarring. Kidney Int Suppl 4: S65-72, 1975.Google Scholar
Bailey, R. Vesicoureteric reflux and reflux nephropathy. In Diseases of the kidney, edited by Schrier, RW GG. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1988, pp. 747783.Google Scholar
Goonasekera, CDA and Dillon, MJ. Hypertension in reflux nephropathy. BJU International 83, 112, 1999.Google Scholar
Lynn, K. Vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy. In Comprehensive clinical nephrology, edited by Feehally, J, Floege, J and Johnson, RJ. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007, p. 691702.Google Scholar
Lucas, MJ CF. Urinary infection in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36, 855868, 1993.Google Scholar
Mikhail, MS AA. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in pregnancy: A review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50, 675683, 1995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vazquez, JC and Villar, J. Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Article number CD002256: 2003.Google Scholar
Smaill, F and Vazquez, JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Article number CD000490: 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imbasciati, E and Ponticelli, C. Pregnancy and renal disease: Predictors for fetal and maternal outcome. Am J Nephrol 11, 353362, 1991.Google Scholar
Jones, DC and Hayslett, JP. Outcome of pregnancy in women with moderate or severe renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 335, 226232, 1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungers, P and Chauveau, D. Pregnancy in renal disease. Kidney Int 52, 871885, 1997.Google Scholar
Jungers, P, Chauveau, D, Choukroun, G, Moynot, A, Skhiri, H, Houillier, P, Forget, D and Grunfeld, JP. Pregnancy in women with impaired renal function. Clin Nephrol 47, 281288, 1997.Google Scholar
Davison, JM. Renal disorders in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 13, 109114, 2001.Google Scholar
Fischer, MJ, Lehnerz, SD, Hebert, JR and Parikh, CR. Kidney disease is an independent risk factor for adverse fetal and maternal outcomes in pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 43, 415423, 2004.Google Scholar
Franceschini, N, Savitz, DA, Kaufman, JS and Thorp, JM. Maternal urine albumin excretion and pregnancy outcome. Am J Kidney Dis 45, 10101018, 2005.Google Scholar
Imbasciati, E, Gregorini, G, Cabiddu, G, Gammaro, L, Ambroso, G, Del Giudice, A and Ravani, P. Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: Fetal and maternal outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 49, 753762, 2007.Google Scholar
Lindheimer, MD and Davison, JM. Pregnancy and CKD: Any progress? Am J Kidney Dis 49, 729731, 2007.Google Scholar
Katz, AI, Davison, JM, Hayslett, JP, Singson, E and Lindheimer, MD. Pregnancy in women with kidney disease. Kidney Int 18, 192206, 1980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, GJ, Ihle, BU, Fairley, KF, Bastos, M and Kincaid-Smith, P. Effect of pregnancy on moderate renal failure in reflux nephropathy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 292, 796798, 1986.Google Scholar
Jungers, P, Forget, D, Henry-Amar, M, Albouze, G, Fournier, P, Vischer, U, Droz, D, Noel, LH and Grunfeld, JP. Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 15, 103141, 1986.Google ScholarPubMed
Jungers, P, Forget, D, Houillier, P, Henry-Amar, M and Grunfeld, JP. Pregnancy in IgA nephropathy, reflux nephropathy, and focal glomerular sclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 9, 334338, 1987.Google Scholar
Jungers, P, Houillier, P and Forget, D. Reflux nephropathy and pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1, 955969, 1987.Google Scholar
El-Khatib, M, Packham, DK, Becker, GJ and Kincaid-Smith, P. Pregnancy-related complications in women with reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 41, 5055, 1994.Google Scholar
Jungers, P, Houllier, P, Chaveau, D, Choukroun, G, Moynot, A, Skhiri, H, Labrunie, M, Descamps-Latscha, B and Grunfeld, J-P. Pregnancy in women with reflux nephropathy. Kidney Int 50, 593609 1996.Google Scholar
Hollowell, JG. Outcome of pregnancy in women with a history of vesico-ureteric reflux. BJUI 102, 780784, 2008.Google Scholar
Roihuvuo-Leskinen, H-M, Vainio, MI, Niskanen, KM and Lahdes-Vasama, TT. Pregnancies in women with childhood vesicoureteral reflux. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 94, 847851, 2015.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, I. Vesicoureteric reflux and urinary tract infection in children. Postgrad Med J 82, 31035, 2006.Google Scholar
Hansson, S, Martinell, J, Stokland, E and Jodal, U. The natural history of bacteriuria in childhood. Inf Dis Clin North Am 11, 499512, 1997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Andreoli, L, Bertsias, GK, Agmon-Levin, N, Brown, S, Cervera, R, Costedoat-Chalumeau, N, et al. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:476485.Google Scholar
Østensen, M, Andreoli, L, Brucato, A, Cetin, I, Chambers, C, Clowse, MEB, et al. State of the art: Reproduction and pregnancy in rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2015 May;14:376386.Google Scholar
Lazzaroni, MG, Dall’Ara, F, Fredi, M, Nalli, C, Reggia, R, Lojacono, A, Ramazzotto, F, Zatti, S, Andreoli, L, Tincani, A. A comprehensive review of the clinical approach to pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2016;74:106117.Google Scholar
Tincani, A, Dall’Ara, F, Lazzaroni, MG, Reggia, R, Andreoli, L. Pregnancy in patients with autoimmune disease: A reality in 2016. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15:975977.Google Scholar
Knight, CL, Nelson-Piercy, C. Management of systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy: Challenges and solutions. Open access Rheumatol Res Rev. 2017;9:3753.Google Scholar
Machen, L, Clowse, MEB. Vasculitis and pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017;43:239247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petri, M, Orbai, A-M, Alarcón, GS, Gordon, C, Merrill, JT, Fortin, PR, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):26772686.Google Scholar
Dooley, MA, Jayne, D, Ginzler, EM, Isenberg, D, Olsen, NJ, Wofsy, D, et al. Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:18861895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houssiau, FA, D’Cruz, D, Sangle, S, Remy, P, Vasconcelos, C, Petrovic, R, et al. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: Results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:20832089.Google Scholar
Buyon, JP, Kim, MY, Guerra, MM, Laskin, CA, Petri, M, Lockshin, MD, et al. Predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:153163.Google Scholar
Moroni, G, Doria, A, Giglio, E, Imbasciati, E, Tani, C, Zen, M, et al. Maternal outcome in pregnant women with lupus nephritis: A prospective multicenter study. J Autoimmun. 2016.Google Scholar
Moroni, G, Doria, A, Giglio, E, Tani, C, Zen, M, Strigini, F, et al. Fetal outcome and recommendations of pregnancies in lupus nephritis in the 21st century. A prospective multicenter study. J Autoimmun. 2016;74:612.Google Scholar
Manger, K, Wildt, L, Kalden, JR, Manger, B. Prevention of gonadal toxicity and preservation of gonadal function and fertility in young women with systemic lupus erythematosus treated by cyclophosphamide: The PREGO-Study. Autoimmun Rev. 2006;5:269272.Google Scholar
Houssiau, FA, Vasconcelos, C, D’Cruz, D, Sebastiani, GD, Garrido, E de R, Danieli, MG, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:6164.Google Scholar
Tamirou, F, Nieuwland Husson, S, Gruson, D, Debiève, F, Lauwerys, BR, Houssiau, FA. The low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide Euro-Lupus regimen does not impact the ovarian reserve, as measured by serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/art.40079.Google Scholar
Nahata, L, Sivaraman, V, Quinn, GP. Fertility counseling and preservation practices in youth with lupus and vasculitis undergoing gonadotoxic therapy. Fertil Steril. 2016;106:14701474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smyth, A, Oliveira, GHM, Lahr, BD, Bailey, KR, Norby, SM, Garovic, VD. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5:20602068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Götestam Skorpen, C, Hoeltzenbein, M, Tincani, A, Fischer-Betz, R, Elefant, E, Chambers, C, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:795810.Google Scholar
Clowse, MEB, Magder, L, Witter, F, Petri, M. Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:36403647.Google Scholar
Kaplan, YC, Ozsarfati, J, Nickel, C, Koren, G. Reproductive outcomes following hydroxychloroquine use for autoimmune diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81:835848.Google Scholar
Levy, R, Vilela, V, Cataldo, M, Ramos, R, Duarte, J, Tura, B, et al. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in lupus pregnancy: Double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Lupus. 2001;10:401404.Google Scholar
Sperber, K, Hom, C, Chao, CP, Shapiro, D, Ash, J, Aberientos, C. Systematic review of hydroxychloroquine use in pregnant patients with autoimmune diseases. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2009;7:9.Google Scholar
Fischer-Betz, R, Specker, C, Brinks, R, Aringer, M, Schneider, M. Low risk of renal flares and negative outcomes in women with lupus nephritis conceiving after switching from mycophenolate mofetil to azathioprine. Rheumatol. 2013; 52:10701076.Google Scholar
Bateman, BT, Patorno, E, Desai, RJ, Seely, EW, Mogun, H, Dejene, SZ, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:174184.Google Scholar
Bundhun, PK, Soogund, MZS, Huang, F. Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on maternal and fetal outcomes following pregnancy: A meta-analysis of studies published between years 2001–2016. J Autoimmun. 2017. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28256367.Google Scholar
Moroni, G, Ponticelli, C. Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Eur J Intern Med. 2016;32:712.Google Scholar
Yelnik, CM, Laskin, CA, Porter, TF, Branch, DW, Buyon, JP, Guerra, MM, et al. Lupus anticoagulant is the main predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes in aPL-positive patients: Validation of PROMISSE study results. Lupus Sci Med. 2016; 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, MY, Buyon, JP, Guerra, MM, Rana, S, Zhang, D, Laskin, CA, et al. Angiogenic factor imbalance early in pregnancy predicts adverse outcomes in patients with lupus and antiphospholipid antibodies: Results of the PROMISSE study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;214:108.e1-108.e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.066.Google Scholar
Imbasciati, E, Surian, M, Bottino, S, Cosci, P, Colussi, G, Ambroso, GC, et al. Lupus nephropathy and pregnancy: A study of 26 pregnancies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis. Nephron. 1984;36:4651.Google Scholar
Day, C, Hewins, P, Hildebrand, S, Sheikh, L, Taylor, G, Kilby, M, et al. The role of renal biopsy in women with kidney disease identified in pregnancy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:201206.Google Scholar
Webster, P, Webster, L, Cook, H, Horsfield, C, Seed, P, Vaz, R, et al. A multicentre cohort study of histological findings and long-term outcomes of kidney disease in women who have been pregnant. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12:408416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bramham, K, Seed, PTPT, Lightstone, L, Nelson-Piercy, C, Gill, C, Webster, P, et al. Diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for pre-eclampsia in patients with established hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2016;89:874885.Google Scholar
Bertsias, GK, Tektonidou, M, Amoura, Z, Aringer, M, Bajema, I, Berden, JH, Boletis, J, Cervera, R, Dorner, T, Doria, A, Ferrario, F, Floege, J, Houssiau, FA, Ioannidis, JP, Isenberg, DA, Kallenberg, CG, Lightstone, L, Marks, SD, Martini, A, Moroni, G, Neumann, I, Praga, M, Schneider, M, Starra, A, Tesar, V, Vasconcelos, C, van Vollenhoven, RF, Zakharova, H, Haubitz, M, Gordon, C, Jayne, D, Boumpas, DT. EULAR/ERA-EDTA recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012; 71: 17711782.Google Scholar
Edwards, JCW, Snaith, ML, Isenberg, DA. A double blind controlled trial of methylprednisolone infusions in systemic lupus erythematosus using individualised outcome assessment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1987;46:773776.Google Scholar
Badsha, H, Kong, KO, Lian, TY, Chan, SP, Edwards, CJ, Chng, HH. Low-dose pulse methylprednisolone for systemic lupus erythematosus flares is efficacious and has a decreased risk of infectious complications. Lupus. 2002;11:508513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeher, M, Doria, a., Lan, J, Aroca, G, Jayne, D, Boletis, I, et al. Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with two glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2011;20:14841493.Google Scholar
Webster, P, Lightstone, L, McKay, D, Josephson, MA. Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 2017; 91:10471056.Google Scholar
Webster, P, Wardle, A, Bramham, K, Webster, L, Nelson-Piercy, C, Lightstone, L. Tacrolimus is an effective treatment for lupus nephritis in pregnancy. Lupus. 2015;23:11921196.Google Scholar
Perricone, R, De Carolis, C, Kroegler, B, Greco, E, Giacomelli, R, Cipriani, P, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in pregnant patients affected with systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Rheumatology. 2008;47:646651.Google Scholar
Mulhearn, B, Bruce, IN. Indications for IVIG in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:383391.Google Scholar
Webster, P, Nelson-Piercy, C, Lightstone, L. A complicated multisystem flare of systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep. 2017.Google Scholar
Kronbichler, A, Brezina, B, Quintana, LF, Jayne, DRW. Efficacy of plasma exchange and immunoadsorption in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15:3849.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C, Agarwal, S, Lams, B. Lesson of the month: Selective use of cyclophosphamide in pregnancy for severe autoimmune respiratory disease. Thorax. 2016;71:667668.Google Scholar
Noviani, M, Wasserman, S, Clowse, MEB. Breastfeeding in mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2016;25:973979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bramham, K, Chusney, G, Lee, J, Lightstone, L, Nelson-Piercy, C. Breastfeeding and tacrolimus: Serial monitoring in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:563567.Google Scholar
Youngstein, T, Mason, JC. Interleukin 6 targeting in refractory Takayasu arteritis: Serial noninvasive imaging is mandatory to monitor efficacy. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:19411944.Google Scholar
Seyahi, E. Takayasu arteritis: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2017;29:5156.Google Scholar
Yates, M, Watts, RA, Bajema, IM, Cid, MC, Crestani, B, Hauser, T, et al. EULAR/ERA-EDTA recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:15831594.Google Scholar
Pagnoux, C, Guillevin, L, French Vasculitis Study Group, MAINRITSAN Investigators. Rituximab or azathioprine maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:386387.Google Scholar
Soh, MC, Nelson-Piercy, C. High-risk pregnancy and the rheumatologist. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:572587.Google Scholar
Flint, J, Panchal, S, Hurrell, A, Van De Venne, M, Gayed, M, Schreiber, K, et al. Guidelines BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding – Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:16931697.Google Scholar
Mahadevan, U, Cucchiara, S, Hyams, JS, Steinwurz, F, Nuti, F, Travis, SPL, et al. The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation: Pregnancy and pediatrics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:214223.Google Scholar
Comarmond, C, Mirault, T, Biard, L, Nizard, J, Lambert, M, Wechsler, B, et al. Takayasu arteritis and pregnancy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:32623269.Google Scholar
Assad, APL, da Silva, TF, Bonfa, E, Pereira, RMR. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in 89 patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA): Comparison before and after the TA diagnosis. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:18611864.Google Scholar
Singh, N, Tyagi, S, Tripathi, R, Mala, YM. Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with Takayasu aortoarteritis: Does optimally timed intervention in women with renal artery involvement improve pregnancy outcome? Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;54:597602.Google Scholar
Alpay-Kanitez, N, Omma, A, Erer, B, Artim-Esen, B, Gül, A, Inanç, M, et al. Favourable pregnancy outcome in Takayasu arteritis: A single-centre experience. Clin Exp Rheumatol.;33(2 Suppl. 89):S–7–10.Google Scholar
Gatto, M, Iaccarino, L, Canova, M, Zen, M, Nalotto, L, Ramonda, R, et al. Pregnancy and vasculitis: A systematic review of the literature. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2012;11:A447–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredi, M, Lazzaroni, MG, Tani, C, Ramoni, V, Gerosa, M, Inverardi, F, et al. Systemic vasculitis and pregnancy: A multicenter study on maternal and neonatal outcome of 65 prospectively followed pregnancies. Autoimmunity Reviews 2015;14: 686691.Google Scholar

References

Hill, CJ, Fogarty, DG. Changing trends in end-stage renal disease due to diabetes in the United Kingdom. Journal of renal care 2012;38(1):1222.Google Scholar
Najafian, B, Mauer, M. Progression of diabetic nephropathy in type I diabetic patients. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2009;83: 18.Google Scholar
Parving, H, Persson, F, Rossing, P. Microalbuminuria: A parameter that has changed diabetes care. Diabetes research and clinical practice 2015;107:18.Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes care 2003;26(1):S94S98.Google Scholar
Chan, GC, Tang, SCW. Diabetic nephropathy: Landmark clinical trials and tribulations. Nephrol dial transplant 2015;0:110.Google Scholar
Giorgino, F, Laviola, L, Cavallo Perin, P, Solnica, B, Fuller, J, Chaturvedi, N. Factors associated with progression to macroalbuminuria in microalbuminuric Type I diabetic patients: The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia 2004;47:10201028.Google Scholar
Kitzmiller, JL, Combs, A. Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy. Obstetric and gynecology clinics of North America 1996;23:173203.Google Scholar
Currie, G, McKay, G, Delles, C. Biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy: Present and future. World J diabetes 2014;5(6):763776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, P. Pregnancy complicating diabetes. JAMA 1945;128(3):181182.Google Scholar
White, P. Pregnancy complicating diabetes. American journal of medicine 1949;November:609616.Google Scholar
Ekbom, P, Damm, P, Feldt-Rasmussen, B, Feldt-Rasmussen, U, Molvig, J, Mathiesen, ER. Pregnancy outcome in Type I diabetic women with microalbuminuria. Diabetes care 2001;24:17391744.Google Scholar
Confidential enquiry into maternal and child health. Diabetes in pregnancy: Are we providing the best care? Findings of a national enquiry: England, Wales and Northern Ireland. London: CEMACH, 2007.Google Scholar
Wahabi, HA et al. Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and fetal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2010;10:63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawthorne, G. Maternal complications in diabetic pregnancy. Best practice and research clinical obstetrics and gynaecology 2011:25:7790.Google Scholar
Ali, S and Dornhorst, A. Diabetes in pregnancy: Health risks and management. Postgrad med J 2011;87: 417427.Google Scholar
Bell, R, Glinianaia, SV, Tennant, PWG, Bilous, RW, Rankin, J. Peri-conception hyperglycaemia and nephropathy are associated with risk of congenital anomaly in women with pre-existing diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2012;55:936947.Google Scholar
Klemetti, MM et al. Obstetric and perinatal outcome in type I diabetes patients with diabetic nephropathy during 1988–2011. Diabetologia 2015;58:678686.Google Scholar
Damm, JA et al. Diabetic nephropathy and microalbuminuria in pregnant women with type I and type II diabetes. Diabetes care 2013;36: 34893494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, EJ, Hunsicker, LG, Bain, RP, et al. for the Collaborative Study Group. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J med 1993;329:14561462.Google Scholar
Hod, M, van Dijk, DJ, Karp, M, Weintraub, N, Rabinerson, D, Bar, J, et al. Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy: The effect of ACE inhibitors prior to pregnancy on fetomaternal outcome. Nephrol dial transplant 1995;10:23282383.Google Scholar
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J med 1993;329:977986.Google Scholar
Bar, J, Chen, R, Schoenfeld, A, Orvieto, R, Yahav, J, Ben-Rafael, Z, et al. Pregnancy outcome in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy treated with ACE inhibitors before pregnancy. J pediatr endocrinol metab 1999;12(5):659665.Google Scholar
Cooper, WO, Hernandez-Diaz, S, Abrogast, PG, Dudley, JA, Dyer, S, Gideon, PS, et al. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. N Engl J med 2006;354(23):24432451.Google Scholar
How, HY, Sibai, BM. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with diabetic nephropathy. J matern fetal neonatal med 2002;12(6):402407.Google Scholar
Li, D-K, Yang, C, Andrade, S, Tavares, V, Ferber, J. Maternal exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the first trimester and risk of malformations in offspring: A retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2011;343:d5931.Google Scholar
Polifka, JE (2012) Is there an embryopathy associated with first trimester exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists? A critical review of the evidence. Birth defects res A clin mol teratol 94:576598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porta, M, Hainer, JW, Jansson, SO, et al. Exposure to candesartan during the first trimester of pregnancy in type 1 diabetes: Experience from the placebo-controlled Diabetic Retinopathy Candesartan Trials. Diabetologia 2011;54:12981303.Google Scholar
Tennant, PWG, Newham, JJ, Bell, R, Rankin, J (2011) Studies of congenital anomalies should capture all cases, not just live births. BMJ (electronic letter). Available from www.bmj.com/rapidresponse/2011/11/03/.Google Scholar
Lewis, G, Maxwell, AP. Should women with diabetic nephropathy considering pregnancy continue ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy until pregnancy is confirmed? Diabetologia 2014.Google Scholar
Bullo, M, et al. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists: A systematic review. Hypertension 2012;60:444450.Google Scholar
Khoury, JC, Miodovnik, M, LeMasters, G, Sibai, B. Pregnancy outcome and progression of diabetic nephropathy. What’s next? J matern fetal med 2002;11:238244.Google Scholar
Bar, J, Ben-Rafael, Z, Padoa, A, Orvieto, R, Boner, G, Hod, M. Prediction of pregnancy outcome in subgroups of women with renal disease. Clin nephrol 2000;53(6):437444.Google ScholarPubMed
Reece, EA, Leguizamon, G, Homko, C. Pregnancy performance and outcomes associated with diabetic nephropathy. Am J Perinatol 1998;15(7):413421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, M, Landon, MB, Samuels, P, Hissrich, S, Gabbe, SG. Perinatal outcome and long-term follow-up associated with modern management of diabetic nephropathy. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87(3):401409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackie, AD, Doddridge, MC, Gamsu, HR, Brudenell, JM, Nicolaides, KH, Drury, PL. Outcome of pregnancy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy with moderate renal impairment. Diabetic medicine 1996;13:9096.Google Scholar
Miodovnik, M, Roseen, BM, Khoury, JC, Grigsby, JL, Siddiqi, TA. Does pregnancy increase the risk of development and progression of diabetic nephropathy? Am J obstet gynecol 1996;174(4):11801189.Google Scholar
Purdy, LP, Hantsch, CE, Molitch, ME, Metzger, BE, Phelps, RL, Dooley, SL et al. Effect of pregnancy on renal function in patients with moderate-to-severe diabetic renal insufficiency. Diabetes care 1996;19(10):10671074.Google Scholar
Manske, CL, Thomas, W, Wang, Y, et al. Screening diabetic transplant candidates for coronary artery disease: Identification of a low risk subgroup. Kidney int 1993;44:617621.Google Scholar
Barak, R, Miodovnic, M. Medical complications of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Clin obstet 2000;43(1):1731.Google Scholar
Klemetti, MM et al. Blood pressure levels but not hypertensive complications have increased in Type I diabetes pregnancies during 1989–2010. Diabet med 2013;30:10871093.Google Scholar
Yogev, Y, et al. Maternal overweight and pregnancy outcome in women with Type I diabetes mellitus and different degrees of nephropathy. Journal of materno-fetal and neonatal medicine 2010;23(9):9991003.Google Scholar
Nielsen, LR, Damm, P, Mathiesen, ER. Improved pregnancy outcome in Type I diabetic women with microalbuminuria or diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes care 2009;32:3844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howarth, C, Gazis, A, James, D. Associations of type I diabetes mellitus, maternal vascular disease and complications of pregnancy. Diabetic medicine 2007;24:12291234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagg, W, Neale, L, Henley, P, MacPherson, P, Cundy, T. Long-term maternal outcome after pregnancy in women with diabetic nephropathy. N Z med J 2003;116:1180.Google ScholarPubMed
Rossing, K, Jacobsen, P, Hommel, E, Mathiesen, E, Svenningsen, A, Rossing, P, et al. Pregnancy and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 2002;45:3641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biesenbach, G, Grafinger, P, Stoger, H, Zarzgornik, J. How pregnancy influences renal function in nephropathic type I diabetic women depends on their pre-conceptual creatinine clearance. J Nephrol 1999;12(1):4146.Google Scholar
Dunne, FP, Chowdhury, TA, Hartland, A, Smith, T, Brydon, PA, McConkey, C, et al. Pregnancy outcome in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus complicated by nephropathy. Q J Med 1999;92:451454.Google Scholar
Piccoli, GB, et al. Type I diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-study. Rev diabet stud 2013;10:626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bramham, K, Rajasingham, D. Pregnancy in diabetes and kidney disease. Journal of renal care 2012;38(Suppl. 1):7889.Google Scholar
Landon, MB. Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynaecology. 2007;50:9981006.Google Scholar
Colatrella, A, et al. Hypertension in diabetic pregnancy: Impact and long term outlook. Best practice and research clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2010;24: 635651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, SD, Umans, JG, Ratner, R. Hypertension complicating diabetic pregnancies: Pathophysiology, management and controversies. J clin hypertens 2011;13:275284.Google Scholar
Gordin, D, et al. Risk factors of hypertensive pregnancies in women with diabetes and the influence on their future life. Annals of medicine 2014;46:498502.Google Scholar
Jensen, DM, et al. Microalbuminuria, preeclampsia and preterm delivery in pregnant women with Type I diabetes. Diabetes care 2010;33:9094.Google Scholar
Mathiesen, ER et al. Obstetric nephrology: Pregnancy in women with diabetic nephropathy – The role of antihypertensive treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:20812088.Google Scholar
Mathiesen, ER. Diabetic nephropathy in pregnancy: New insights from a retrospective cohort study. Diabetologia 2015;58:649650.Google Scholar
Carr, DB, Koontz, GL, Gardella, C, Holing, EV, Brateng, DA, Brown, ZA, et al. Diabetic nephropathy in pregnancy: Suboptimal hypertensive control associated with preterm delivery. AJH 2006;19:513519.Google Scholar
Magee, LA, et al. The control of hypertension in pregnancy study (CHIPS) randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2014;99(Suppl. 1):A1A180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibai, BM, Caritis, SN, Hauth, JC, Lindheimer, M, VanDorsten, JP, MacPherson, C, et al. for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Risks of preeclampsia and adverse neonatal outcomes among women with pregestational diabetes mellitus. Am J obstet gynecol 2000;182:364369.Google Scholar
Sibai, BM. Risk factors, pregnancy complications, and prevention of hypertensive disorders in women with pregravid diabetes mellitus. J matern fetal med 2000;9:6265.Google Scholar
Caritis, S, Sibai, B, Hauth, J, Lindheimer, MD, Klebanoff, M, Thom, E, et al. Low-dose aspirin to prevent pre-eclampsia in women at high risk. N Engl J med 1998;338:701705.Google Scholar
Star, J, Carpenter, MW. The effect of pregnancy on the natural history of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Clinics in perinatology 1998;25(4):887916.Google Scholar
Sibai, BM, Caritis, SN, Hauth, JC, MacPherson, C, VanDorsten, JP, Klebanoff, M, et al. Preterm delivery in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus or chronic hypertension relative to women with uncomplicated pregnancies. The National institute of Child health and Human Development Maternal- Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J obstet gynecol 2000;183:15201524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teramo, K, Kari, MA, Eronen, M, Markkanen, H, Hiilesmaa, V. High amniotic erythropoietin levels are associated with an increased frequency of fetal and neonatal morbidity in type I diabetic pregnancies. Diabetologia 2004;47:16951703.Google Scholar
Lauenborg, J, Mathiesen, E, Ovesen, P, Westergard, JG, Ekbom, P, Molsted-Pedersen, L, et al. Audit of stillbirths in women with pregestational type I diabetes. Diabetes care 2003;26:13851389.Google Scholar
Haeri, S, et al. The association of intrauterine growth abnormalities in women with type I diabetes mellitus complicated by vasculopathy. Am J obstet gynecol 2008;199:278.1278.e5.Google Scholar
Salvesen, DR, Higueras, MT, Brudenell, JM, Drury, PL, Nicolaides, KH. Doppler velocimetry and fetal heart rate studies in nephropathic diabetics. Am J obstet gynecol 1992;167(5):12971303.Google Scholar
Young, EC, et al. Effects of pregnancy on the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy and of diabetic nephropathy on pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome: Clinical research and reviews 2011;5:137142.Google Scholar
Gordin, D, Hiilesmaa, V, Fagerudd, J, Ronnback, C, Kaaja, R, Teramo, K. Pre-eclampsia but not pregnancy-induced hypertension is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in type I diabetic women. Diabetologia 2007; 50:516522.Google Scholar
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes care 2000;23:10841091.Google Scholar
Verier-Mine, O, Chaturvedi, N, Webb, D, Fuller, JH, the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group. Is pregnancy a risk factor for microvascular complications? The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetic medicine 2005;22:15031509.Google Scholar
Gordin, D, et al. Pre-eclampsia and pregnancy induced hypertension are associated with severe diabetic retinopathy in Type I diabetes in later life. Acta diabetol 2013;50: 781787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandvik, MK, et al. Are adverse pregnancy outcomes risk factors for development of end-stage renal disease in women with diabetes? Nephrol dial transplant 2010;25: 36003607.Google Scholar
Khalil, CA, et al. Fetal exposure to maternal Type I diabetes is associated with renal dysfunction at adult age. Diabetes 2010;59: 26312636.Google Scholar

References

Jeyabalan, A, Lain, KY. Anatomic and functional changes of the upper urinary tract during pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34: 16.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, PE, Nielsen, FR. Hydronephrosis during pregnancy: A literature survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1988:249259.Google Scholar
Faundes, A, Bricola-Filho, M, Pinto e Silva, JL. Dilatation of the urinary tract during pregnancy: Proposal of a curve of maximal caliceal diameter by gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998:10821086.Google Scholar
Au, KK, Woo, JS, Tang, LC, et al. Aetiological factors in the genesis of pregnancy hydronephrosis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1985:248251.Google Scholar
Chaliha, C, Stanton, SL. Urological problems in pregnancy. BJU Int 2002;89:469476.Google Scholar
Macejko, AM, Schaeffer, AJ. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34:3542.Google Scholar
Nicolle, LE. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. In Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventive Health Care. Ottawa: Health Canada; 1994. pp. 100106.Google Scholar
Smaill, F, Vazquez, JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;2:CD000490.Google Scholar
NICE clinical guideline 62: Antenatal care for uncomplicated deliveries. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg62/chapter/1-guidance.Google Scholar
Loughlin, KR. Urologic radiology during pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34:2326.Google Scholar
Biyani, CS, Joyce, AD. Urolithiasis in pregnancy. I: Pathophysiology, fetal considerations and diagnosis. BJU Int 2002:89;811818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biyani, CS, Joyce, AD. Urolithiasis in pregnancy. II: Management. BJU Int 2002;89:819923.Google Scholar
Sharp, C, Shrimpton, JA, Bury, RF. Advice on exposure to ionizing radiation during pregnancy. National Radiological Protection Board. 2008. www.hullrad.org.uk/DocumentMirror/health&safety/HPA/1998_NRPB_diagnostic%20&%20pregnancy.pdf. Accessed January 2018.Google Scholar
Pais, VM, Payton, AL, LaGrange, CA. Urolithiasis in pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34:4352.Google Scholar
Isfahani, M, Haghighat, M. Measurable changes in hydronephrosis during pregnancy induced by positional changes: Ultrasonic assessment and its diagnostic implication. Urology Journal 2005:2;97101.Google Scholar
Mullins, JK, Semins, MJ, Hyams, ES, Bohlman, ME, Matlaga, BR. Half Fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo magnetic resonance urography for the evaluation of suspected renal colic in pregnancy. J Urol 2012;79:12521255.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 656: Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Feb;127(2):e7580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grainger and Allison’s diagnostic radiology. 6th edn., 2015. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Turk, C, Knoll, T, Petrik, A, Sarica, K, Skolaricos, A, Straub, M, Seitz, C. Guidelines on urolithiasis. European Association of Urology 2016. http://uroweb.org/guideline/urolithiasis/.Google Scholar
ACR-SPR practice parameter for the performance of computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis. Amended 2014 (Resolution 39). www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/CT_Abdomen_Pelvis.pdf.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, PD, Ouellette, HA, Louis, L, Mallinson, PI, O’Connell, T, Mayo, J, Muck, PL, Nicoaou, S. The emergence of ultra-low-dose computed Tomography and the impending obsolescence of the plain radiograph? Can Assoc Radiol J 2013;64:314318.Google Scholar
Campbell-Walsh Urology. 11th edn., 2016. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Riley, JM, Dudley, AG, Semins, MJ. Nephrolithiasis and pregnancy: Has the incidence been rising? J Endourol 2014;28:383386.Google Scholar
Horowitz, E, Schmidt, JD. Renal calculi in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 1985.Google Scholar
Kavoussi, LR, Albala, DM, Basler, JW, Apte, S, Clayman, RV. Percutaneous management of urolithiasis during pregnancy. J Urol 1992;148:10691071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickard, R, Starr, K, MacLennan, G, Lam, T, Thomas, R, et al. Medical expulsive therapy in adults with ureteric colic: A multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015;386(9991):341349.Google Scholar
Maikranz, P, Coe, FL, Parks, J, Lindheimer, MD. Nephrolithiasis in pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1987; 9: 354358.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, PN, Klein, AS. Management of urolithiasis during pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1998; 166:103106.Google Scholar
Laing, KA, Lam, TBL, McClinton, S, Cohen, NP, Traxer, O, Somani, BK. Outcomes of ureteroscopy for stone disease in pregnancy: Results from a systematic review of the literature. Urol Int 2012;89:380386.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Holt, JL, Mangos, GJ, Murray, N, Curtis, J, Homer, C. Microscopic hematuria in pregnancy: Relevance to pregnancy outcome. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45: 667673.Google Scholar
Morales, JP, Georganas, M, Khan, MS, Dasgupta, P, Reidy, JF. Embolization of a bleeding renal angiomyolipoma in pregnancy: Case report and review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005;28: 265268.Google Scholar
Zapardiel, I, Delafuente-Valero, J, Bajo-Arenas, JM. Renal angiomyolipoma during pregnancy: Review of the literature. Gynec Obstet Inv 2011;72:217219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, FM, Rowland, RG. Urologic malignancies in pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34:5359.Google Scholar
Zapardiel, I, Sanfrutos, S, Perez-Medina, T, Godoy-Tundidor, V, Delafuente-Valero, J, et al. Clinical management of Nutcracker’s syndrome during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23(7):589592.Google Scholar
Spahn, M, Bader, P, Westermann, D, Echtle, D, Frohneberg, D. Bladder carcinoma during pregnancy. Urol Int 2005;74:153159.Google Scholar
Hautmann, RE, Volkmer, BG. Pregnancy and urinary diversion. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34:7188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huck, N, Schweizerhof, S, Honeck, P, Neisius, A, Thuroff, J et al. Pregnancy after urinary diversion at young ages – risks and outcome. Urology 2017;104:220224.Google Scholar
Le Liepvre, , Dinh, A, Idiard-Chamois, B, Chartier-Kastler, E, Phe, V, et al. Pregnancy in spinal-cord injured women, a cohort study of 37 pregnancies in 25 women. Spinal Cord 2017;55: 167171.Google Scholar
Greenwell, TJ, Venn, SN, Creighton, S, Leaver, RB, Woodhouse, CR. Pregnancy after lower urinary tract reconstruction for congenital abnormalities. BJU Int 2003;92:773–7. Erratum in: BJU Int 2004;93: 655.Google Scholar
Govaert, B, Melenhorst, J, Link, G, Hoogland, H, van Gemert, W, Baeten, C. The effect of sacral nerve stimulation on uterine activity: A pilot study. Colorectal Dis 2010;12(5):448451.Google Scholar
Mahran, A, Soriano, A, Safwat, A, Hijaz, A, Mahajan, S, et al. The effect of sacral neuromodulation on pregnancy: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J; Epub 03 February 2017.Google Scholar
Pollard, ME, Morrisroe, S, Anger, JT. Outcomes of pregnancy following surgery for stress urinary incontinence: A systematic review. J Urol 2012;187:19661970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×