Chapter 6 emphasized the potential role of L1 transfer effects on L2 reading abilities, with an emphasis on word-recognition issues. This chapter explores the various factors influencing L2 reading development, describing L1–L2 differences in reading development and the impact of L1 transfer on L2 reading. L2 reading development is not simply the result of L1 transfer. In fact, most issues in L2 reading development can be associated more with the development of L2 language proficiency, L2 language exposure, L2 print exposure, and L2 processing-skills development, and these differences are addressed in the first half of the chapter. Nonetheless, L1 transfer has an important role to play, and research on its role has been evolving in the past decade toward a view of “learning to read with languages.”

L2 reading is an ability that combines L2 and L1 reading resources into a dual-language processing system. Cook (1997; Cook & Bassetti, 2005a) describes this interaction of L1 and L2 systems as multicompetence. Koda (2007) refers to crosslinguistic interactions to capture the concept of an L2 reading system in which “the transferred competencies will continue to mature through experience with L2 print input” (p. 18) (see also Bialystok, 2001, 2002).