Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2015. 2012 Prescribed Drug Estimates: Top Prescribed Drugs by Total Expenditures. http://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/summ_tables/hc/drugs/2012/hcdrugest_totexp2012.shtml. Accessed March 17, 2015.Google Scholar

Ariyo, A. A., Haan, M., and Tangen, C. M.. 2000. Depressive symptoms and risks of coronary heart disease and mortality in elderly Americans. Circulation 102: 1773–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blumenthal, James A., Babyak, Michael A., Doraiswamy, P. Murali, Watkins, Lana, Hoffman, Benson M., Barbour, Krista A., Herman, Steve, et al. 2007. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine 69: 587–96. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148c19a.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blumenthal, James A., Sherwood, Andrew, Babyak, Michael A., Watkins, Lana L., Smith, Patrick J., Hoffman, Benson M., Virginia, C., O’Hayer, F., et al. 2012. Exercise and pharmacological treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease: results from the UPBEAT (understanding the prognostic benefits of exercise and antidepressant therapy) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 60: 1053–63. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carney, Robert M., Freedland, Kenneth E., Sheline, Yvette I., and Weiss, Edward S.. 1997. Depression and coronary heart disease: a review for cardiologists. Clinical Cardiology 20: 196–200. doi:10.1002/clc.4960200304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chen, Kuei-Min, Chen, Ming-Hsien, Lin, Mei-Hui, Fan, Jue-Ting, Lin, Huey-Shyan, and Li, Chun-Huw. 2010. Effects of Yoga on Sleep Quality and Depression in Elders in Assisted Living Facilities. Journal of Nursing Research 18: 53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cherr, Gregory S., Zimmerman, Pamela M., Wang, Jiping, and Dosluoglu, Hasan H.. 2008. Patients with depression are at increased risk for secondary cardiovascular events after lower extremity revascularization. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23: 629–34. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0560-x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chou, K. L., Lee, P. W. H., and Yu, E. C. S.. 2004. Effect of Tai Chi on depressive symptoms amongst Chinese older patients with depressive disorders: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 19: 1105–7. doi:10.1002/gps.1178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Connerney, I., Shapiro, P. A., McLaughlin, J. S., Bagiella, E., and Sloan, R. P.. 2001. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12-month outcome: a prospective study. Lancet 358: 1766–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06803-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooney, Gary M., Dwan, Kerry, Greig, Carolyn A., Lawlor, Debbie A., Rimer, Jane, Waugh, Fiona R., McMurdo, Marion, and Mead, Gillian E.. 2013. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9: CD004366. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6.Google Scholar

Cooney, Gary, Dwan, Kerry, and Mead, Gillian. 2014. Exercise for depression. JAMA 311. American Medical Association: 2432–3. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.4930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooper-Patrick, L., Ford, D. E., Mead, L. A., Chang, P. P., and Klag, M. J.. 1997. Exercise and depression in midlife: a prospective study. American Journal of Public Health 87. American Public Health Association: 670–3. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.4.670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duivis, Hester E., de Jonge, Peter, Penninx, Brenda W., Na, Bee Ya, Cohen, Beth E., and Whooley, Mary A.. 2011. Depressive symptoms, health behaviors, and subsequent inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease: prospective findings from the heart and soul study. American Journal of Psychiatry 168: 913–20. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dunn, Andrea L., Trivedi, Madhukar H., Kampert, James B., Clark, Camillia G., and Chambliss, Heather O.. 2005. Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Franklin, Barry A., and Gordon, Neil F.. 2005. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management in Cardiovascular Exercise. Handbooks in Health Care Company. Newtown, PA.Google Scholar

Frasure-Smith, Nancy. 1993. Depression Following Myocardial Infarction. JAMA 270: 1819. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510150053029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., Gravel, G., Masson, A., Juneau, M., Talajic, M., and Bourassa, M. G.. 2000. Social Support, Depression, and Mortality During the First Year After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 101: 1919–24. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.101.16.1919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., and Talajic, M.. 1995. Depression and 18-Month Prognosis After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 91: 999–1005. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.91.4.999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Garber, Carol Ewing, Blissmer, Bryan, Deschenes, Michael R., Franklin, Barry A., Lamonte, Michael J., Lee, I. Min, Nieman, David C., and Swain, David P.. 2011. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43: 1334–59. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gellis, Zvi D., and Kang-Yi, Christina. 2012. Meta-analysis of the effect of cardiac rehabilitation interventions on depression outcomes in adults 64 years of age and older. American Journal of Cardiology 110: 1219–24. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haskell, William, Lee, I-Min, Pate, Russell, Powell, Kenneth, Blair, Steven, Franklin, Barry, Macera, Caroline, Heath, Gregory, Thompson, Paul, and Bauman, Adrian. 2007. Physical Activity and Public Health: Updated Recommendation for Adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Javnbakht, M., Kenari, R. Hejazi, and Ghasemi, M.. 2009. Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 15: 102–104. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jiang, Wei, Alexander, Jude, Christopher, Eric, Kuchibhatla, Maragatha, Gaulden, Laura H., Cuffe, Michael S., Blazing, Michael A., et al. 2001. Relationship of Depression to Increased Risk of Mortality and Rehospitalization in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure. Archives of Internal Medicine 161: 1849–56. American Medical Association: 1849. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.15.1849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kannel, William B., and Vasan, Ramachandran S.. 2009. Adverse Consequences of the 50% Misconception. American Journal of Cardiology 103: 426–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.09.098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Koenig, Horold G. 1998. Depression in hospitalized older patients with congestive heart failure. General Hospital Psychiatry 20: 29–43. doi:10.1016/S0163-8343(98)80001-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kroenke, Kurt, Spitzer, Robert L., and Williams, Janet B. W.. 2001. The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16: 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lai, Sue-Min, Studenski, Stephanie, Richards, Lorie, Perera, Subashan, Reker, Dean, Rigler, Sally, and Duncan, Pamela W.. 2006. Therapeutic Exercise and Depressive Symptoms After Stroke. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 54: 240–7. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00573.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lesperance, Francois, Frasure-Smith, Nancy, and Talajic, Mario. 1996. Major Depression Before and After Myocardial Infarction: Its Nature and Consequences. Psychosomatic Medicine 58: 99–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Licht, Carmilla M. M., de Geus, Eco J. C., Zitman, Frans G., Hoogendijk, Witte J. G., van Dyck, Richard, and Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.. 2008. Association between major depressive disorder and heart rate variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Archives of General Psychiatry 65. American Medical Association: 1358–67. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lichtman, Judith H., Bigger, J. Thomas, Blumenthal, James A., Frasure-Smith, Nancy, Kaufmann, Peter G., Lespérance, François, Mark, Daniel B., Sheps, David S., Taylor, C. Barr, and Froelicher, Erika Sivarajan. 2008. Depression and coronary heart disease: recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 118: 1768–75. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Melle, J. P. Van, and De Jonge, P.. 2004. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine 66: 814–22.Google ScholarPubMed

Milani, Richard V., and Lavie, Carl J.. 2007. Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depression and Its Associated Mortality. American Journal of Medicine 120: 799–806. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Milani, R. V., and Lavie, C. J.. 1998. Prevalence and effects of cardiac rehabilitation on depression in the elderly with coronary heart disease. American Journal of Cardiology 81: 1233-36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Milani, Richard V., Lavie, Carl J., Mehra, Mandeep R., and Ventura, Hector O.. 2011. Impact of exercise training and depression on survival in heart failure due to coronary heart disease. American Journal of Cardiology 107: 64–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.08.047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mota-Pereira, Jorge, Silverio, Jorge, Carvalho, Serafim, Ribeiro, Jose Carlos, Fonte, Daniela, and Ramos, Joaquim. 2011. Moderate exercise improves depression parameters in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45: 1005–11. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.02.005.Google ScholarPubMed

Moussavi, Saba, Chatterji, Somnath, Verdes, Emese, Tandon, Ajay, Patel, Vikram, and Ustun, Bedirhan. 2007. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet 370: 851–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Musselman, Dominique L., Marzec, Ulla M., Manatunga, Amita, Penna, Suzanne, Reemsnyder, Andrea, Knight, Bettina T., Baron, Aimee, Hanson, Stephen R., and Nemeroff, Charles B.. 2000. Platelet Reactivity in Depressed Patients Treated with Paroxetine. Archives of General Psychiatry 57. American Medical Association: 875. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nakatani, Daisaku, Sato, Hiroshi, Sakata, Yasuhiko, Shiotani, Issei, Kinjo, Kunihiro, Mizuno, Hiroya, Shimizu, Masahiko, et al. 2005. Influence of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism on depressive symptoms and new cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 150: 652–8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pelletier, Roxanne, Lavoie, Kim L., Gordon, Jennifer, Arsenault, André, Campbell, Tavis S., and Bacon, Simon L.. 2009. The Role of Mood Disorders in Exercise-Induced Cardiovascular Reactivity. Psychosomatic Medicine 71: 301–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pilkington, Karen, Kirkwood, Graham, Rampes, Hagen, and Richardson, Janet. 2005. Yoga for depression: the research evidence. Journal of affective disorders 89: 13–24. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.08.013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pollock, Kenneth M. 2001. Exercise in treating depression: broadening the psychotherapist’s role. Journal of Clinical Psychology 57: 1289–1300. doi:10.1002/jclp.1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rethorst, C. D., Toups, M. S., Greer, T. L., Nakonezny, P. A., Carmody, T. J., Grannemann, B. D., Huebinger, R. M., Barber, R. C., and Trivedi, M. H.. 2013. Pro-inflammatory cytokines as predictors of antidepressant effects of exercise in major depressive disorder. Molecular psychiatry 18. NIH Public Access: 1119–24. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Riba, Michelle, Wulsin, Lawson, Rubenfire, Melvyn, and Ravindranath, Divy. 2012. Psychiatry and Heart Disease: The Mind, Brain, and Heart. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Rosengren, Annika, Hawken, Steven, Ôunpuu, Stephanie, Sliwa, Karen, Zubaid, Mohammad, Almahmeed, Wael A., Blackett, Kathleen Ngu, Sitthi-Amorn, Chitr, Sato, Hiroshi, and Yusuf, Salim. 2004. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11,119 cases and 13,648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. The Lancet 364: 953–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17019-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rottenberg, Jonathan, Yaroslavsky, Ilya, Carney, Robert M., Freedland, Kenneth E., George, Charles J., Baji, Ildikó, Dochnal, Roberta, et al. 2014. The Association Between Major Depressive Disorder in Childhood and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescence. Psychosomatic Medicine 76: 122–27. doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rowan, Paul J., Haas, Donald, Campbell, John A, Maclean, David R., and Davidson, Karina W.. 2005. Depressive symptoms have an independent, gradient risk for coronary heart disease incidence in a random, population-based sample. Annals of epidemiology 15: 316–20. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saeed, Sy Atezaz, Antonacci, Diana J., and Bloch, Richard M.. 2010. Exercise, yoga, and meditation for depressive and anxiety disorders. American Family Physician 81: 981–6.Google ScholarPubMed

Scherrer, Jeffrey F., Virgo, Katherine S., Zeringue, Angelique, Bucholz, Kathleen K., Jacob, Theodore, Johnson, Robert G., True, William R., et al. 2009. Depression increases risk of incident myocardial infarction among Veterans Administration patients with rheumatoid arthritis. General hospital psychiatry 31: 353–9. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schulz, Richard, Beach, Scott R., Ives, Diane G., Martire, Lynn M., Ariyo, Abraham A., and Kop, Willem J.. 2000. Association Between Depression and Mortality in Older Adults. Archives of Internal Medicine 160. American Medical Association: 1761. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.12.1761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Singh, N. A., Clements, K. M., and Singh, M. A. F.. 2001. The Efficacy of Exercise as a Long-term Antidepressant in Elderly Subjects: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56: M497–M504. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.8.M497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Théroux, Pierre. 2003. Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. Saunders. Philadelphia.Google Scholar

Wang, Chenchen, Bannuru, Raveendhara, Ramel, Judith, Kupelnick, Bruce, Scott, Tammy, and Schmid, Christopher H. 2010. Tai Chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10: 23. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-10-23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Whooley, Mary A., de Jonge, Peter, Vittinghoff, Eric, Otte, Christian, Moos, Rudolf, Carney, Robert M., Ali, Sadia, et al. 2008. Depressive symptoms, health behaviors, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA 300. American Medical Association: 2379–88. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Whooley, M. A., and Simon, G. E.. 2000. Managing depression in medical outpatients. New England Journal of Medicine 343: 1942–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ziegelstein, Roy C., Fauerbach, James A., Stevens, Sandra S., Romanelli, Jeanine, Richter, Daniel P., and Bush, David E.. 2000. Patients with Depression Are Less Likely to Follow Recommendations to Reduce Cardiac Risk During Recovery from a Myocardial Infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine 160. American Medical Association: 1818. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.12.1818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed