Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T10:18:51.468Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

27 - Age-related Changes in Chemosensory Functions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2009

By
Thomas Hummel ,
Stefan Heilmann  and
Claire Murphy
Edited by
Catherine Rouby ,
Benoist Schaal ,
Danièle Dubois ,
Rémi Gervais  and
A. Holley
Thomas Hummel
Affiliation:
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
Stefan Heilmann
Affiliation:
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
Claire Murphy
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92129, USA
Catherine Rouby
Affiliation:
Université Lyon I
Benoist Schaal
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
Danièle Dubois
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
Rémi Gervais
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
A. Holley
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
Get access

Summary

Early in this century it was shown that aging is accompanied by a decrease in intranasal chemosensory sensitivity to camphor (Vaschide, 1904). Numerous studies have confirmed such findings for various odorants (Venstrom and Amoore, 1968; Schiffman, Moss, and Erickson, 1976; Stevens and Cain, 1987). Others have reported decreased ability to identify odorants with increasing age (Doty et al., 1984; Wood and Harkins, 1987; Cain and Gent, 1991), as well as greater tendencies for olfactory adaptation and slower recovery of threshold sensitivity (Stevens et al., 1989). In contrast, few investigators have reported stable olfactory function over a life span (e.g., Rovee, Cohen, and Shlapack, 1975).

What Is the Anatomical Substrate for Age-related Loss of Chemosensory Function?

The olfactory system is part of a living organism that undergoes significant changes related to aging. Both peripheral sensory and central processing units are affected in that process. In the following we shall try to summarize some of those effects concerning the aging olfactory epithelium, as well as changes in the central nervous system that may contribute to the deterioration of the aging sense of smell.

Central Nervous System and Olfactory Bulb

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) may be subject to alterations similar to those seen in neurons in the aging brain. Alterations in the aging central nervous system (CNS) include, for example, deficits in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, increased leakage of synaptic transmitters, and changes in neuronal arborization (Smith, 1988).

Type
Chapter
Information
Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition , pp. 441 - 456
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

, Almkvist O, , Berglund B, & , Nordin S (1992). Odor Detectability in Successfully Aged Elderly and Young Adults. Reports from the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University 744:1–12Google Scholar
, Ames B N, , Shigenaga M K, & , Hagen T M (1995). Mitochondrial Decay in Aging. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1271:165–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ayabe-Kanamura S, , Endo H, , Kobayakawa T, , Takeda T, & , Saito S (1997). Measurement of Olfactory Evoked Magnetic Fields by a 64-Channel Whole-Head SQUID System. Chemical Senses 22:214–15Google Scholar
, Bahnmüller H (1984). Olfaktometrie von Dibutylamin, Acrylsäuremethylester, Isoamylalkohol und eines Spritzverdünners für Autolacke – Ergebnisse eines VDI-Ringvergleichs. Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft 44:352–8Google Scholar
, Bhatnagar K P, , Kennedy R C, , Baron G, & , Greenberg R A (1987a). Number of Mitral Cells and the Bulb Volume in Aging Human Olfactory Bulb: A Quantitative Morphological Study. Anatomical Record 218:73–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Bhatnagar K P, , Kennedy R C, , Baron G, & , Greenberg R A (1987b). Number of Mitral Cells and the Bulb Volume in the Aging Human Olfactory Bulb: A Quantitative Morphological Study. Anatomical Record 218:73–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Busciglio J, , Andersen J K, , Schipper H M, , Gilad G M, , McCarty R, , Marzatico F, & , Toussaint O (1998). Stress, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Molecular Mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 851:429–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Cain W S (1989). Testing Olfaction in a Clinical Setting. Ear, Nose and Throat Journal 68:321–8Google Scholar
Cain W S, De Wijk R A, Nordin S, Nordin M, & Murphy C (in press). Odor Discrimination in Aging: Autonomy of Quality. Psychology and Aging
, Cain W S & , Gent J F (1991). Olfactory Sensitivity: Reliability, Generality, and Association with Aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology 17:382–91Google Scholar
, Cain W S & , Stevens J C (1989). Uniformity of Olfactory Loss in Aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 561:29–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Cain W S, , Stevens J C, , Nickou C M, , Giles A, , Johnston I, & , Garcia-Medina M R (1995). Life-Span Development of Odor Identification, Learning, and Olfactory Sensitivity. Perception 24:1457–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Carr V M & , Farbman A I (1993). The Dynamics of Cell Death in the Olfactory Epithelium. Experimental Neurology 124:308–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Casoli T, , Spagna C, , Fattoretti P, , Gesuita R, & , Bertoni-Freddari C (1996). Neuronal Plasticity in Aging: A Quantitative Immunohistochemical Study of GAP-43 Distribution in Discrete Regions of the Rat Brain. Brain Research 714:111–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Chakour M C, , Gibson S J, , Bradbeer M, & , Helme R D (1996). The Effect of Age on Adelta- and C-fibre Thermal Pain Perception. Pain 64:143–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Chalke H D & , Dewhurst J R (1957). Coal Gas Poisoning: Loss of Sense of Smell as a Possible Contributory Factor with Old People. British Medical Journal 2:1915–17Google Scholar
, Chen Y, , Getchell T V, , Sparks D L, & , Getchell M L (1993). Patterns of Adrenergic and Peptidergic Innervation in Human Olfactory Mucosa: Age-related Trends. Journal of Comparative Neurology 334:104–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Covington J W, , Geisler M W, , Polich J, & , Murphy C (1999). Normal Aging and Odor Intensity Effects on the Olfactory Event-related Potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology 32:205–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty R L (1995). The Smell Identification TestTMAdministration Manual, 3rd ed. Haddon Heights, NJ: Sensonics
, Doty R L, , McKeown D A, , Lee W W, & , Shaman P (1995). A Study of the Test–Retest Reliability of Ten Olfactory Tests. Chemical Senses 20:645–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Doty R L, , Shaman P, , Applebaum S L, , Giberson R, , Sikorski L, & , Rosenberg L (1984). Smell Identification Ability: Changes with Age. Science 226:1441–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Evans W J, , Cui L, & , Starr A (1995). Olfactory Event-related Potentials in Normal Human Subjects: Effects of Age and Gender. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 95:293–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Farbman A I (1990). Olfactory Neurogenesis: Genetic or Environmental Controls?Trends in Neuroscience 13:362–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ford J M & , Pfefferbaum A (1985). Age-related Changes in Event-related Potentials. Advances in Psychophysiology 1:301–39Google Scholar
, Fordyce I D (1961). Olfaction Tests. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 18:213–15Google Scholar
, Geisler M W, , Morgan C D, , Covington J W, & , Murphy C (1999). Neuropsychological Performance and Cognitive Olfactory Event-related Brain Potentials in Young and Elderly Adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 21:108–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Getchell M L, , Chen Y, , Ding X, , Sparks D L, & , Getchell T V (1993). Immunohistochemical Localization of a Cytochrome P-450 Isozyme in Human Nasal Mucosa: Age-related Trends. Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology 102:368–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Harkins S W, , Davis M D, , Bush F M, & , Kasberger J (1996). Suppression of First Pain and Slow Temporal Summation of Second Pain in Relation to Age. Journal of Gerontology 51A:M260–5Google Scholar
Harkins S W, Price D D, & Katz M A (1983). Are Cerebral Evoked Potentials Reliable Indices of First or Second Pain? In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, vol. 5, ed. J J Bonica, U Lindblom, & A Iggo, pp. 185–91. New York: Raven Press
, Harkins S W, , Price D D, & , Martelli M (1986). Effects of Age on Pain Perception: Thermonociception. Journal of Gerontology 41:58–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Hinds J W & , McNelly N A (1981). Aging in the Rat Olfactory System: Correlation of Changes in the Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb. Journal of Comparative Neurology 203:441–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Hornung D E, , Kurtz D B, , Bradshaw C B, , Seipel D M, , Kent P F, , Blair D C, & , Emko P (1998). The Olfactory Loss That Accompanies an HIV Infection. Physiology and Behavior 15:549–56Google Scholar
, Hummel T, , Barz S, , Pauli E, & , Kobal G (1998). Chemosensory Event-related Potentials Change as a Function of Age. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 108:208–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Hummel T, , Gruber M, , Pauli E, & , Kobal G (1994). Event-related Potentials in Response to Repetitive Painful Stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 92:426–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Hummel T & , Kobal G (1992). Differences in Human Evoked Potentials Related to Olfactory or Trigeminal Chemosensory Activation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 84:84–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Hummel T, , Livermore A, , Hummel C, & , Kobal G (1992). Chemosensory Event-related Potentials: Relation to Olfactory and Painful Sensations Elicited by Nicotine. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 84:192–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Hummel T, , Sekinger B, , Wolf S R, , Pauli E, & , Kobal G (1997). “Sniffin' Sticks”: Olfactory Performance Assessed by the Combined Testing of Odor Identification, Odor Discrimination, and Olfactory Thresholds. Chemical Senses 22:39–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Jones N & , Rog D (1998). Olfaction: A Review. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 112:11–24Google Scholar
, Jones-Gotman M & , Zatorre R J (1988). Olfactory Identification Deficits in Patients with Focal Cerebral Excision. Neuropsychologia 26:387–400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Joyner R E (1963). Olfactory Acuity in an Industrial Population. Journal of Occupational Medicine 5:37–42Google Scholar
, Kalmey J K, , Thewissen J G, & , Dluzen D E (1998). Age-related Size Reduction of Foramina in the Cribriform Plate. Anatomical Record 251:326–93.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kenshalo D R (1986). Somesthetic Sensitivity in Young and Elderly Humans. Journal of Gerontology 41:732–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kettenmann B, , Jousmäki V, , Portin K, , Salmelin R, , Kobal G, & , Hari R (1996). Odorants Activate the Human Superior Temporal Sulcus. Neuroscience Letters 203:143–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kimbrell G M & , Furchtgott E (1963). The Effect of Aging on Olfactory Threshold. Journal of Gerontology 18:364–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Knight R T (1987). Aging Decreases Auditory Event-related Potentials to Unexpected Stimuli in Humans. Neurobiology of Aging 8:109–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kobal G & , Hummel C (1988). Cerebral Chemosensory Evoked Potentials Elicited by Chemical Stimulation of the Human Olfactory and Respiratory Nasal Mucosa. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 71:241–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kobal G & , Hummel T (1994). Olfactory (Chemosensory) Event-related Potentials. Toxicology and Industrial Health 10:587–96Google Scholar
, Kobal G &, Hummel T (1998). Olfactory and Intranasal Trigeminal Event-related Potentials in Anosmic Patients. Laryngoscope 108:1033–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kobal G, , Hummel T, , Sekinger B, , Barz S, , Roscher S, & , Wolf S R (1996). “Sniffin' Sticks”: Screening of Olfactory Performance. Rhinology 34:222–6Google Scholar
, Kobal G, , Hummel T, & , Toller S (1992). Differences in Chemosensory Evoked Potentials to Olfactory and Somatosensory Chemical Stimuli Presented to Left and Right Nostrils. Chemical Senses 17:233–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Kolmer W (1924). Über die Regio Olfactoria des Menschen. Monatsschrift für Ohrenheilkunde 58:626Google Scholar
, Krmpotic-Nemanic J (1969). Presbycusis, Presbystasis and Presbyosmia as Consequences of the Analogous Biological Process. Acta Oto-laryngologica (Stockholm) 67:217–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Lee V M & , Pixley S K (1994). Age and Differentiation-related Differences in Neuron-specific Tubulin Immunostaining of Olfactory Sensory Neurons. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 83:209–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Lehrner J P, , Gluck J, & , Laska M (1999). Odor Identification, Consistency of Label Use, Olfactory Threshold and Their Relationships to Odor Memory over the Human Lifespan. Chemical Senses 24:337–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Livermore A, , Hummel T, & , Kobal G (1992). Chemosensory Event-related Potentials in the Investigation of Interactions between the Olfactory and the Somatosensory (Trigeminal) Systems. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 83:201–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Loo A T, , Youngentob S L, , Kent P F, & , Schwob J E (1996). The Aging Olfactory Epithelium: Neurogenesis, Response to Damage, and Odorant-induced Activity. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 14:881–900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Lorig T S, , Matia D C, , Pezka J J, & , Bryant D N (1996). The Effects of Active and Passive Stimulation on Chemosensory Event-related Potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology 23:199–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Machado-Salas J, , Scheibel M E, & , Scheibel A B (1977). Morphologic Changes in the Hypothalamus of the Old Mouse. Experimental Neurology 57:102–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Megighian D (1958). Variazioni della soglia olfattiva nell'eta senile. Minerva Otolaringologica 9:331–7Google Scholar
, Meisami E, , Mikhail L, , Baim D, & , Bhatnagar K P (1998). Human Olfactory Bulb: Aging of Glomeruli and Mitral Cells and a Search for the Accessory Olfactory Bulb. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855:708–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Minz A I (1968). Condition of the Nervous System in Old Men. Zeitschrift für Altersforschung 21:271–7Google Scholar
, Moberg P J, , Agrin R, , Gur R E, , Gur R C, , Turetsky B I, & , Doty R L (1999). Olfactory Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:325–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Morgan C D, , Covington J W, , Geisler M W, , Polich J, & , Murphy C (1997). Olfactory Event-related Potentials: Older Males Demonstrate the Greatest Deficits. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 104:351–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Morgan C D, , Geisler M W, , Covington J W, , Polich J, & , Murphy C (1999). Olfactory P3 in Young and Older Adults. Psychophysiology 36:281–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Mori N (1993). Toward Understanding of the Molecular Basis of Loss of Neuronal Plasticity in Ageing. Age and Ageing 22:S5–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Morrison E E & , Costanzo R M (1990). Morphology of the Human Olfactory Epithelium. Journal of Comparative Neurology 297:1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Murphy C (1983). Age-related Effects on the Threshold, Psychophysical Function, and Pleasantness of Menthol. Journal of Gerontology 38:217–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Murphy C, , Morgan C D, , Covington J, , Geisler M W, & , Polich J M (1996). Late (Cognitive) Components of the Olfactory Event-related Potential Are More Sensitive to Aging Than Early Components. Chemical Senses 21:648–9Google Scholar
, Murphy C, , Nordin S, , Wijk R A, , Cain W S, & , Polich J (1994). Olfactory-evoked Potentials: Assessment of Young and Elderly, and Comparison to Psychophysical Threshold. Chemical Senses 19:47–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Murphy C, , Nunez K, , Whithee J, & , Jalowayski A A (1985). The Effects of Age, Nasal Airway Resistance and Nasal Cytology on Olfactory Threshold for Butanol. Chemical Senses 10:418Google Scholar
, Murphy C, , Wetter S, , Morgan C D, , Ellison D W, & , Geisler M W (1998). Age Effects on Central Nervous System Activity Reflected in the Olfactory Event-related Potential. Evidence for Decline in Middle Age. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855:598–607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Naessen R (1971). An Inquiry on the Morphological Characteristics and Possible Changes with Age in the Olfactory Region of Man. Acta Oto-laryngologica (Stockholm) 71:49–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Nakashima T, , Kimmelman, C P, & , Snow J B Jr (1984). Structure of Human Fetal and Adult Olfactory Neuroepithelium. Archives of Otolaryngology 110:641–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Nakashima T, , Kimmelman C P, & , Snow J B Jr (1985). Immunohistopathology of Human Olfactory Epithelium, Nerve and Bulb. Laryngoscope 95:391–6Google Scholar
, Nordin S & , Murphy C (1998). Odor Memory in Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 855:686–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ochoa J & , Mair W G P (1969). The Normal Sural Nerve in Man. I. Ultrastructure and Numbers of Fibres and Cells. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 13:197–216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Paik S I, , Lehman M N, , Seiden A M, , Duncan H J, & , Smith D V (1992). Human Olfactory Biopsy: The Influence of Age and Receptor Distribution. Archives of Otolaryngology 118:731–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Pause B M, , Sojka B, , Krauel K, & , Ferstl R (1996). The Nature of the Late Positive Complex within the Olfactory Event-related Potential. Psychophysiology 33:168–72Google Scholar
, Rawson N E, , Gomez G, , Cowart B, , Brand J G, , Lowry L D, , Pribitkin E A, & , Restrepo D (1997). Selectivity and Response Characteristics of Human Olfactory Neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 77:1606–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Rawson N E, , Gomez G, , Cowart B, & , Restrepo D (1998). The Use of Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) from Biopsies to Study Changes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855:701–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Rosli Y, , Breckenridge L J, & , Smith R A (1999). An Ultrastructural Study of Age-related Changes in Mouse Olfactory Epithelium. Journal of Electron Microscopy (Tokyo) 48:77–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Rovee C K, , Cohen R Y, & , Shlapack W (1975). Life-Span Stability in Olfactory Sensitivity. Developments in Psychology 11:311–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Rowe J W & , Kahn R L (1987). Human Aging: Usual and Successful. Science 237:143–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Schemper T, , Voss S, & , Cain W S (1981). Odor Identification in Young and Elderly Persons: Sensory and Cognitive Limitations. Journal of Gerontology 36:446–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffman S (1979). Changes in Taste and Smell with Age: Psychophysical Aspects. In: Sensory Systems and Communication in the Elderly, ed. J M Ordy & K Brizzee, pp. 227–46. New York: Raven Press
, Schiffman S, , Moss J, & , Erickson R P (1976). Thresholds of Food Odors in the Elderly. Experimental Aging Research 2:389–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Schiffman S & , Pasternak M (1979). Decreased Discrimination of Food Odors in the Elderly. Journal of Gerontology 34:73–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ship J A & , Weiffenbach J M (1993). Age, Gender, Medical Treatment, and Medication Effects on Smell Identification. Journal of Gerontology 48: M26–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Smith C G (1941). Incidence of Atrophy of the Olfactory Nerves in Man. Archives of Otolaryngology 34:533–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Smith D O (1988). Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Aging in the Nervous System. Experimental Gerontology 23:399–412CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Stevens J C & , Cain W S (1986). Aging and the Perception of Nasal Irritation. Physiology and Behavior 37:323–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Stevens J C & , Cain W S (1987). Old-Age Deficits in the Sense of Smell as Gauged by Thresholds, Magnitude Matching, and Odor Identification. Psychology and Aging 2:36–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Stevens J C, , Cain W S, , Schiet F T, & , Oatley M W (1989). Olfactory Adaptation and Recovery in Old Age. Perception 18:265–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Stevens J C & , Dardawala A D (1993) Variability of Olfactory Threshold and Its Role in Assessment of Aging. Perceptual Psychophysiology 54:296–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Stevens J C, , Plantinga A, & , Cain W S (1982). Reduction of Odor and Nasal Pungency Associated with Aging. Neurobiology of Aging 3:125–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Sutton S, , Braren M, & , Zubin J (1965). Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty. Science 150:1187–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Tachibana H, , Toda K, & , Sugita M (1992). Age-related Changes in Attended and Unattended P3 Latency in Normal Subjects. International Journal of Neuroscience 66:277–84Google Scholar
, Trojanowski J Q, , Newman P D, , Hill W D, & , Lee V M (1991). Human Olfactory Epithelium in Normal Aging, Alzheimer's Disease, and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. Journal of Comparative Neurology 310:365–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Vaschide N (1904). L'état de la sensibilité olfactive dans la vieillesse. Bulletin de Laryngolagie, Otologie et Rhinologie 7:323–33Google Scholar
, Venstrom D & , Amoore J E (1968). Olfactory Threshold in Relation to Age, Sex, or Smoking. Journal of Food Science 33:264–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Verkhratsky A & , Toescu E C (1998). Calcium and Neuronal Ageing. Trends in Neuroscience 21:2–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Weiler E & , Farbman A I (1997). Proliferation in the Rat Olfactory Epithelium: Age-dependent Changes. Journal of Neuroscience 17:3610–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Wood J B & , Harkins S W (1987). Effects of Age, Stimulus Selection, and Retrieval Environment on Odor Identification. Journal of Gerontology 42:584–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wysocki C J & Gilbert A N (1989). National Geographic Smell Survey: Effects of Age Are Heterogeneous. In: Nutrition and the Chemical Senses in Aging: Recent Advances and Current Research Needs, ed. C. Murphy, W S Cain, & D M Hegsted, pp. 12–28. Washington, DC: National Geographic
, Yousem D M, , Geckle R J, , Bilker W B, & , Doty R L (1998). Olfactory Bulb and Tract and Temporal Lobe Volumes. Normative Data Across Decades. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855:546–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Yousem D M, , Maldjian J A, , Hummel T, , Alsop D C, , Geckle R J, , Kraut M A, & , Doty R L (1999). The Effect of Age on Odor-stimulated Functional MR Imaging. American Journal of Neuroradiology 20:600–8Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Age-related Changes in Chemosensory Functions
    • By Thomas Hummel, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Stefan Heilmann, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Claire Murphy, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92129, USA
  • Edited by Catherine Rouby, Université Lyon I, Benoist Schaal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Danièle Dubois, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Rémi Gervais, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, A. Holley, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
  • Book: Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition
  • Online publication: 21 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546389.036
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Age-related Changes in Chemosensory Functions
    • By Thomas Hummel, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Stefan Heilmann, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Claire Murphy, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92129, USA
  • Edited by Catherine Rouby, Université Lyon I, Benoist Schaal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Danièle Dubois, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Rémi Gervais, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, A. Holley, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
  • Book: Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition
  • Online publication: 21 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546389.036
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Age-related Changes in Chemosensory Functions
    • By Thomas Hummel, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Stefan Heilmann, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Claire Murphy, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92129, USA
  • Edited by Catherine Rouby, Université Lyon I, Benoist Schaal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Danièle Dubois, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Rémi Gervais, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, A. Holley, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
  • Book: Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition
  • Online publication: 21 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546389.036
Available formats
×