1.American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency department observation units. Ann Emerg Med. 1988; 17:95–96.
2.American College of Emergency Physicians. Management of Observation Units [policy resource and education paper]. Approved January 2008. www.acep.org (Accessed February 20, 2016) 3.Baugh, CW, Venkatesh, AK, Bohan, JS. Emergency department observation units: A clinical and financial benefit for hospitals. Health Care Management Review. 2011; 36(1):28–37
4.Ross, MA, Naylor, A, Compton, S. Maximizing use of the emergency department observation unit: A novel hybrid design. Ann Emerg Med. 2001; 37(3):267–274.
5.Graff, LG, Dallara, J, Ross, MA, et al. Impact on the care of the emergency department chest pain patient from the Chest Pain Evaluation Registry (CHEPER) study. American J Cardiology. 1997; 80:563–568.
6.Sieck, S. Cost effectiveness of chest pain units. Cardiol Clin. 2005; 23:589–599.
7.Robinson, D, Woods, P, Snedecker, C, et al. A comparison trial for stratifying intermediate risk chest pain: Benefits of emergency department observation centers. Preventive Cardiol. 2002; 5:23–30.
8.Roberts, R, Graff, L. Economic issues in observation unit medicine. Emer Med Clinics of N America. 2001; 19(1):19–33.
9.Graff, LG. In Observation Medicine, The Healthcare System’s Tincture of Time. Update August 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2012, from American College of Emergency Physicians website: www.acep.org/Workarea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=45885 (Accessed February 20, 2016) 10.American College of Emergency Physicians. Chest Pain Units in Emergency Departments. A report from the Short Term Observation Services Section. Aug. 8, 1994. www.acep.org (Accessed February 20, 2016) 11.Mace, SE, Graff, L, Mikhail, M, et al. A national survey of observation units in the United States. Amer J Emerg. Med 2003; 21(7):529–533.
12.Robinson, DJ. Hospital based observation unit design. In Observation Medicine, The Healthcare System’s Tincture of Time. Update August 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2012, from American College of Emergency Physicians website: www.acep.org/Content.aspx?id=46142&terms=observation (Accessed February 20, 2016) 13.Cooke, MW, Higgins, J, Kidd, P. Use of emergency observation and assessment wards: A systematic literature review. Emerg Med J. 2003; 20:138–142.
14.Huddy, J. In: Huddy, J, ed. Emergency Department Design; A Practical Guide to Planning for the Future. Dallas, TX: American College of Emergency Physicians; 2002.
15.Graff, LG. Observation unit staffing. In Graff, LG, ed. Observation Medicine. Newton, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993:89–98.
16.Emergency Nurses Association. Observation Units/Clinical Decision Units. [Position Statement]. Revised Sept 1997.
17.Brillman, J, Mathers-Dunbar, L. American College of Emergency Physicians: Management of observation units. Ann Emerg Med. June 1995; 25:823–830.
18.Rotter, T, Kugler, J, Koch, R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical pathways on length of stay, hospital costs and patient outcomes. BMC Health Services Research. 2008; 8 (265): 1–15. www.biomedcentral.com/472–6963/8/265 (Accessed February 20, 2016)