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3 - Hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2009

By
Neel S. Singhal  and
Rexford S. Ahima
Edited by
Jenni Harvey  and
Dominic J. Withers
Neel S. Singhal
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Rexford S. Ahima
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Jenni Harvey
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Dominic J. Withers
Affiliation:
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
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Summary

Introduction

The hypothalamus is a critical integrator of peripheral and central signals that mediate energy homeostasis. Over the last two decades, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the details of how neural, hormonal and nutrient signals from the gut and adipose tissue act on specific hypothalamic pathways to control energy balance and various physiologic processes. These hypothalamic circuits affect not only appetite, but through their diverse projections to the autonomic nervous system, brainstem and higher centers also influence motivational and motor function, and the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Although the details of the interacting factors and effector mechanisms remain an area of active research, it is clear that neuropeptides at the level of the hypothalamus modulate key aspects of feeding behavior, energy expenditure and neuroendocrine function (Grill & Kaplan, 2002). In this chapter, we provide an overview of the hypothalamic circuitry within a framework for understanding its role as a sensor, integrator and effector of energy homeostasis and diverse physiologic processes.

Classical role of the hypothalamus in feeding regulation

A crucial involvement of the base of the diencephalon in energy homeostasis was first suggested by clinical observations in patients with pituitary tumors associated with excessive fat deposition and hypogonadism (Bramwell, 1888; Frolich, 1901). Several animal studies confirmed the importance of this region in body weight regulation, but it was not until the experiments of Hetherington and Ranson that the role of the hypothalamus rather than that of the pituitary gland was firmly established.

Type
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Neurobiology of Obesity , pp. 52 - 82
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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  • Hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis
    • By Neel S. Singhal, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA, Rexford S. Ahima, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
  • Edited by Jenni Harvey, University of Dundee, Dominic J. Withers, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
  • Book: Neurobiology of Obesity
  • Online publication: 15 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541643.004
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  • Hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis
    • By Neel S. Singhal, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA, Rexford S. Ahima, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
  • Edited by Jenni Harvey, University of Dundee, Dominic J. Withers, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
  • Book: Neurobiology of Obesity
  • Online publication: 15 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541643.004
Available formats
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Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis
    • By Neel S. Singhal, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA, Rexford S. Ahima, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
  • Edited by Jenni Harvey, University of Dundee, Dominic J. Withers, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
  • Book: Neurobiology of Obesity
  • Online publication: 15 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541643.004
Available formats
×