Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T14:04:29.993Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 17 - Movement disorders in stroke

from Section IV - Movement disorders in general neurology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2014

By
Werner Poewe  and
Benjamin Matosevic
Edited by
Werner Poewe  and
Joseph Jankovic
Werner Poewe
Affiliation:
Medical University Innsbruck
Benjamin Matosevic
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
Werner Poewe
Affiliation:
Medical University Innsbruck
Joseph Jankovic
Affiliation:
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Stroke is the second leading cause of death in industrialized nations and the most important cause of permanent neurological disability in the elderly. According to recent WHO estimates, stroke ranks second after dementia in the overall burden of disease from brain disorders and accounts for about 4.1 percent of all cause burden of disease (Murray et al. 2012). Prevalence of stroke rises with advancing age and beyond the age of 70 annual stroke incidence rises to above 2,000 per 100,000 (Diaz-Guzman et al. 2012; Kissela et al. 2012; Khellaf et al. 2010; Warlow et al. 2003). Approximately 85 percent of all strokes are ischemic in nature, while 15 percent result from intracerebral hemorrhage. Arteriosclerosis is the single most important cause of ischemic stroke, either via large or small vessel disease or combinations followed by embolic stroke from cardiac sources. Stroke symptoms depend on the anatomic location of brain infarcts or hemorrhages and the functional connectivity of lesion sites. Involvement of the basal ganglia and their afferent and efferent connections is very common in strokes affecting the middle cerebral artery territory, and yet movement disorders seem to be relatively rarely reported in the context of stroke. This may be partially due to observer bias with focus on acute stroke symptoms and acute management, while in many cases movement disorders only develop after acute stroke symptoms have resolved. Also, the distinction between vascular “look-alikes” of common degenerative movement disorders and their bona fide counterparts can be challenging, as probably best exemplified by the controversies and uncertainties related to vascular parkinsonism.

Mechanisms underlying stroke-related movement disorders

Dysfunctional sensorimotor integration is the common final pathophysiological pathway for all movement disorders and the neural networks involved include motor loops interconnecting the cerebellum, brainstem nuclei, basal ganglia, thalamus, and motor and pre-motor cortical areas (Abbruzzese and Berardelli 2003).

Type
Chapter
Information
Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease , pp. 247 - 267
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbruzzese, G. and Berardelli, A. (2003). “Sensorimotor integration in movement disorders,” Mov. Disord. 18: 231–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alarcón, F., Zijlmans, J. C., Dueñas, G., and Cevallos, N. (2004). “Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75: 1568–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albanese, A., Bhatia, K., Bressman, S., Delong, M. R., Fahn, S., Fung, V. S., et al. (2013). “Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update,” Mov. Disord. [E-pub. ahead of print] .CrossRef
Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., and Strick, P. L. (1986). “Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex,” Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 9: 357–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altafullah, I., Pascual-Leone, A., Duvall, K., Anderson, D. C., and Taylor, S. (1990). “Putaminal hemorrhage accompanied by hemichorea-hemiballism,” Stroke 21: 1093–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Astradsson, A., Schweder, P., Joint, C., Forrow, B., Thevathasan, W., Pereira, E., et al. (2010). “Thalamotomy for postapoplectic hemiballistic chorea in older adults,” J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 58: 2240–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bähr, M., Frotscher, M., and Duus, P. (2009). Neurologisch-topische Diagnostik: Anatomie – Funktion –Klinik (Stuttgart: Thieme).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandt, S. K., Anderson, D., and Biller, J. (2008). “Deep brain stimulation as an effective treatment option for post-midbrain infarction-related tremor as it presents with Benedikt syndrome,” J. Neurosurg. 109: 635–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbaud, A., Hadjout, K., Blard, J. M., and Pages, M. (2001). “Improvement in essential tremor after pure sensory stroke due to thalamic infarction,” Eur. Neurol. 46: 57–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barinagarrementeria, F., Vega, F., and DelBrutto, O. H. (1989). “Acute hemichorea due to infarction in the corona radiata,” J. Neurol. 236: 371–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgartner, R. W. and Baumgartner, I. (1998). “Vasomotor reactivity is exhausted in transient ischaemic attacks with limb shaking,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 65(4): 561–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baysal, L., Acarer, A., and Celebisoy, N. (2009). “Post-ischemic Holmes’ tremor of the lower extremities,” J. Neurol. 256: 2079–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhatia, K. P. and Marsden, C. D. (1994). “The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man,” Brain 117(Pt. 4): 859–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakeley, J. and Jankovic, J. (2002). “Secondary causes of paroxysmal dyskinesia,” Adv. Neurol. 89: 401–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Braga-Neto, P., Santos-Neto, D., Kuster, G. W., Silva, G. S., Vieira, V. L., Borges, V., et al. (2008). “Dystonia as a first presentation of cryptogenic stroke in a young patient with right-to-left shunt,” Mov. Disord. 23: 626–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camac, A., Greene, P., and Khandji, A. (1990). “Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonic choreoathetosis associated with a thalamic infarct,” Mov. Disord. 5: 235–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardoso, F., Seppi, K., Mair, K. J., Wenning, G. K., and Poewe, W. (2006). “Seminar on choreas,” Lancet Neurol. 5: 589–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, C. and Samkoff, L. M. (2000). “A lesion of the anterior thalamus producing dystonic tremor of the hand,” Arch. Neurol. 57: 1353–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, S. J., Lee, S. W., Kim, M. C., Kwon, J. Y., Park, C. K., Sung, J. H., et al. (2003). “Posteroventral pallidotomy in medically intractable postapoplectic monochorea: case report,” Surg. Neurol. 59: 486–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chuang, C., Fahn, S., and Frucht, S. J. (2002). “The natural history and treatment of acquired hemidystonia: report of 33 cases and review of the literature,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 72: 59–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, S. J., Im, J. H., Lee, M. C., and Kim, J. S. (2004). “Hemichorea after stroke: clinical-radiological correlation,” J. Neurol. 251: 725–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comella, C. (2008). “General management approach to dystonia,” in Hallett, M. and Poewe, W. (eds.), Therapeutics of Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell), pp. 217–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crozier, S., Lehéricy, S., Verstichel, P., Masscon, C., and Masson, M. (1996). “Transient hemiballism/hemichorea due to an ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus infarction,” Neurology 46(1): 267–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLong, M. R. and Wichmann, T. (2007). “Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia,” Arch. Neurol. 64: 20–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dethy, S., Luxen, A., Bidaut, L. M., and Goldman, S. (1993). “Hemibody tremor related to stroke,” Stroke 24: 2094–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deuschl, G. (2008). Other Tremor Disorders. Therapeutics of Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell).Google Scholar
Deuschl, G., Bain, P., and Brin, M. (1998a). “Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee,” Mov. Disord. 13(Suppl. 3): 2–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deuschl, G. and Bergman, H. (2002). “Pathophysiology of nonparkinsonian tremors,” Mov. Disord. 17(Suppl. 3): S41–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deuschl, G., Koster, B., Lucking, C. H., and Scheidt, C. (1998b). “Diagnostic and pathophysiological aspects of psychogenic tremors,” Mov. Disord. 13: 294–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deuschl, G. and Lucking, C. H. (1990). “Physiology and clinical applications of hand muscle reflexes,” Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 41: 84–101.Google ScholarPubMed
Deuschl, G., Toro, C., Valls-Sole, J., Zeffiro, T., Zee, D. S., and Hallett, M. (1994). “Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. 1. Clinical, physiological and MRI analysis,” Brain 117(Pt. 4): 775–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Lazzaro, L., Pilato, F., Saturno, E., Dileone, M., Tonali, P. A., Antonelli, M., et al. (2005). “Bilateral chorea-ballism after cardiac arrest,” Neurology 64: E20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz-Guzman, J., Egido, J. A., Gabriel-Sanchez, R., Barbera-Comes, G., Fuentes-Gimeno, B., and Fernandez-Perez, C. (2012). “Stroke and transient ischemic attack incidence rate in Spain: the IBERICTUS study,” Cerebrovasc. Dis. 34: 272–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driver-Dunckley, E. and Evidente, V. G. (2005). “Hemichorea-hemiballismus may respond to topiramate,” Clin. Neuropharmacol. 28: 142–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubinsky, R. M. and Jankovic, J. (1987). “Progressive supranuclear palsy and a multi-infarct state,” Neurology 37: 570–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahn, S. (1988). “Concept and classification of dystonia,” Adv. Neurol. 50: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, C. M. (1962). “Concerning recurrent transient cerebral ischemic attacks,” Can. Med. Assoc. J. 86(24): 1091–9.Google ScholarPubMed
FitzGerald, P. M. and Jankovic, J. (1989). “Lower body parkinsonism: evidence for vascular etiology,” Mov. Disord. 4: 249–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franzini, A., Messina, G., Marras, C., Molteni, F., Cordella, R., Soliveri, P., et al. (2009). “Poststroke fixed dystonia of the foot relieved by chronic stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal capsule,” J. Neurosurg. 111: 1216–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukui, T., Hasegawa, Y., Seriyama, S., Takeuchi, T., Sugita, K., and Tsukagoshi, H. (1993). “Hemiballism-hemichorea induced by subcortical ischemia,” Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 20: 324–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Gatto, E. M., Uribe, R. C., Raina, G., Gorja, M., Folgar, S., and Micheli, F. E. (2004). “Vascular hemichorea/hemiballism and topiramate,” Mov. Disord. 19: 836–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerschlager, W., Bencsits, G., Pirker, W., Bloem, B. R., Asenbaum, S., Prayer, D., et al. (2002). “[123I]beta-CIT SPECT distinguishes vascular parkinsonism from Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord. 17: 518–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghika, J., Bogousslavsky, J., Henderson, J., Maeder, P., and Regli, F. (1994). “The ‘jerky dystonic unsteady hand’: a delayed motor syndrome in posterior thalamic infarctions,” J. Neurol. 241: 537–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghika, J., Ghika-Schmid, F., and Bogousslasvky, J. (1998). “Parietal motor syndrome: a clinical description in 32 patients in the acute phase of pure parietal strokes studied prospectively,” Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 100: 271–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghika-Schmid, F., Ghika, J., Regli, F., and Bogousslavsky, J. (1997). “Hyperkinetic movement disorders during and after acute stroke: the Lausanne Stroke Registry,” J. Neurol. Sci. 146: 109–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibb, W. R. and Lees, A. J. (1988). “A comparison of clinical and pathological features of young- and old-onset Parkinson’s disease,” Neurology 38: 1402–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez-Alegre, P., Ammache, Z., Davis, P. H., and Rodnitzky, R. L. (2003). “Moyamoya-induced paroxysmal dyskinesia,” Mov. Disord. 18: 1051–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guberman, A. and Stuss, D. (1983). “The syndrome of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarction,” Neurology 33: 540–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallett, M. (1995). “Is dystonia a sensory disorder?” Ann. Neurol. 38: 139–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammond, W. A. (1871). A Treatise on Disease of the Nervous System (New York: Appleton & Co.), pp. 655–62.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, T., Morita, H., Tada, T., Maruyama, T., Yamada, Y., and Ikeda, S. (2001). “Neuronal activity in the globus pallidus in chorea caused by striatal lacunar infarction,” Ann. Neurol. 50: 528–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L., and Lees, A. J. (1992). “Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55: 181–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inzelberg, R., Bornstein, N. M., Reider, I., and Korczyn, A. D. (1994). “Basal ganglia lacunes and parkinsonism,” Neuroepidemiology 13: 108–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irioka, T., Ayabe, J., and Mizusawa, H. (2010). “Hemichorea improved by extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for middle cerebral artery occlusion,” J. Neurol. 257: 1756–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankovic, J. (1986). “Blepharospasm with basal ganglia lesions,” Arch. Neurol. 43: 866–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankovic, J. and Clarence-Smith, K. (2011). “Tetrabenazine for the treatment of chorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders,” Expert Rev. Neurother. 11: 1509–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankovic, J. and Patel, S. C. (1983). “Blepharospasm associated with brainstem lesions,” Neurology 33: 1237–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josephs, K. A., Ishizawa, T., Tsuboi, Y., Cockson, N., and Dickson, D. W. (2002). “A clinicopathological study of vascular progressive supranuclear palsy: a multi-infarct disorder presenting as progressive supranuclear palsy,” Arch. Neurol. 59(10): 1597–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katzenschlager, R., Manson, A. J., Evans, A., Watt, H., and Lees, A. J. (2004). “Low dose quetiapine for drug induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: a double blind cross over study,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75: 295–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Khellaf, M., Quantin, C., d’Athis, P., Fassa, M., Jooste, V., Hervieu, M., et al. (2010). “Age-period-cohort analysis of stroke incidence in Dijon from 1985 to 2005,” Stroke 41: 2762–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, H. J., Cho, Y. J., Cho, J. Y., Hong, K. S., and Jeon, B. S. (2008). “Choreodystonia in a patient with hypertrophic olivary degeneration after pontine tegmental hemorrhage,” Mov. Disord. 23: 920–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J. S. (2001). “Delayed onset mixed involuntary movements after thalamic stroke: clinical, radiological and pathophysiological findings,” Brain 124: 299–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. S., Lee, K. S., Lee, K. H., Kim, Y. I., Kim, B. S., Chung, Y. A., et al. (2002). “Evidence of thalamic disinhibition in patients with hemichorea: semiquantitative analysis using SPECT,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 72: 329–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. S. and Lee, M. C. (1994). “Writing tremor after discrete cortical infarction,” Stroke 25: 2280–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. S. and Suh, D. C. (2001). “Hemiballism-hemichorea and posterior communicating artery stenosis,” Eur. Neurol. 45: 182–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, Y. H., Leitch, J. W., Klein, G. J., Yee, R., and Leather, R. A. (1992). “Effect of atropine and isoproterenol on tachycardia induction in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White electrocardiographic pattern,” Can. J. Cardiol. 8: 716–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Kissela, B. M., Khoury, J. C., Alwell, K., Moomaw, C. J., Woo, D., Adeoye, O., et al. (2012). “Age at stroke: temporal trends in stroke incidence in a large, biracial population,” Neurology 79: 1781–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoflach, M., Matosevic, B., Meinhart, M., Rücker, M., Furtner, M., Zangerle, A., et al. (2011). “Prognostic relevance of limb shaking in symptomatic carotid artery occlusion,” Cerebrovasc. Dis. 32: 35–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopell, B. H., Rezai, A. R., Chang, J. W., and Vitek, J. L. (2006). “Anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia: implications for deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord. 21(Suppl. 14): S238–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kudo, M., Goto, S., Nishikawa, S., Hamasaki, T., Soyama, N., Ushio, Y., et al. (2001). “Bilateral thalamic stimulation for Holmes’ tremor caused by unilateral brainstem lesion,” Mov. Disord. 16: 170–4.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwak, C. H. and Jankovic, J. (2002). “Tourettism and dystonia after subcortical stroke,” Mov. Disord. 17: 821–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeDoux, M. S. and Brady, K. A. (2003). “Secondary cervical dystonia associated with structural lesions of the central nervous system,” Mov. Disord. 18: 60–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, M. S., Kim, Y. D., Yang, J. W., Lyoo, C. H., Oh, S. H., and Kim, H. S. (2001a). “Clinical and anatomical factors associated with thalamic dyskinesias,” J. Neurol. Sci. 182: 137–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, M. S., Kim, Y. D., Yang, J. W., Lyoo, C. H., Oh, S. H., and Kim, H. S. (2001b). “Clinical and anatomical factors associated with thalamic dyskinesias,” J. Neurol. Sci. 182: 137–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, M. S. and Marsden, C. D. (1994). “Movement disorders following lesions of the thalamus or subthalamic region,” Mov. Disord. 9: 493–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehericy, S., Grand, S., Pollak, P., et al. (2001). “Clinical characteristics and topography of lesions in movement disorders due to thalamic lesions,” Neurology 57: 1055–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leira, E. C., Ajax, T., and Adams, H. P. (1997). “Limb-shaking carotid transient ischemic attacks successfully treated with modification of the antihypertensive regimen,” Arch. Neurol. 54: 904–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, D. A., Khandhar, S. M., Heath, S., Ostrem, J. L., Ringel, N., and Starr, P. (2007). “Multiple target deep brain stimulation for multiple sclerosis related and poststroke Holmes’ tremor,” Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 85: 144–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Louis, E. D., Lynch, T., Ford, B., Greene, P., Bressman, S. B., and Fahn, S. (1996). “Delayed-onset cerebellar syndrome,” Arch. Neurol. 53: 450–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Critchley, M. (1929). “Arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism,” Brain 52(1): 23–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, C. D., Obeso, J. A., Zarranz, J. J., and Lang, A. E. (1985). “The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia,” Brain 108(Pt. 2): 463–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehanna, R. and Jankovic, J. (2013). “Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease,” Lancet Neurol. 12(6): 597–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mink, J. W. (2003). “The basal ganglia and involuntary movements: impaired inhibition of competing motor patterns,” Arch. Neurol. 60: 1365–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miwa, H., Hatori, K., Kondo, T., Imai, H., and Mizuno, Y. (1996). “Thalamic tremor: case reports and implications of the tremor-generating mechanism,” Neurology 46: 75–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moro, E., Lang, A. E., Strafella, A. P., Poon, Y. Y., Arango, P. M., Dagher, A., et al. (2004). “Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation for Huntington’s disease,” Ann. Neurol. 56: 290–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moroo, I., Hirayama, K., and Nakajima, M. (1997). “Delayed onset postural tremor caused by parietal lesion,” Mov. Disord. 12: 1098–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., et al. (2012). “Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” Lancet Neurol. 380: 2197–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Suilleabhain, P. and Dewey, R. B. (2003). “A randomized trial of amantadine in Huntington disease,” Arch. Neurol. 60: 996–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obeso, J. A., Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C., Rodriguez, M., Arbizu, J., and Gimenez-Amaya, J. M. (2002). “The basal ganglia and disorders of movement: pathophysiological mechanisms,” News Physiol. Sci. 17: 51–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Ondo, W. G., Chan, L. L., and Levy, J. K. (2002). “Vascular parkinsonism: clinical correlates predicting motor improvement after lumbar puncture,” Mov. Disord. 17: 91–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppenheim, H. (1911). “Uber Eine eigenartige Kramotkrankheit des Kindlichen und jugendlichen Alters (Dysbasia lordotica progressiva, Dystonia musculorum deformans),” Neurologie Centralblatt 30: 1090–107.Google Scholar
Otto, S., Buttner, T., Schols, L., Windmeier, D. T., and Przuntek, H. (1995). “Head tremor due to bilateral thalamic and midbrain infarction,” J. Neurol. 242: 608–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandey, P., Bell-Stephens, T., and Steinberg, G. K. (2010). “Patients with moyamoya disease presenting with movement disorder,” J. Neurosurg. Pediatr. 6: 559–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pantano, P., Di, C. S., Ricci, M., Gualdi, G. F., Sabatini, U., and Di, P. (1996). “Hemichorea after a striatal ischemic lesion: evidence of thalamic disinhibition using single-photon emission computed tomography: a case report,” Mov. Disord. 11: 444–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Cho, Y. J., Cho, J. Y., and Hong, K. S. (2009). “Recurrent hemichorea following a single infarction in the contralateral subthalamic nucleus,” Mov. Disord. 24: 617–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peralta, C., Stampfer-Kountchev, M., Karner, E., Köllensperger, M., Geser, F., Wolf, E., et al. (2007). “Orthostatic hypotension and attention in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia,” J. Neural. Transm. 114: 585–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peralta, C., Werner, P., Holl, B., Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Seppi, K., et al. (2004). “Parkinsonism following striatal infarcts: incidence in a prospective stroke unit cohort,” J. Neural. Transm. 111: 1473–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persoon, S., Kappelle, L. J., and Klijn, C. J. (2010a). “Limb-shaking transient ischaemic attacks in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion: a case-control study,” Brain 133: 915–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Persoon, S., Kappelle, L. J., and Klijn, C. J. (2010b). “Limb-shaking transient ischaemic attacks in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion: a case-control study,” Brain 133: 915–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettigrew, L. C. and Jankovic, J. (1985). “Hemidystonia: a report of 22 patients and a review of the literature,” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 48: 650–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piccolo, I., Defanti, C. A., Soliveri, P., Volonte, M. A., Cislaghi, G., and Girotti, F. (2003). “Cause and course in a series of patients with sporadic chorea,” J. Neurol. 250: 429–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi, F., Morales, A., and Elble, R. J. (1996). “Tremor due to infarction in the ventrolateral thalamus,” Mov. Disord. 11: 440–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reider-Grosswasser, I., Bornstein, N., and Korczyn, A. (1995). “Parkinsonism in patients with lacunar infarcts of the basal ganglia,” Eur. Neurol. 35: 46–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Remy, P., de Recondo, A., Defer, G., Loc’h, C., Amarenco, P., Plante-Bordeneuve, V., et al. (1995). “Peduncular ‘rubral’ tremor and dopaminergic denervation: a PET study,” Neurology 45: 472–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulze-Bonhage, A. and Ferbert, A. (1998). “Cortical action tremor and focal motor seizures after parietal infarction,” Mov. Disord. 13: 356–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, M., De Deyn, P. P., Van den Kerchove, M., and Pickut, B. A. (1995). “Cervical dystonia as a probable consequence of focal cerebral lesion,” Mov. Disord. 10: 797–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, B. L. and Jankovic, J. (1996). “Delayed-onset progressive movement disorders after static brain lesions,” Neurology 46: 68–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sethi, K. D., Nichols, F. T., and Yaghmai, F. (1987). “Generalized chorea due to basal ganglia lacunar infarcts,” Mov. Disord. 2: 61–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sethi, K. D. and Patel, B. P. (1990). “Inconsistent response to divalproex sodium in hemichorea/hemiballism,” Neurology 40: 1630–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, E. E., Schneider, J. A., Wardlaw, J. M., and Greenberg, S. M. (2012). “Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions,” Lancet Neurol. 11: 272–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, S., Hotter, A., Wolf, E., Eisner, W., Müller, J., Poewe, W., et al. (2012). “Deep brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease: a 4-year follow-up case report,” Mov. Disord. 27: 806–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staekenborg, S. S., van Straaten, E. C., van der Flier, W. M., Lane, R., Barkhof, F., and Scheltens, P. (2008). “Small vessel versus large vessel vascular dementia: risk factors and MRI findings,” J. Neurol. 255: 1644–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabaton, M., Mancardi, G., and Loeb, C. (1985). “Generalized chorea due to bilateral small, deep cerebral infarcts,” Neurology 35: 588–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, E. K., Chan, L. L., and Auchus, A. P. (2001). “Complex movement disorders following bilateral paramedian thalamic and bilateral cerebellar infarcts,” Mov. Disord. 16: 968–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarsy, D. and Simon, D. K. (2006). “Dystonia,” N. Engl. J. Med. 355: 818–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, P. D. and Marsden, C. D. (1987). “Gait disorder of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: Binswanger’s disease,” Mov. Disord. 2: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tisch, S., Silberstein, P., Limousin-Dowsey, P., and Jahanshahi, M. (2004). “The basal ganglia: anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology,” Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 27: 757–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolosa, E. S. and Santamaria, J. (1984). “Parkinsonism and basal ganglia infarcts,” Neurology 34: 1516–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Usmani, N., Bedi, G. S., Sengun, C., Pandey, A., and Singer, C. (2011). “Late onset of cervical dystonia in a 39-year-old patient following cerebellar hemorrhage,” J. Neurol. 258: 149–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Zagten, Z. M., Lodder, J., and Kessels, F. (1998). “Gait disorder and parkinsonian signs in patients with stroke related to small deep infarcts and white matter lesions,” Mov. Disord. 13: 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vidailhet, M., Jedynak, C. P., Pollak, P., and Agid, Y. (1998). “Pathology of symptomatic tremors,” Mov. Disord. 13(Suppl. 3): 49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, M., Kim, H., and Samii, A. (2007). “Holmes-like tremor of the lower extremity following brainstem hemorrhage,” Mov. Disord. 22: 272–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warlow, C., Sudlow, C., Dennis, M., Wardlaw, J., and Sandercock, P. (2003). “Stroke,” Lancet Neurol. 362: 1211–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wijemanne, S. and Jankovic, J. (2009). “Hemidystonia-hemiatrophy syndrome,” Mov. Disord. 24: 583–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winikates, J. and Jankovic, J. (1994). “Vascular progressive supranuclear palsy,” J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 42: 189–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winikates, J. and Jankovic, J. (1999). “Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism,” Arch. Neurol. 56: 98–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamanouchi, H. and Nagura, H. (1997). “Neurological signs and frontal white matter lesions in vascular parkinsonism. A clinicopathologic study,” Stroke 28: 965–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zadro, I., Brinar, V. V., Barun, B., Ozretic, D., and Habek, M. (2008). “Cervical dystonia due to cerebellar stroke,” Mov. Disord. 23: 919–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zijlmans, J., Evans, A., Fontes, F., Katzenschlager, R., Gacinovic, S., Lees, A. J., et al. (2007). “[123I] FP-CIT spect study in vascular parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease,” Mov. Disord. 22: 1278–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zijlmans, J. C. (2011). “Vascular chorea in adults and children,” Handb. Clin. Neurol. 100: 261–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zijlmans, J. C., Daniel, S. E., Hughes, A. J., Revesz, T., and Lees, A. J. (2004). “Clinicopathological investigation of vascular parkinsonism, including clinical criteria for diagnosis,” Mov. Disord. 19: 630–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×