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Chapter F2 - Atomic force microscopy

from Part F - Optical microscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2012

Igor N. Serdyuk ,
Nathan R. Zaccai  and
Joseph Zaccai
Igor N. Serdyuk
Affiliation:
Institute of Protein Research, Moscow
Nathan R. Zaccai
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Joseph Zaccai
Affiliation:
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble
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Summary

Historical review

Early 1980s

G. Binning and H. Rohrer proposed the scanning tunnelling microscope (for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize). This invention has initiated an exciting series of novel experiments to image the surface of conducting as well as insulating solids with atomic resolution. The first attempts at imaging biological molecules using a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) date back to 1983. In 1987, individual molecules of phthalocyanine, lipid bilayers and ascorbic acid were reported. One year later, H. Ohtani with collaborators imaged benzene, the molecule of Kekul′e 's blue dream, as three-lobed rings. In 1989 a spectacular view of the double-stranded Z-DNA molecule, the first biological macromolecule studied using a STM, was presented.

1986

G. Binning, C. F. Quate and C. Gerber invented the scanning force microscope (SFM). In this microscope a sensor tip carried by a flexible cantilever is used to touch and characterise a surface. This was a significant breakthrough which allows biological macromolecules to be scanned in aqueous solution and gives reproducible imaging of DNA and of membrane protein crystals.

Early 1990s

D. J. Keller, Q. Zhong and C. A. J. Putman independently proposed the so-called tapping mode of the atomic force microscope (AFM), in which the cantilever is oscillated vertically while it is scanned over the sample. In this mode the image is formed by displaying the reduction of the oscillation amplitude at every point of the sample.

Type
Chapter
Information
Methods in Molecular Biophysics
Structure, Dynamics, Function
 , pp. 641 - 657
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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References

Rugar, D., and Hansma, P. (1990). Atomic force microscopy. Physics Today, 24, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, A. (1991). Biological applications of scanning probe microscope. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem., 20, 79–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bustamante, C., and Keller, D. J. (1995). Scanning force microscopy in biology. Physics Today, 48, 32–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, D. J., Janovjak, H., Lehto, T., Kuerschner, L., and Anderson, K. (2002). Observing structure, function and assembly of single proteins by AFM. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 79, 1–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binning, G., Quate, C. F., and Gerber, C. H. (1986). Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 930–933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, H., Hafner, J. H., Rinzler, A. G., Colbert, D. T., and Smalley, R. E. (1996). Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy. Nature, 384, 147–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. L. (2000). The importance of molecular structure and conformation: learning with scanning probe microscopy. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 74, 93–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bustamante, C., Erie, D. A., and Keller, D. (1994). Biochemical and structural applications of scanning force microscopy. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 4, 750–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mou, J., Csajkovsky, D. M., Zhang, Y., and Shao, Z. (1995). High-resolution atomic force microscopy of DNA: the pitch of the double helix. FEBS Letters, 371, 279–282.Google ScholarPubMed
Bustamante, C., and Rivetti, C. (1996). Vizualizing protein–nucleic acid interactions on a large scale with the scanning force microscopy. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 25, 395–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuznetsov, Y. G., Malkin, A. J., et al. (1997). Molecular resolution imaging of macromolecular crystals by atomic force microscopy. Biophys. J., 72, 2357–2364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, A., Lyubchenko, Y., and Muller, D. (1999). Atomic force microscopy: a powerful tool to observe biomolecules at work. Trends Cell Biol., 9, 77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hafner, J. H., Cheung, C.-L., Wooley, A. T., and Lieber, C. M. (2001). Structural and functional imaging with carbon nanotube AFM probes. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 77, 73–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A., Radko, A., Ami, N. B., Palanker, D., and Lieberman, K. (1999). Near-field scanning optical microscopy in cell biology. TIBS, 9, 70–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Rugar, D., and Hansma, P. (1990). Atomic force microscopy. Physics Today, 24, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, A. (1991). Biological applications of scanning probe microscope. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem., 20, 79–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bustamante, C., and Keller, D. J. (1995). Scanning force microscopy in biology. Physics Today, 48, 32–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, D. J., Janovjak, H., Lehto, T., Kuerschner, L., and Anderson, K. (2002). Observing structure, function and assembly of single proteins by AFM. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 79, 1–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binning, G., Quate, C. F., and Gerber, C. H. (1986). Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 930–933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, H., Hafner, J. H., Rinzler, A. G., Colbert, D. T., and Smalley, R. E. (1996). Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy. Nature, 384, 147–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. L. (2000). The importance of molecular structure and conformation: learning with scanning probe microscopy. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 74, 93–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bustamante, C., Erie, D. A., and Keller, D. (1994). Biochemical and structural applications of scanning force microscopy. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 4, 750–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mou, J., Csajkovsky, D. M., Zhang, Y., and Shao, Z. (1995). High-resolution atomic force microscopy of DNA: the pitch of the double helix. FEBS Letters, 371, 279–282.Google ScholarPubMed
Bustamante, C., and Rivetti, C. (1996). Vizualizing protein–nucleic acid interactions on a large scale with the scanning force microscopy. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 25, 395–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuznetsov, Y. G., Malkin, A. J., et al. (1997). Molecular resolution imaging of macromolecular crystals by atomic force microscopy. Biophys. J., 72, 2357–2364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, A., Lyubchenko, Y., and Muller, D. (1999). Atomic force microscopy: a powerful tool to observe biomolecules at work. Trends Cell Biol., 9, 77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hafner, J. H., Cheung, C.-L., Wooley, A. T., and Lieber, C. M. (2001). Structural and functional imaging with carbon nanotube AFM probes. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 77, 73–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A., Radko, A., Ami, N. B., Palanker, D., and Lieberman, K. (1999). Near-field scanning optical microscopy in cell biology. TIBS, 9, 70–73.Google ScholarPubMed

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