Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- 1 Overview of megaflooding: Earth and Mars
- 2 Channel-scale erosional bedforms in bedrock and in loose granular material: character, processes and implications
- 3 A review of open-channel megaflood depositional landforms on Earth and Mars
- 4 Jökulhlaups in Iceland: sources, release and drainage
- 5 Channeled Scabland morphology
- 6 The morphology and sedimentology of landforms created by subglacial megafloods
- 7 Proglacial megaflooding along the margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
- 8 Floods from natural rock-material dams
- 9 Surface morphology and origin of outflow channels in the Valles Marineris region
- 10 Floods from fossae: a review of Amazonian-aged extensional–tectonic megaflood channels on Mars
- 11 Large basin overflow floods on Mars
- 12 Criteria for identifying jökulhlaup deposits in the sedimentary record
- 13 Megaflood sedimentary valley fill: Altai Mountains, Siberia
- 14 Modelling of subaerial jökulhlaups in Iceland
- 15 Jökulhlaups from Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland: modelling transient hydraulic phenomena
- 16 Dynamics of fluid flow in Martian outflow channels
- Index
- Plate section
- References
3 - A review of open-channel megaflood depositional landforms on Earth and Mars
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 May 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- 1 Overview of megaflooding: Earth and Mars
- 2 Channel-scale erosional bedforms in bedrock and in loose granular material: character, processes and implications
- 3 A review of open-channel megaflood depositional landforms on Earth and Mars
- 4 Jökulhlaups in Iceland: sources, release and drainage
- 5 Channeled Scabland morphology
- 6 The morphology and sedimentology of landforms created by subglacial megafloods
- 7 Proglacial megaflooding along the margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
- 8 Floods from natural rock-material dams
- 9 Surface morphology and origin of outflow channels in the Valles Marineris region
- 10 Floods from fossae: a review of Amazonian-aged extensional–tectonic megaflood channels on Mars
- 11 Large basin overflow floods on Mars
- 12 Criteria for identifying jökulhlaup deposits in the sedimentary record
- 13 Megaflood sedimentary valley fill: Altai Mountains, Siberia
- 14 Modelling of subaerial jökulhlaups in Iceland
- 15 Jökulhlaups from Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland: modelling transient hydraulic phenomena
- 16 Dynamics of fluid flow in Martian outflow channels
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Summary
Summary
Catastrophic out-bursts of water from lakes impounded by glacial ice or debris such as moraines have caused large freshwater floods on Earth in recent times at least back to the Quaternary. Resultant large-scale depositional sedimentary landforms are found along the courses of these floodwaters. On Mars, similar floods have resulted from catastrophic efflux of water from within the Martian crust. This latter conclusion is based on large-scale and mesoscale landforms that appear similar to those identified in flood tracts on Earth. Both on Earth and on Mars, these landforms include suites of giant bars – ‘streamlined forms’ – of varying morphology that occur primarily as longitudinal features within the floodways as well as in flooded areas that were sheltered from the main flow. Flow-transverse bedforms, notably giant fluvial dunes and antidunes also lie within the floodways. The flood hydraulics that created these forms may be deduced from their location and morphology. Some other fluvial landforms that have been associated with megafloods on Earth have yet to be identified on Mars.
Introduction
Exceptionally large freshwater floods on Earth are associated with the catastrophic draining of glacial lakes Missoula and Agassiz amongst others in North America (Teller, 2004). Other glacially related large floods occurred in the mountains of Eurasia, which have only recently received attention (Grosswald, 1999; Montgomery et al., 2004), and geomorphological evidence of other large floods may be discovered in formerly glaciated terrain on other continents.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Megaflooding on Earth and Mars , pp. 33 - 49Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
References
and (1997). Gravel antidunes in the tropical Burdekin River, Queensland, Australia. Sedimentology, 44, 327–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983). A simple cascade model for transverse stone-ribs in gravelly streams. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 385, 253–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1984). Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
(1973a). Paleohydrology of Catastrophic Pleistocene Flooding in Eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper 144, 1–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1973b). Erosional forms and processes for the catastrophic Pleistocene Missoula floods in eastern Washington. In Fluvial Geomorphology, ed. . Publications in Geomorphology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, pp. 123–148.Google Scholar
(1979). Erosional processes in channelized water flows on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, B14, 7985–7993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002). High-energy megafloods: Planetary settings and sedimentary dynamics. In Flood and Megaflood Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. , and . International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 32, 3–15.Google Scholar
and (1979). Martian channel morphology: Maja and Kasei Valles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 7961–7983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1987). Cataclysmic processes and landforms. In The Channeled Scabland, eds. and . Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Google Scholar
and (Eds.) (1987). The Channeled Scabland. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
, , et al. (1991). Quaternary geology of the Columbia Plateau. In Quaternary Nonglacial Geology, Conterminous U.S. Geology of North America, ed. . Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, pp. K-2:215– K-2:250.Google Scholar
(1997). Energy expenditure and geomorphic work of the cataclysmic Missoula flooding in the Columbia River Gorge, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 22, 457–472.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003). Meter-scale slopes of candidate MER landing sites from point photoclinometry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E12), 8085, doi:10.1029/2003JE002120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001). Long history of pre-Wisconsin, ice age cataclysmic floods: evidence from southeastern Washington state. Journal of Geology, 109, 695–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1923). The Channeled Scabland of the Columbia Plateau. Journal of Geology, 31, 617–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1925a). The Spokane Flood Beyond the Channeled Scablands. Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin No. 45.
(1925b). The Spokane flood beyond the Channeled Scablands. Journal of Geology, 33, 97–115, 236–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1928a). Bars of the Channeled Scabland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 39, 643–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1928b). The Channeled Scabland of Eastern Washington. Geographical Review, 18, 446–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1956). Channeled Scabland of Washington: new data and interpretations. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 67, 957–1049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003). Hydraulic modelling of Athabasca Vallis, Mars. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48 (4), 655–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). Clustered streamlined forms in Athabasca Valles, Mars: Evidence for sediment deposition during floodwater ponding. Geomorphology, 69, 242–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2006). Grjotá Valles and implications for flood sediment deposition on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L22201, doi:10.1029/2006GL028011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2002). Repeated aqueous flooding from the Cerberus Fossae: evidence for very recently extant, deep groundwater on Mars. Icarus, 159, 53–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004). Flood-formed dunes in Athabasca Valles, Mars: morphology, modeling, and implications. Icarus, 171, 68–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006). Sediment transport by liquid overland flow: application to Titan. Icarus, 181, 235–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). Hydrodynamic interpretation of a boulder-berm and associated debris-torrent deposits. Geomorphology, 1, 53–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(l989). Hydrodynamic models of boulder-berm deposition. Geomorphology, 2, 319–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996a). Morphology, sedimentology and palaeohydraulic significance of large gravel dunes: Altai Mountains, Siberia. Sedimentology, 43, 647–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996b). A preliminary palaeohydraulic model applied to late Quaternary gravel dunes: Altai Mountains, Siberia. In Global Continental Changes: The Context of Palaeohydrology, eds. , and . Special Publication Geological Society London, No. 115, 165–179. Bath: Geological Society Publishing House.Google Scholar
(1999). Subaqueous gravel dunes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 534–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007). Gravel dunes and antidunes in fluvial systems. In River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, Vol. 2, eds. and , London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 1015–1020.Google Scholar
and (1987). Reconstruction of a flood resulting from a moraine-dam failure using geomorphological evidence and dam-break modeling. In Catastrophic Flooding, eds. and . Boston: Allen and Unwin, pp. 181–200.Google Scholar
and . (1994). Indirect estimation of ungauged peak discharges in a bedrock channel with reference to design discharge selection. Hydrological Processes, 8, 497–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002). The dune:antidune transition in fine gravel with especial consideration of downstream migrating antidunes. Sedimentology, 49, 1269–1282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2002). Late Quaternary catastrophic flooding in the Altai Mountains of south-central Siberia: a synoptic overview and an introduction to flood deposit sedimentology. In Flood and Megaflood Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. , and . International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 32, 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003). Palaeohydraulics of extreme flood events: Reality and myth. In Palaeohydrology: Understanding Global Change, eds. and . Chichester, UK: J. Wiley & Sons, pp. 325–336.Google Scholar
, , and (2009). Formation of mudridge and runnels in the intertidal zone of the Severn Estuary, UK. Continental Shelf Research, doi:10-1016/j.csr.2008.12.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000). Meter-scale characteristics of Martian channels and valleys. Icarus, 146, 366–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003). Possible Juventae Chasma subice volcanic eruptions and Maja Valles ice outburst floods on Mars: implications of Mars Global Surveyor crater densities, geomorphology, and topography. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E10), 2–1, CiteID 5113, doi:10.1029/2002JE02009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 21 co-authors (2003). Morphology and composition of the surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS results. Science 300(5628), 2056–2061, doi:10.1126/science.1080885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2007). HiRISE observations of slope streaks on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L20204, doi:10.1029/2007GL031111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. (1999). Sediment sorting in gravel-bed rivers, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69 (1), 20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2006). Bed material transport and the morphology of alluvial river channels. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 34, 325–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982). Neoglacial Lake Alsek. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1492–1502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004). Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 BP cold event. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 389–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1984). The physical geomorphology of debris flows. In Developments and Applications of Geomorphology, eds. and . New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 268–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995). Geomorphological effective floods. In Natural and Anthropogenic Influences in Fluvial Geomorphology, eds. , , and . Geophysical Monograph 89, pp. 45–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000). Grain size, sediment transport and alluvial channel pattern. Geomorphology, 35, 119–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998). Grain-size, sediment transport regimes, and channel slope in alluvial rivers. Journal of Geology, 106, 661–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , . and . (1984). Late Tertiary history of the Antarctic ice sheet: evidence from the Dry Valleys. Geology, 12, 263–267.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). Pyroclastic density currents. In The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, eds. and . London: Geological Society, Special Publication 145, pp. 145–182.Google Scholar
, , and (2008). Architectural analysis of a volcaniclastic jökulhlaup deposit, southern Iceland: sedimentary evidence for supercritical flow. Sedimentology, 55, 939–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003). Scale-specific landforms and aspects of the land surface. In Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, eds. , , , and . Tokyo: Terrapub, pp. 61–84.Google Scholar
, , and (2006). A critical assessment of subglacial mega-floods: a case study of glacial sediments and landforms in south-central Alberta, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 1638–1667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1973). Knik and Matanuska rivers, Alaska: a contrast in braiding. In Fluvial Geomorphology, ed. . London: Allen & Unwin, pp. 220–250.Google Scholar
and (2003). Geological and geochemical legacy of a cold, early Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E6), 5005, doi:10.1029/2002JE002000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005). Mangala Valles, Mars: assessment of early stages of flooding and downstream flood evolution. Earth Moon Planets, 96, (1–2), 1–57, doi:10.1007/s11038-005-9009-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2001). Downstream fining in a rapidly aggrading gravel bed river. Water Resources Research, 37 (6), 1813–1823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997). Critical flow constrains flow hydraulics in mobile-bed streams: a new hypothesis. Water Resources Research, 33, 349–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Cataclysmic Megafloods in Eurasia and the Polar Ice Sheets. Moscow: Moscow Scientific World (in Russian).Google Scholar
(2005). Reconstruction of Pleistocene Ice-Dammed Lake Outburst Floods in the Altai Mountains, Siberia. Geological Society of America Special Paper 386.Google Scholar
(1988). Flood hydroclimatology. In Flood Geomorphology, eds. , and . London: Wiley, pp. 27–49.Google Scholar
, and (2004). Geomorphology of Ma'adim Vallis, Mars and associated paleolake basins. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, E12009, doi:10.1029/2004JE002287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1975). Hierarchical attributes and a unifying model of bedforms composed of cohesionless sediment and produced by shearing flow. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86, 1523–1533.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999). Tertiary-age diamondiferous fluvial deposits of the Lower Orange River valley, southwestern Africa. Economic Geology, 94, 749–758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2004). Late-glacial lakes in the Thompson Basin, British Columbia: paleogeography and evolution. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41, 1367–1383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007). Temporal variations in the specific stream power and total energy expenditure of a monsoonal river: The Tapi River, India. Geomorphology, 92, 134–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1980). Experimental study of free-surface flow instability and bedforms in shallow flows. Sedimentary Geology, 27, 263–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1963). The mechanics of dunes and antidunes in erodible-bed channels. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 16, 521–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1979). Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth. Icarus, 37, 156–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). Modes of sediment transport in channelized water flows with ramifications to the erosion of theMartian outflow channels. Icarus, 42, 317–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983). Shapes of streamlined islands on Earth and Mars: experiments and analyses of the minimum-drag form. Geology, 11, 651–654.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1978). Fluvial Sedimentology, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 5, pp. 161–186.Google Scholar
and (1990). Stratigraphy and geological settings of gold placers in the Cariboo mining district. Geological Fieldwork, Paper 1991–1, 331–352.Google Scholar
and (1987). Sedimentology and paleohydrology of glacial-lake outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatchewan and northwestern North Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 663–673.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997). Jökulhlaup deposits in proglacial areas. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 793–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1968). The catastrophic late Pleistocene Bonneville Flood in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 596, 53pp.Google Scholar
(1986). Rates of geomorphic modification in ice-free areas southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the United States, 20 (5), 18–21.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006). Present-day impact cratering rate and contemporary gully activity on Mars. Science, 314, 1573–1577, doi:10.1126/science.1135156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2005). Magnitude and frequency in proglacial rivers: a geomorphological and sedimentological perspective. Earth-Science Reviews, 70, 203–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . (2002). Discharge magnitude and frequency as a control on proglacial fluvial sedimentary systems. In The Structure, Function and Management Implications of Fluvial Sedimentary Systems, eds. , and . IAHS Publication Vol. 276, pp. 297–303.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2007). A closer look at water-related geologic activity on Mars. Science, 317, 1706–1709, doi:10.1126/science.1143987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1918). The glacial history of Columbia River in the Big Bend Region. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 8, 411–412.Google Scholar
(1995). Valley morphology and boundary conditions influencing spatial patterns of flood flows. In Natural and Anthropogenic Influences in Fluvial Geomorphology, eds. , , and . Geophysical Monograph, 89, pp. 57–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2004). Evidence for Holocene megafloods down the Tsangpo River gorge, southeastern Tibet. Quaternary Research, 62, 201–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997). Erosional origin of hummocky terrain, south-central Alberta, Canada. Geology, 25, 1027–1030.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). Plunge pools and paleoprecipitation. Geology, 22, 1047–1050.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993). Hydrology, Hydraulics and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood. Special Paper Geological Society of America, 274.Google Scholar
, and (2002). The geology and geography of floods. Water Science and Applications, 5, 359–385.Google Scholar
(2009). The Argentinean Patagonia and the Martian landscape. Planetary and Space Science, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1992). The large-scale dynamics of grain-size variation in alluvial basins, 1: theory. Basin Research, 4, 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002). Extremeness of extreme floods. In The Extreme of the Extremes: Extraordinary Floods, eds. , and . IAHS Special Publication, 271, pp. 373–378.Google Scholar
(1942). Unusual currents in glacial lake Missoula, Montana. Geological Association of America Bulletin, 53, 1569–1600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997). Sedimentary geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (E11), 25, 641–25,656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2007). Mass movement within a slope streak on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L21202, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1996). Genesis and morphology of erosional shapes associated with turbulent flow over a forward-facing step. In Coherent Flow Structures in Open Channels, eds. , , and . Chichester: Wiley, pp. 249–265.Google Scholar
and (1987). The effects of river floods on sediment dispersal in small estuaries: a case study from East London. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geologie, 90 (4), 458–470.Google Scholar
, , and (2003). Martian fluvial landforms: a THEMIS perspective after one year at Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science, XXXIV (abstract 2091).Google Scholar
, and (2002a). Paleohydraulic interpretation of the Modrudalur transverse ribs: comparisons with Martian outflow channels, Abstract. In The Extreme of the Extremes: Extraordinary Floods, eds. , and . International Association of Hydrological Sciences Red Book Publication271.Google Scholar
, , and (2002b). Morphology of fresh outflow channel deposits on Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science, XXXIII [CD-ROM], 2026 (abstract).Google Scholar
and (1993). Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic Late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia, Sedimentary Geology, 85, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). Catastrophic floods. In Encyclopedia of Geology, eds. , and . Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 628–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and . (1999). Controls on the sedimentology of the November 1996 jökulhlaup deposits, Skeiðarársandur, Iceland. In Fluvial Sedimentology, Vol. VI, eds. and J. Special Publication Number 28 of the International Association of Sedimentologists. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 315–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. and . (2002). The effects of glacier-outburst flood flow dynamics and ice-contact deposits, Skeiðarársandur, Iceland. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. , and . Special Publication Number 32 of the International Association of Sedimentologists. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 67–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, (1999). Proglacial fluvial sedimentary sequences in Greenland and Iceland: a case study from active proglacial environments subject to jökulhlaups. In QRA Technical Guide Number 7, eds. , and . London: Quaternary Research Association, pp. 171–20.Google Scholar
and (2003a). Témoins géomorphologiques de mégacrues et de débâcles dans les Alpes. Communication aux journées Nivologie-Glaciologie de la Société Hydrotechnique de France, 16–17 March 2003, Grenoble.Google Scholar
and (2003b). A late glacial megaflood in the Swiss Alps: the outburst of the great lake of Davos. 3rd International Paleoflood Workshop, 1–8 August 2003, Hood River, Oregon.Google Scholar
, , , and (1997). Experiments on downstream fining of gravel. 1: Narrow flume channel runs. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123, 874–884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2004). SHARAD: The MRO 2005 shallow radar. Planetary and Space Science, 52 (1–3), 157–166, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2003.08.024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1977). Paleohydraulic interpretation of antidune bedforms with applications to antidunes in gravel. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 47, 257–266.Google Scholar
(2006). Stratigraphic evidence for multiple drainings of glacial Lake Missoula along the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. Quaternary Research, 66, 311–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 53 co-authors (2006). Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum: Eagle Crater to Purgatory Ripple. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111 (E12), CiteID E12S12. doi:10.1029/2006JE002771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2007). A mid-late Holocene flood record from the alluvial reach of the Mahi River, Western India. Catena, 70, 330–339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2004). Controls, history, outbursts, and impact of large late-Quaternary proglacial lakes in North America. In The Quaternary Period in the United States, INQUA Anniversary Volume, eds. , and . Elsevier, pp. 45–6.Google Scholar
, (1997a). Critical flow in rockbed streams with estimated values of Manning's n. Geomorphology, 20, 147–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997b). Indirect velocity measurement from standing waves in rockbed rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123, 918–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). Stratified flow in pyroclastic surges. Bulletin of Volcanology, 50, 352–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002). Great Holocene floods along Jökulsá á Fjöllum, north Iceland. Special Publications International Association of Sedimentologists, 32, 37–51.Google Scholar
and (1982). Origin of step-pool systems in mountain streams. American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 108, 758–773.Google Scholar
, , and (2008). Field investigation of ridge-runnel dynamics on an intertidal mudflat, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79, 213–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1986). Washload and fine sediment load. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 112, 541–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1982). Contemporary high-energy flows, their deposits and reference to the outwash depositional model. Geologia, 6, 98–108 (in Polish with extended English abstract).Google Scholar
- 16
- Cited by