Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T05:30:52.045Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Pathological Pregnancy: Screening and Established Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2018

Edited by
Christoph Lees  and
Wilfried Gyselaers
Christoph Lees
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Wilfried Gyselaers
Affiliation:
Hasselt Universiteit, Belgium
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Maternal Hemodynamics , pp. 69 - 100
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Tihtonen, KMH, Koobi, T, Uotila, JT. Arterial stiffness in preeclamptic and chronic hypertensive pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;128:180–6.Google Scholar
Coutinho, T. Arterial stiffness and its clinical implications in women. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:756–64.Google Scholar
McDonald, SD, Malinowski, A ZQ, Yusuf, S, Dvereaux, PJ. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am Heart J 2008,156:918–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estensen, ME, Remme, EW, Grindheim, G, Smiseth, OA, Segers, P, Henriksen, T., Aakhus S. Increased arterial stiffness in pre-eclamptic pregnancy at term and early and late postpartum: a combined echocardiographic and tonometric study. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:549–56.Google Scholar
Spasojevic, M SS, Morris, JM. Gallery ED: Peripheral arterial pulse wave analysis in women with pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. BJOG 2005;112: 1475–8.Google Scholar
Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Molenberghs, G, Peeters, L, Gyselaers, W. Characteristics of heart, arteries, and veins in low and high cardiac output preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;169:218–22.Google Scholar
Hale, S, Choate, M, Schonberg, A, Shapiro, R, Badger, G, Bernstein, IM. Pulse pressure and arterial compliance prior to pregnancy and the development of complicated hypertension during pregnancy. Reprod Sci. 2010;17:871–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibbard, JU, Korcarz, CE, Nendaz, GG, Lindheimer, MD, Lang, RM, Shroff, SG. The arterial system in pre-eclampsia and chronic hypertension with superimposed pre. BJOG 2005;112:897–903.Google Scholar
Hausvater, A GT, Sandoval, Y-HG, Doonan, RJ, et al. The association between preeclampsia and arterial stiffness. J Hypertens 2012;30: 17–33.Google Scholar
Robb, AO, Mills, NL, Din, JN, Smith, IB, Paterson, F, Newby, DE, Denison, FC. Influence of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and preeclampsia on arterial stiffness. Hypertension 2009;53:952–8.Google Scholar
Mersich, B, Rig, OJ, Z, LE, Studinger, P, Visontai, Z, Kollai, M. Carotid artery stiffening does not explain baroreflex impairment in pre-eclampsia. Clinical science 2004;107: 407–13.Google Scholar
Khalil, A, Akolekar, R, Syngelaki, A, Elkhouli, M, Nicolaides, KH. Maternal hemodynamics at 11–13 weeks’ gestation and risk of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;40:28–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalil, A, Garcia-Mandujano, R, Maiz, N, Elkhouli, M, Nicolaides, KH. Longitudinal changes in maternal hemodynamics in a population at risk for pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;44:197–204.Google Scholar
Kaihura, C, Savvidou, MD, Anderson, JM, McEniery, CM, Nicolaides, KH. Maternal arterial stiffness in pregnancies affected by preeclampsia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009;297:H759–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thadhani, R EJ, Kettyle, E, Sandler, L, Frigoletto, F. Pulse pressure and risk of preeclampsia: a prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:515–20.Google Scholar
Weissgerber, TL. Flow-mediated dilation: can new approaches provide greater mechanistic insight into vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia and other diseases? Current hypertension reports 2014;16: 487.Google Scholar
Noori, M, Donald, AE, Angelakopoulou, A, Hingorani, AD, Williams, DJ. Prospective study of placental angiogenic factors and maternal vascular function before and after preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Circulation 2010;122:478–87.Google Scholar
Savvidou, MD, Hingorani, AD, Tsikas, D, Frölich, JC, Vallance, P, Nicolaides, KH. Endothelial dysfunction and raised plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2003;361:1511–7.Google Scholar
Paez, O, Alfie, J, Gorosito, M, Puleio, P, de Maria, M, Prieto, N, Majul, C. Parallel decrease in arterial distensibility and in endothelium-dependent dilatation in young women with a history of pre-eclampsia. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2009;31:544–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambers, JC, Fusi, L, Malik, IS, Haskard, DO, De Swiet, M, Kooner, JS. Association of maternal endothelial dysfunction with preeclampsia. Jama 2001;285:1607–12.Google Scholar
Mori, T, Watanabe, K, Iwasaki, A, Kimura, C, Matsushita, H, Shinohara, K, Wakatsuki, A. Differences in vascular reactivity between pregnant women with chronic hypertension and preeclampsia. Hypertens Res. 2014;37:145–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuscu, NK, Kurhan, Z, Yildirim, Y, Tavli, T, Koyuncu, F. Detection of endothelial dysfunction in preeclamptic patients by using color Doppler sonography. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003; 268:113–6.Google Scholar
Khalil, A JE, Harrington, K, Muttukrishna, S, Jauniaux, E. Antihypertensive therapy and central hemodynamics in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:646–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avni, B, Frenkel, G, Shahar, L, Golik, A, Sherman, D, Dishy, V. Aortic stiffness in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Blood pressure 2010;19:11–5.Google Scholar
Elvan-Taspinar, A FA, Bots, ML, Bruinse, HW, Koomans, HA. Central hemodynamics of hypertensive disorder in pregnancy. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:941–6.Google Scholar
Stergiotou, I, Crispi, F, Valenzuela-Alcaraz, B, Bijnens, B, Gratacós, E. Patterns of maternal vascular remodeling and responsiveness in early- versus late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;209:558 e551-558 e514.Google Scholar
Spaanderman, ME, Willekes, C, Hoeks, AP, Ekhart, TH, Peeters, LL. The effect of pregnancy on the compliance of large arteries and veins in healthy parous control subjects and women with a history of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1278–86.Google Scholar
Borghi, C, Esposti, DD, Immordino, V, Cassani, A, Boschi, S, Bovicelli, L, Ambrosioni, E. Relationship of systemic hemodynamics, left ventricular structure and function, and plasma natriuretic peptide concentrations during pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:140–7.Google Scholar
Tomimatsu, T, Fujime, M, Kanayama, T, Mimura, K, Koyama, S, Kanagawa, T, Endo, M, Shimoya, K, Kimura, T. Abnormal pressure-wave reflection in pregnant women with chronic hypertension: association with maternal and fetal outcomes. Hypertens Res 2014;37:989–92.Google Scholar
Khalil, A, Sodre, D, Syngelaki, A, Akolekar, RNK. Maternal hemodynamics at 11–13 weeks of gestation in pregnancies delivering small for gestational age neonates. Fetal Diagn Ther 2012;32:231–8.Google Scholar
Ness, RB, Sibai, BM. Shared and disparate components of the pathophysiologies of fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet and Gynecol 2006;195:40–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yinon, Y, Kingdom, JCP, Odutayo, A, et al. Vascular dysfunction in women with a history of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: Insights into future vascular risk. Circulation 2010;122:1846–53.Google Scholar
Catov, JM, Newman, AB, Roberts, JM, et al. Health ABC Study. Preterm delivery and later maternal cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiology 2007;18:733–9.Google Scholar
Khalil, A, Elkhouli, M, Garcia-Mandujano, R, Chiriac, R, Nicolaides, KH. Maternal hemodynamics at 11–13 weeks of gestation and preterm birth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;40:35–9.Google Scholar
Schram, MT, Henry, RM, van Dijk, RA, et al. Increased central artery stiffness in impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study. Hypertension 2004;43:176–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kannel, WB, McGee, DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA 1979;241:2035–8.Google Scholar
Cruickshank, K, Riste, L, Anderson, SG, Wright, JS, Dunn, G, Gosling, RG. Aortic pulse-wave velocity and its relationship to mortality in diabetes and glucose intolerance: an integrated index of vascular function? Circulation 2002;106:2085–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savvidou, MD, Anderson, JM, Kaihura, C, Nicolaides, KH. Maternal arterial stiffness in pregnancies complicated by gestational and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203 274.e1–274.e7.Google Scholar
Anderson, JM, Savvidou, MD, Kaihura, C, McEniery, CM, Nicolaides, KH. Maternal arterial stiffness in pregnancies affected by Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2009;26:1135–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalil, A, Garcia-Mandujano, R, Chiriac, R, Akolekar, R, Nicolaides, KH. Maternal hemodynamics at 11–13 weeks’ gestation in gestational diabetes mellitus. Fetal Diagn Ther 2012;31:216–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Melchiorre, K, Sutherland, GR, Liberati, M, Thilaganathan, B. Preeclampsia is associated with persistent postpartum cardiovascular impairment. Hypertension 2011;58:709–15.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Thilaganathan, B. Maternal cardiac function in preeclampsia. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011;23:440–7.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, R, Thilaganathan, B. Cardiac structure and function in normal pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012;24:413–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosser, ML, Katz, NT. Preeclampsia: an obstetrician’s perspective. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013;20:287–96.Google Scholar
Al-Jameil, N, Aziz Khan, F, Fareed Khan, M, Tabassum, H. A brief overview of preeclampsia. J Clin Med Res 2014;6:1–7.Google Scholar
Valensise, H, Vasapollo, B, Gagliardi, G, Novelli, GP. Early and late pre-eclampsia: two different maternal hemodynamic states in the latent phase of the disease. Hypertension 2008;52:873–80.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, R, Thilaganathan, B. Cardiovascular implications in preeclampsia: an overview. Circulation 2014;130:703–14.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. Pregnancy related hypertension. In: Creasy, R, Resnik, R, eds. Maternal fetal medicine: Principles and practice. Philadelphia: WB Sounders, 1984:703–52.Google Scholar
Easterling, TR, Benedetti, TJ, Schmucker, BC, Millard, SP. Maternal hemodynamics in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies: a longitudinal study. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:1061–9.Google Scholar
Bosio, PM, McKenna, PJ, Conroy, R, O’Herlihy, C. Maternal central hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:978–84.Google Scholar
Groenendijk, R, Trimbos, JBMJ, Wallenburg, HCS. Hemodynamic measurements in preeclampsia: preliminary observations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;150:232–6Google Scholar
Nisell, H, Lunell, NO, Linde, B. Maternal hemodynamics and impaired fetal growth in pregnancy induced hypertension. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:163–6.Google Scholar
Valensise, H, Novelli, GP, Vasapollo, B, DiRuzza, G, Romanini, ME, Marchei, M et al. Maternal diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular geometry in gestational hypertension. Hypertension 2001;37:1209–15.Google Scholar
Valensise, H, Novelli, GP, Vasapollo, B, Borzi, M, Arduini, D, Galante, A et al.Maternal cardiac systolic and diastolic function: relationship with uteroplacental resistances. A Doppler and echocardiographic longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obst Gynecol 2000;15:487–97.Google Scholar
Kametas, NA, Mcauliffe, F, Hancock, J, Chambers, J, Nicolaides, KH. Maternal left ventricular mass and diastolic function during pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:460–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Novelli, GP, Valensise, H, Vasapollo, B, Larciprete, G, Di Pierro, G, Altomare, F, et al. Left ventricular concentric geometry as a risk factor in gestational hypertension. Hypertension 2003;41:469–75.Google Scholar
Gongora, MC, Wenger, NK. Cardiovascular complications of pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:23905–28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valensise, H, Vasapollo, B, Gagliardi, G, Novelli, GP. Early and late pre-eclampsia: two different maternal hemodynamic states in the latent phase of the disease. Hypertension 2008;52:873–80.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Sharma, R, Thilaganathan, B. Cardiovascular implications in preeclampsia: an overview. Circulation 2014;130(8):703–14.Google Scholar
Goynumer, G, Yucel, N, Adali, E, Tan, T, Baskent, E, Karadag, C. Vascular risk in women with a history of severe preeclampsia. J Clin Ultrasound 2013;41:145–50.Google Scholar
Valensise, H, Lo Presti, D, Gagliardi, G, et al.Persistent maternal cardiac dysfunction after preeclampsia identifies patients at risk for recurrent preeclampsia. Hypertension 2016;67:748–53.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, K, Ross Sutherland, G, Baltabaeva, A, Liberati, M, Thilaganathan, B. Maternal cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in women with preeclampsia at term. Hypertension 2011;57:85–93Google Scholar
Mosca, L, Benjamin, EJ, Berra, K, et al.Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardio-vascular disease in women – 2011 update: a guideline from the American heart association. Circulation 2011;123:1243–62.Google Scholar

References

Gyselaers, W, Mullens, W, Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Peeters, L. Role of dysfunctional maternal venous hemodynamics in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia: a review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;38(2):123–9.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W. Hemodynamics of the maternal venous compartment: a new area to explore in obstetric ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;32(5):716–7.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W, Mesens, T, Tomsin, K, Molenberghs, G, Peeters, L. Maternal renal interlobar vein impedance index is higher in early- than in late-onset pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;36(1):69–75.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W, Molenberghs, G, Van Mieghem, W, Ombelet, W. Doppler measurement of renal interlobar vein impedance index in uncomplicated and preeclamptic pregnancies. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2009;28(1):23–33.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W, Tomsin, K, Staelens, A, Mesens, T, Oben, J, Molenberghs, G. Maternal venous hemodynamics in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gyselaers, W, Mesens, T. Renal interlobar vein impedance index: a potential new Doppler parameter in the prediction of preeclampsia? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22(12):1219–21.Google Scholar
Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Molenberghs, G, Gyselaers, W. Venous pulse transit time in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 2012;19(4):431–6.Google Scholar
Gyselaers, W, Staelens, A, Mesens, T, et al. Maternal venous Doppler characteristics are abnormal in pre-eclampsia but not in gestational hypertension. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;45(4):421–6.Google Scholar
Tomsin, K, Vriens, A, Mesens, T, Gyselaers, W. Non-invasive cardiovascular profiling using combined electrocardiogram-Doppler ultrasonography and impedance cardiography: An experimental approach. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2013;40(7):438–42.Google Scholar
Staelens, AS, Van Cauwelaert, S, Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Malbrain, ML, Gyselaers, W. Intra-abdominal pressure measurements in term pregnancy and postpartum: an observational study. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104782.Google Scholar
Mesens, T, Tomsin, K, Staelens, AS, Oben, J, Molenberghs, G, Gyselaers, W. Is there a correlation between maternal venous hemodynamic dysfunction and proteinuria of preeclampsia? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;181:246–50.Google Scholar
Pollock, E, Nowak, A. The cardiorenal problem. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w14051.Google ScholarPubMed
Oben, J, Tomsin, K, Mesens, T, Staelens, A, Molenberghs, G, Gyselaers, W. Maternal cardiovascular profiling in the first trimester of pregnancies complicated with gestation-induced hypertension or fetal growth retardation: a pilot study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27(16):1646–51.Google Scholar
Mesens, T1, Tomsin, K, Oben, J, Staelens, A, Gyselaers, W. Maternal venous hemodynamics assessment for prediction of preeclampsia should be longitudinal. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(3):311–15.Google Scholar

References

Foong, LC, Chong, YS, Chua, S, Johnson, P, De Swiet, M. Impaired vasoconstriction in pregnancy-induced hypertension assessed using doppler fluximetry. Obstet Gynecol, 2000;95(4):491–5.Google Scholar
Koopmans, CM, Blaauw, J, van Pampus, MG, Rakhorst, G, Aarnoudse, JG. Abnormal endothelium-dependent microvascular dilator reactivity in pregnancies complicated by normotensive intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2009;200(1):66 e1–6.Google Scholar
Anumba, DO, Robson, SC, Boys, RJ, Ford, GA. Nitric oxide activity in the peripheral vasculature during normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancy. Am J Physiol, 1999;277(2 Pt 2):H848–54.Google Scholar
Kvehaugen, AS, Dechend, R, Ramstad, HB, Troisi, R, Fugelseth, D, Staff, AC. Endothelial function and circulating biomarkers are disturbed in women and children after preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2011;58(1):63–9.Google Scholar
Lupton, SJ, Chiu, CL, Hodgson, LA, et al. Changes in retinal microvascular caliber precede the clinical onset of preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2013;62(5):899–904.Google Scholar
Khan, F, Blech, JJ, MacLeod, M, Mires, G. Changes in endothelial function precede the clinical disease in women in whom preeclampsia develops. Hypertension, 2005;46(5):1123–8.Google Scholar
Ramsay, JE, Stewart, F, Greer, IA, Sattar, N. Microvascular dysfunction: a link between pre-eclampsia and maternal coronary heart disease. BJOG, 2003;110(11):1029–31.Google Scholar
Spaan, JJ, Houben, AJ, Musella, A, Ekhart, T, Spaanderman, ME, Peeters, LL. Insulin resistance relates to microvascular reactivity 23 years after preeclampsia. Microvasc Res, 2010;80(3):417–21.Google Scholar
Blaauw, J, Graaff, R, van Pampus, MG, et al. Abnormal endothelium-dependent microvascular reactivity in recently preeclamptic women. Obstet Gynecol, 2005;105(3):626–32.Google Scholar
Murphy, MS, Vignarajah, M, Smith, GN. Increased microvascular vasodilation and cardiovascular risk following a pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Physiol Rep, 2014;2(11).Google Scholar
Brueckmann, A, Seeliger, C, Lehmann, T, Schleußner, E, Schlembach, D. Altered retinal flicker response indicates microvascular dysfunction in women. Hypertension, 2015;66(4):900–5.Google Scholar
Nama, V, Manyonda, IT, Onwude, J, Antonios, TF. Structural capillary rarefaction and the onset of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol, 2012;19(5):967–74.Google Scholar
Ciftci, FC, Caliskan, M, Ciftci, O, et al. Impaired coronary microvascular function and increased intima-media thickness in preeclampsia. J Am Soc Hypertens, 2014;8(11):820–6.Google Scholar
McCarthy, AL, Woolfson, RG, Raju, SK, Poston, L. Abnormal endothelial cell function of resistance arteries from women with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1993;168(4):1323–30.Google Scholar
Escudero, C, Sobrevia, L., A hypothesis for preeclampsia: adenosine and inducible nitric oxide synthase in human placental microvascular endothelium. Placenta, 2008;29(6):469–83.Google Scholar
Dunk, CE, Roggensack, AM, Cox, B, et al. A distinct microvascular endothelial gene expression profile in severe IUGR placentas. Placenta, 2012;33(4):285–93.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Athayde, N, Trudinger, B. Microvascular endothelial cell activation is present in the umbilical placental microcirculation in fetal placental vascular disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004;190(3):596–601.Google Scholar
Davis, KR, Ponnampalam, J, Hayman, R, Baker, PN, Alrulkumaran, S, Donnelly, R. Microvascular vasodilator response to acetylcholine is increased in women with pre-eclampsia. BJOG, 2001;108(6):610–4.Google Scholar
Rosén, L, Ostergren, J, Fagrell, B, Stranden, E. Skin capillary blood cell velocity in preeclampsia. The effect of plasma expansion. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp, 1989;8(3):237–44.Google Scholar
Vollebregt, KC, Boer, K, Mathura, KR, de Graaff, JC, Ubbink, DT, Ince, C. Impaired vascular function in women with pre-eclampsia observed with orthogonal polarisation spectral imaging. BJOG, 2001;108(11):1148–53.Google Scholar
Antonios, TF, Nama, V, Wang, D, Manyonda, IT. Microvascular remodelling in preeclampsia: quantifying capillary rarefaction accurately and independently predicts preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens, 2013;26(9):1162–9.Google Scholar
Hasan, KM, Manyonda, IT, Ng, FS, Singer, DR, Antonios, TF. Skin capillary density changes in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. J Hypertens, 2002;20(12):2439–43.Google Scholar
Rusavy, Z, Pitrova, B, Korecko, V, Kalis, V. Changes in capillary diameters in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Hypertens Pregnancy, 2015;34(3):307–13.Google Scholar
Cornette, J, Herzog, E, Buijs, EA, et al. Microcirculation in women with severe pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome: a case-control study. BJOG, 2014;121(3):363–70.Google Scholar
Houben, AJ, de Leeuw, PW, Peeters, LL, Configuration of the microcirculation in preeclampsia: possible role of the venular system. J Hypertens, 2007;25(8):1665–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosén, L, Ostergren, J, Fagrell, B, Stranden, E. Mechanisms for edema formation in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia evaluated by skin capillary dynamics. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp, 1990;9(3):257–66.Google Scholar
Cornette, J, Buijs, EA, Duvekot, JJ. et al. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous nicardipine in severe pre-eclamptic women with a hypertensive crisis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2016;47(1):89–95.Google Scholar
Sarmento, SG, Santana, EF, Campanharo, FF. et al. Microcirculation Approach in HELLP Syndrome Complicated by Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Massive Hepatic Infarction. Case Rep Emerg Med, 2014;2014:389680.Google Scholar
Miyamoto, S, Shimokawa, H, Touno, A, Kurokawa, T, Nakano, H. Characteristics of changes in blood circulation induced by cold stimulation in pre-eclamptic women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1988;27(2):159–64.Google Scholar
Bowyer, L, Brown, MA, Jones, M. Forearm blood flow in pre-eclampsia. BJOG, 2003;110(4):383–91.Google Scholar
Anim-Nyame, N, Gamble, J, Sooranna, SR, Johnson, MR, Steer, PJ. Microvascular permeability is related to circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in pre-eclampsia. Cardiovasc Res, 2003;58(1):162–9.Google Scholar
Mishra, N, Nugent, WH, Mahavadi, S, Walsh, SW. Mechanisms of enhanced vascular reactivity in preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2011;58(5):867–73.Google Scholar
Oian, P,and Maltau, JM. Calculated capillary hydrostatic pressure in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1987;157(1):102–6.Google Scholar
Abu Samra, K. The eye and visual system in the preeclampsia/eclampsia syndrome: What to expect? Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2013;27(1):51–3.Google Scholar
Dinn, RB, Harris, A, Marcus, PS. Ocular changes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 2003;58(2):137–44.Google Scholar
Beinder, E, Schlembach, D. Skin flux during reactive hyperemia and local hyperthermia in patients with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol, 2001;98(2):313–8.Google Scholar
Yinon, D, Lowenstein, L, Suraya, S. et al. Pre-eclampsia is associated with sleep-disordered breathing and endothelial dysfunction. Eur Respir J, 2006;27(2):328–33.Google Scholar
Carty, DM, Neisius, U, Rooney, LK, Dominiczak, AF, Delles, C. Pulse wave analysis for the prediction of preeclampsia. J Hum Hypertens, 2014;28(2):98–104.Google Scholar
Hung, JH, Yen, MY, Pan, YP, Hsu, LP. The effect of methyldopa on retinal artery circulation in pre-eclamptic gravidae. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2000;15(6):513–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×