Abibullaev, O. A. 1982. Eneolit I Bronza na Territorii Nakhichevanskoi ASSR. Baku: “Elm”.Google Scholar

Abramishvili, R. 1984. Au pays du fer. Les Dossiers Histoire et Archeologie 88: 46–53.Google Scholar

Adams, R.McC. 1966. The Evolution of Urban Society. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar

Adams, R.McC. 1974. Anthropological perspectives on ancient trade. Current Anthropology 15: 141–160.Google Scholar

Adams, R.McC. 1981. The Heartland of Cities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Aglarov, M. A. 1986. Terrasnoe zemledelie Daghestana (Voprosy genezisa, kul'turnoi tipologii i sotsial'noi roli sistemy). Studia Praehistorica 8: 50–62.Google Scholar

Akhundov, T. 2001. Severo-zapadnyi Azerbaidzhan v epokhu eneolita i bronzy. Baku: “Elm”.Google Scholar

Akhundov, T. 2004. South Caucasus in the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age: The Question of Epochs and Periods. In Sagona, A. (ed.), A View from the Highlands, pp. 421-436.Google Scholar

Akhundov, T. n.d. Sites de migrants venus du Proche-Orient en Transcaucasie. To appear in Lyonnet, B. (ed.), Les cultures du Caucase.Google Scholar

Albright, W. F. 1926. The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 6: 13–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alden, J. R. 1982. Trade and Politics in Proto-Elamite Iran. Current Anthropology 23: 613–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Algaze, G. 1993. The Uruk Expansion: The dynamics of expansion of early Mesopotamian Civilisation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Aliev, A. A., M. S. Gadjiev, M. G. Gaither, P. L. Kohl, R. M. Magomedov, and I. N. Aliev. N.d. The Ghilghilchay Defensive Long Wall: New investigations. Ancient West and East, in press.

Aliev, N. and Narimanov, I.. 2001: Kul'tura severnogo Azerbaidzhana v epokhu pozdnego eneolitaBaku: “Agridag”.Google Scholar

Alimov, K., Boroffka, N., Bubovna, M., Burjakov, Ju., Cierny, J., Jakubov, J., Lutz, J., Parzinger, H., Pernicka, E., Radililovkij, V., Ruzanov, V., Sirinov, T., Starsinin, D., and Weisgerber, G.. 1998. Prähistorischer Zinnbergbau in Mittelasien: Vorbericht der Kampagne 1997. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 4: 137–199.Google Scholar

Amiet, P. 1986. L'âge des échanges inter-iraniens 3500–1700 avant J.-C. Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux.Google Scholar

Amiet, P. 1990a. Elam and Bactria. In Ligabue, G. and Salvatori, S. (eds.), Bactria: An ancient oasis civilization from the sands of Afghanistan, pp. 127–140.Google Scholar

Amiet, P. 1990b. Antiquities of Bactria and Outer Iran in the Louvre collection. In Ligabue, G. and Salvatori, S. (eds.), Bactria: An ancient oasis civilization from the sands of Afghanistan, pp. 159–187.Google Scholar

Amiran, R. 1968. Chronological Problems of the Early Bronze Age. Early Bronze I–II: The City of Arad. Early Bronze III. The Khirbet Kerak Ware. American Journal of Archaeology, Boston 72: 316–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amirkhanov, Kh.A. 1987. Chokhskoe poselenie. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Andreeva, M. V. 1977. ‘K voprosu o yuzhnykh svyazakh maikopskoi kul'tury.’Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 1: 39–56.Google Scholar

Anthony, D. W. 1990. Migration in Archaeology: The Baby and the Bathwater. American Anthropologist 92: 895–914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anthony, D. W. 1995. Nazi and eco-feminist prehistories: Ideology and empiricism in Indo-European archaeology. In Kohl, P. L. and Fawcett, C. (eds.), Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 82–96.Google Scholar

Anthony, D. W. 1996. Bridling horse power: The domestication of the horse. In Olsen, S. L. (ed.), Horses through time. Dublin: Roberts Rinehart Publishers for Carnegie Museum of Natural History, pp. 57–82.Google Scholar

Anthony, D. W. 1998. The opening of the Eurasian steppe at 2000 BCE. In Mair, V. H. (ed.), The Bronze and Early Iron Age peoples of eastern Central Asia. Washington, DC: The Institute for the Study of Man, vol. 1, pp. 94–113.Google Scholar

Anthony, D. W. n.d. The origins of the Sintashta-Arkaim Culture: Climate change, warfare, and long-distance trade. Paper delivered at the “New Research Directions in Eurasian Steppe Archaeology: The Emergence of Complex Societies in the Third to First Millennia BCE” symposium, University of Pittsburgh, February 2006.

Anthony, D. W. and Brown, D. R.. 1991. The origins of horseback riding. Antiquity 65 (246): 22–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anthony, D. W. and Brown, D. R.. 2000. Eneolithic horse exploitation in the Eurasian steppes: Diet, ritual, and riding. Antiquity 74: 75–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anthony, D. W. and D. R. Brown. 2003. Eneolithic Rituals and Riding in the Steppes: New Evidence. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 55–68.Google Scholar

Anthony, D. W., D. R. Brown, E. Brown, A. Goodman, A. Kokhlov, P. Kosintsev, P. Kuznetsov, O. Mochalov, E. Murphy, D. Peterson, A. Pike-Tay, L. Popova, A. Rosen, N. Russell, and A. Weisskopf. n.d. The Samara Valley Project: Late Bronze Age Economy and Ritual in the Russian Steppes.

Anthony, D. W. and Vinogradov, N. B.. 1995. Birth of the Chariot. Archaeology 48: 36–41.Google Scholar

Antipina, E. E. 2004. Arkheozoologicheskie materially. In Chernykh, E. N. (ed.) Kargaly Tom III, pp. 182–239.Google Scholar

Antipina, E. E. and Lebedeva, E. Yu.. 2005. Opyt kompleksnykh arkhebiologicheskikh issledovanii zemledeliya i skotovodstva: Modeli vzaimodeistviya. Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 70–78.Google Scholar

Antipina, E. E. and Morales, A.. 2005. “Kovboi” Vostochnoevropeiskoi Stepi v Pozdnem Bronzovom Veke. Opus: Mezhdistsiplinarnye Issledovaniya v Arkheologii 4: 29–49.Google Scholar

An Zhimin. 1998. Cultural Complexes of the Bronze Age in the Tarim Basin and Surrounding Areas. In Mair, V. (ed.), The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia, vol. I, pp. 45–62.Google Scholar

Archaeological Dialogues. 1998. Relativism, Objectivity, and the Politics of the Past. Archaeological Dialogues 5 (1): 30–53.CrossRef

Arkheologiya Ukrainskoi SSR. 1985. Pervobytnaya Arkheologii, t. 1. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.

Arne, T. J. 1945. Excavations at Shah Tepe, Iran. The Sino-Swedish Expedition, Publication 27. Stockholm.Google Scholar

Aruz, J. (ed.). 2003a. Art of the First Cities: The third millennium B. C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar

Aruz, J. 2003b. Art and Interconnections in the Third Millennium B. C. In Aruz, J. (ed.), Art of the First Cities, pp. 239–250.Google Scholar

Aruz, J. 2003c. “Intercultural Style” Carved Chlorite Objects. In Aruz, J. (ed.), Art of the First Cities, pp. 325–345.Google Scholar

Aruz, J., Farkas, A., Alekseev, A., and Korolkova, E.. 2000. The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar

Askarov, A. 1973. Sapallitepa. Tashkent: FAN.Google Scholar

Avanessova, N. A. 1996. Pasteurs et agriculteurs de la vallée du Zeravshan (Ouzbékistan) au début de l'Age du Bronze: relations et influences mutuelles. In Lyonnet, B. (ed.), Sarazm (Tadjikistan) céramiques (Chalcolithique et Bronze Ancien). Paris: De Boccard, pp. 117–124.Google Scholar

Avilova, L. I. 2005. Metall Zapadnoi Azii (Eneolit-Srendii Bronzovyi Vek), Opus: Mezhdistsiplinarnye Issledovaniya v Arkheologii 4: 11–28.Google Scholar

Avilova, L. I., Antonova, E. V., and Teneishvili, T. O. 1999: Metallurgicheskoe proizvodstvo v yuzhnoi zone tsirkumpontiiskoi Metallurgicheskoi provintsii v epokhu rannei bronzy. Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (Russian Archaeology), Moscow (in Russian) 1: 51–65.Google Scholar

Bacon, E. 1954. Types of pastoral nomadism in Central and Southwest Asia. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10 (1): 44–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Badalyan, R., P. Lombard, C. Chataigner, and P. Avetisyan. 2004. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Phases in the Ararat Plain (Armenia): The View from Aratashen. In Sagona, A. (ed.), A View from the Highland, pp. 399–420.Google Scholar

Badalyan, R. S., A. T. Smith, and P. S. Avetisyan. 2003. The Emergence of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Caucasia: An interim report on the research of project ArAGATS. In Smith, A. T. and Rubinson, K. S. (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands, pp. 144–166.Google Scholar

Badler, V. R. 2002. A Chronology of Uruk Artifacts from Godin Tepe in Central Western Iran and Implications for the Interrelationships between the Local and Foreign Cultures. In Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East. Iraq Archaeological Reports – 5. Wiltshire, England: Aris & Phillips, Ltd., pp. 79–109.Google Scholar

Bailey, D. W. and Panayatov, I. (eds.). 1995. Prehistoric Bulgaria. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.Google Scholar

Bailey, D. W. and Hofmann, D.. 2005. Review of H. Todorova (ed.), Die prähistorischen Gräberfelder. Antiquity 79 (303): 220–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakker, J. A., Kruk, J., Lanting, A. E., and Milisauskas, S. 1999. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73 (282): 778–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barber, E. J. W. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Barfield, T. J. 1993. The nomadic alternative. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Barth, F. 1964. Nomads of South Persia: The Basseri tribe of the Khamseh confederacy. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar

Basilov, V. N. and O. B. Naumova. 1989. Yurts, Rugs, and Felts. In Basilov, V. N. (ed.), Nomads of Eurasia. Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp. 96–109.Google Scholar

Beck, L. 1986. The Qashga'i of Iran. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Belgiorno, M. R., R. Biscione, and P. E. Pecorella. 1984. Il Saggio E I Materiali Di Tappeh Gijlar. In Pecorella, P. E. and Salvini, M. (eds.), Tra Lo Zagros e L'Urmia: Ricerche Storiche ed Archeologiche Nell'Azerbaigian Iraniano, pp. 240–299.Google Scholar

Belinskij, A. B., Kalmykov, A. A., Korenevskij, S. N., and Härke, H.. 2000. The Ipatovo kurgan on the North Caucasian Steppe (Russia). Antiquity 74 (286): 773–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benecke, N. 2003. Iron Age Economy of the Inner Asian Steppe: A bioarchaeological perspective from the Talgar Region in the Ili River Valley (Southeastern Kazakhstan). Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 9: 63–84.Google Scholar

Benecke, N. and A. von den Dreisch. 2003. Horse Exploitation in the Kazakh Steppes during the Eneolithic and Bronze Age. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 69–82.Google Scholar

Besenval, R. 1997. Entre le Sud-Est iranien et la plaine de l'Indus: Le Kech-Makran – Recherches archéologiques sur le peuplement ancien d'une marche des confines indo-iraniens. Arts Asiatiques 52: 5–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bespalyi, E. I. 2002. Kurgannyi mogil'nik Mukhin. Aksaiskie Drevnosti. Rostov-on-Don: Archaeological Scientific Investigation Bureau.Google Scholar

Biehl, P. F., Gramsch, A., and Marciniak, A. (eds.). 2002. Archäologien Europas. Geschichte, Methoden und Theorien. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar

Binford, L. R. 1972. Some Comments on Historical vs. Processual Archeology. In Binford, L. R., An Archeological Perspective. New York: Seminar Press, pp. 114–121.Google Scholar

Biscione, R. 1977. The crisis of Central Asia urbanization in II millennium BC and villages as an alternative system. In Deshayes, J. (ed.), Le Plateau Iranien et l'Asie Centrale des Origines à la Conquete Islamique. Paris: CNRS, pp. 113–127.Google Scholar

Bobomulloev, S. 1991. Raskopki grobnitsy bronzogo veka na verkhnem Zeravshane. Stratum Plus 2: 307–313.Google Scholar

Bochkarev, V. S. 1990. Problemy drevnei istorii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya I Srednei Azii (epokha bronzy i rannego zheleza). Tezisy dokladov nauchnoi konferentsii. Leningrad.

Bochkarev, V. S. 1995a. Karpato-Dunaiskii i Volgo-Ural'skii Ochagi Kul'turogeneza Epokhi Bronzy. Konvergentsiya i Divergentsiya v Razvitii Kul'tur Epokhi Eneolita-Bronzi Srednei i Vostochnoi Evropy. Saint Petersburg, pp. 18–29.Google Scholar

Bochkarev, V. S. 1995b. Kul'turogenez i Razvitie Metalloproizvodstva v Epokhu Poznei Bronzy. In Gorbunov, V. S. (ed.), Drevnie Indoiranskie Kul'tury Volgo-Ural'ya (II tys. do n.e.). Samara, pp. 114–123.Google Scholar

Bochkarev, V. S. 2001. Periodizatsiya V. A. Gorodtsova v kontekste khronologicheskikh issledovanii evropeiskogo bronzovogo veka. In Kolev, Yu. I. (ed.), Bronzovyi vek vostochnoi evropy: Kharakteristika kul'tur, khronologiya i periodizatsiya. Samara, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar

Bökönyi, S. 1991. Pferde-und Schafdomestikation bzw. -haltung in der frühen Kupferzeit Eurasiens. In Lichardus, J. (ed.), Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, pp. 549–556.Google Scholar

Bolomey, A. and G. El Susi. 2000. The animals. In Marinescu-Bîlcu, and Bolomey, A. (eds.), Draguseni: A cucutenian community. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedica, pp. 157–177.Google Scholar

Boroffka, N. 1998. Bronze-und früheisenzeitliche Geweihtrensenknebel aus Rumänien und ihre Beziehungen. Alte Funde aus dem Museum für Geschichte Aiud Teil 2. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 4: 81–136.Google Scholar

Boyle, K., Renfrew, C., and Levine, M. (eds.). 2002. Ancient Interactions: East and west in Eurasia. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.Google Scholar

Braidwood, R. J. and Braidwood, L. S.. 1960. Excavations in the Plain of Antioch I: The Earlier Assemblages, Phases A-J. Oriental Institute Publication 61, Chicago.Google Scholar

Brovender, Yu. M. and V. V. Otroshchenko. 2002. Ancient Mines in Seversky Donets Basin, Eastern Ukraine. In E. N. Chernykh (ed.), Kargaly International Field Symposium – 2002, Earliest Stages of Mining and Metallurgy in Northern Part of Eurasia: Kargaly Complex. Proceedings of Symposium. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, RAN, pp. 55–56.

Bulliet, R. W. 1975. The Camel and the Wheel. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bunyatyan, K. P. 1997. Drevneishie Skotovody Ukrainskikh Stepei. Nikolaev.Google Scholar

Bunyatyan, K. P. 2003. Correlations between Agriculture and Pastoralism in the Northern Pontic Steppe Area during the Bronze Age. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 269–286.Google Scholar

Burney, C. A. and Lang, D. M.. 1971. The Peoples of the Hills. Ancient Ararat and Caucasus. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar

Carr, E. H. 1961. What is History?New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Casa, Ph. Della and M. Primas. 1998. La Production et la Circulation des Metaux sur la Côte Est de l'Adriatique d'après les Analyses Métallurgiques de Velika Gruda (Monténégro). In Mordant, C., Pernot, M., and Rychner, V. (eds.), L'Atelier du Bronzier en Europe du XXe au VIIIe Siècle avant Notre Ere. Paris.Google Scholar

Cattani, M. 2004. Margiana at the End of Bronze Age and beginning of Iron Age. In Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., and Dubova, N. A. (eds.), U istokov tsivilizatsii, pp. 303–315.Google Scholar

Cerasetti, B. 1998. Preliminary report on ornamental elements of ‘incised coarse ware’. In Gubaev, A., Kosholenko, G., and Tosi, M. (eds.), The Archaeological Map of the Murghab Delta Preliminary Reports 1990–95, pp. 67–74.Google Scholar

Cernych, E. N. 1978. Aibunar – A Balkan copper mine of the fourth millennium BC. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 44: 203–217.Google Scholar

Cernych, E. N. 1988. Frühester Kupferbergbau in Europa. In Fol, A. and Lichardus, J. (eds.), Macht, Herrschaft und Gold: Das Gräberfeld von Varna (Bulgarien) und Anfänge einer neuen europäischen Zivilisation. Saarbrücken: Moderne Galerie des Saarland-Museums, pp. 144–150.Google Scholar

Cernych, E. N., E. E. Antipina, and E. Ju. Lebedeva. 1998. Produktionsformen der Urgesellschaft in den Steppen Osteuropas (Ackerbau, Viehzucht, Erzgewinnung und- verhüttung. In Hänsel, B. and Machnik, J. (eds.), Das Karpatenbecken und die Osteuropäische Steppe, pp. 233–252.Google Scholar

Cernych, L. 2003. Spektralanalyse und Metallverarbeitung in den früh- und mittelbronzezeitlichen Kulturen der ukrainischen Steppe als Forschungsproblem. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 9: 27–62.Google Scholar

Chataigner, C. 1995. La Transcaucasie au Néolithique et au Chalcolithique. BAR International Series 624. Oxford.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. 1992. Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. 1997a. Kargaly: Zabytyi Mir. Moscow: “Nokh” Publisher.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. 1997b. Kargaly – Krupneishii Gornometallurgicheskii Kompleks Severnoi Evrazii v Drevnosti. Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (Russian Archaeology), Moscow (in Russian) 1: 21–36.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. (ed.). 2002a. Kargaly Tom I. Moscow: Languages of Slavonic Culture.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. (ed.). 2002b. Kargaly Tom II. Moscow: Languages of Slavonic Culture.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. 2002c. Vvedenie. In Chernykh, E. N. (ed.), Kargaly, Tom II (supra), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. 2002d. Drevneishie vyrabotki na kholme Gornogo. In Chernykh, E. N. (ed.), Kargaly Tom II (supra), pp. 128–139.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. (ed.). 2002e. Kargaly International Field Symposium – 2002: Earliest Stages of Mining and Metallurgy in Northern Part of Eurasia: Kargaly Complex. Proceedings of Symposium. Moscow.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. 2002f. The Kargaly Phenomenon: Some Paradoxes and a Functional Interpretation. In Kargaly International Field Symposium(supra), pp. 87–88.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. (ed.). 2004. Kargaly Tom III. Moscow: Languages of Slavonic Culture.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. 2005. Puti i modeli razvitiya arkheometallurgii (staryi i novyi svet). Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 49–60.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N., Avilova, L. I., and Orlovskaya, L. B. 2000. Metallurgicheskie provintsii i radiouglerodnaya khronologiya (Metallurgical Provinces and Radiocarbon Chronology [in Russian and English]). Moscow.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. and Orlovskaya, L. B.. 2004a. Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya drevneyamnoi obshchnosti i istoki kurgannykh kul'tur. Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (Russian Archaeology), Moscow (in Russian) 1: 84–99.Google Scholar

Chernykh, E. N. and Orlovskaya, L. B. 2004b. Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya katakombnoi kultur'no-istoricheskoi obshchnosti (srednii bronzovyi vek). Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (Russian Archaeology), Moscow (in Russian) 2: 15–29.Google Scholar

Childe, V. G. 1933. Is Prehistory Practical?Antiquity 7: 410–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Childe, V. G. 1964. What Happened in History, revised edition. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.Google Scholar

Chippendale, C. 1993. Ambition, Deference, Discrepancy, Consumption: The Intellectual Background to a Post-Processual Archaeology. In Yoffee, N. and Sherratt, A. (eds.), Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Compagnoni, B. and M. Tosi. 1978. The camel: Its distribution and state of domestication in the Middle East during the third millennium B. C. in light of finds from Shahr-i Sokhta. In Meadow, R. H. and Zeder, M. A. (eds.), Approaches to Faunal Analysis in the Middle East. Peabody Museum Bulletin 2. Cambridge: Peabody Museum, pp. 91–103.Google Scholar

Connor, S. E., Thomas, I., Kvavadze, E. V., Arabuli, G. J., Avakov, G. S., and Sagona, A.. 2004. A survey of modern pollen and vegetation along an altitudinal transect in southern Georgia, Caucasus region. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 129: 229–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coudart, A. 1999. Is post-processualism bound to happen everywhere? The French case. Antiquity 73(279): 161–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, H. E. W. 1998. Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dales, G. F. 1977. Shifting Trade Patterns between the Iranian Plateau and the Indus Valley in the Third Millennium B. C. In Deshayes, J. (ed.), Le plateau iranien et l'Asie Centrale des origins à la conquête islamique. Paris: CNRS, pp. 67–78.Google Scholar

Dani, A. H. and Masson, V. M. (eds.). 1992. History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. I. The dawn of civilization: Earliest times to 700 B. C.Paris: UNESCO Publishing.Google Scholar

Debaine-Francfort, C. 2002. Xinjiang and Northwestern China around 1000 BC: Cultural Contacts and Transmissions. In Eichmann, R. and Parzinger, H. (eds.), Migration und Kulturtransfer: Der Wandel vorder- und zentralasiatischer Kulturen im Umbruch vom 2. zum 1. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, pp. 57–70.Google Scholar

De Cardi, B. 1970. Excavations at Bampur, A Third Millennium Settlement in Persian, Baluchistan, 1966. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 51 (3). New York.Google Scholar

Degen-Kovalevskii, B. E. 1939. Problema datirovki “bol'shikh kubanskikh kurganov.”Kratkie Soobshcheniya o dokladakh i polevykh issledovaniyakh Instituta istorii material'noi kul'tury AN SSSR, Moscow (in Russian)2.Google Scholar

Dergachev, V. A. 1998. Kerbunskii Klad – Carbuna Deposit. Kishinev: “Tipografia Academiei de Stiinte”.Google Scholar

Dergachev, V. A. 2002. Two Studies in Defense of the Migration Concept. In Boyle, K., Renfrew, C., and Levine, M. (eds.), Ancient Interactions, pp. 93–112.Google Scholar

Deshayes, J. 1973. La Date des tumuli de Sé Girdan. Iran 11: 176–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Miroschedji, P. 2000. La céramique de Khirbet Kerak en Syro-Palestine: État de la question. In Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaires, pp. 255–278.Google Scholar

Díaz-del-Río, P., P. López-García, J. A. López-Sáez, Ma I. Martinez-Navarrete, A. L. Rodríguez Alcade, S. Rovira Llorens, J. M. Vicent Garcí, and I. Zavala Morencos. 2006. Understanding the productive economy during the Bronze Age through archaeometallurgical and palaeoenvironmental research at Kargaly (Southern Urals, Orenburg, Russia). In Peterson, D. L., Popova, L. M., and Smith, A. T. (eds.), Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology. Colloquia Pontica 13. Leiden: Brill, pp. 347–361.Google Scholar

Dietz, U. L. 1992. Zur Frage vorbronzezeitlicher Trensenbelege in Europa. Germania 70: 17–36.Google Scholar

Dietz, U. L. 2003. Horseback Riding: Man's Access to Speed? In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 189–199.Google Scholar

Di Nocera, 2000. Radiocarbon Datings from Arslantepe and Norsuntepe: The fourth-third millennium absolute chronology in the Upper Euphrates and Transcaucasian Region. In Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaires, pp. 73–93.Google Scholar

Dolukhanov, P. M. 1981. The Ecological Prerequisites for Early Farming in Southern Turkmenia. In Kohl, P. L. (ed.), The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries, pp. 359–385.Google Scholar

Drews, R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B. C.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Dschaparidze, O. 2001. Zur frühen Metallurgie Georgiens vom 3. bis zum 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. In Gambaschidze, I., Hauptmann, A., Slotta, R., and Yalcin, Ü. (eds.), Georgien: Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies, pp. 92–119.Google Scholar

Dshaparidse, O. 1995. Die kurgane von Martqopi. In Miron, A. and Orthmann, W. (eds.), Unterwegs zum Goldenen Vlies: Archäologische Funde aus Georgien, pp. 73–75.Google Scholar

Dubova, N. A. 2004. Mogil'nik i tsarskii nekropol' na beregakh bol'shogo basseina severnogo gonura. In Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., and Dubova, N. A. (eds.), Yistokov tsivilizatsii, pp. 254–281.Google Scholar

D'yachenko, A. I., Skripkin, A. S., and Demkin, V. A.. 2004. Itogi arkheologicheskogo issledovaniya svyatilishcha y stanitsy Trekho strovskoi v Volgogradskoi oblasti. Istoriko-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Azove i na Nizhnem Dony v 2002 g. 19: 178–183.Google Scholar

Dyson, R. H., Jr. 1973. The Archaeological Evidence of the Second Millennium B. C. on the Persian Plateau. In Edwards, I. E. S.. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., vol. 2, pt. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 686–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dyson, R. H., Jr. and Howard, S. M. (eds.). 1989. Tappeh Hesar: Reports of the Restudy Project, 1976. Firenze: Casa Editrice le Lettere.Google Scholar

Dzhavakhishvili, A. I. and Glonti, L.. 1962. Arkheologicheskiye raskopi provedennye v 1954–1961gg. Na selishche Kvatskhelebi (Tvlepiakokhi). Tbilisi.Google Scholar

Edens, C. 1992. The dynamics of trade in the ancient Mesopotamian “world system.”American Anthropologist 94: 118–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellis, L. 1984. The Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture. A Study in Technology and the Origins of Complex Society. British Archaeological Reports – International Series 217. Oxford.Google Scholar

Epimakhov, A. V. 2002. Complex Societies and the Possibilities to Diagnose Them on the Basis of Archaeological Data: Sintashta Type Sites of the Middle Bronze Age of the Trans-Urals. In Jones-Bley, K.. and Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.), Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC: Regional Specifics in Light of Global Models, vol. I, pp. 139–147.Google Scholar

Epimakov, A. V., Hanks, B., and Renfrew, C.. 2005. Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya pamyatnikov bronzovogo veka Zaural'ya. Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 92–102.Google Scholar

Flannery, K. V. 1973. Archeology with a Capital S. In Redman, C. L. (ed.), Research and Theory in Current Archeology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 47–53.Google Scholar

Fol, A. and Lichardus, J. (eds.). 1988. Macht, Herrschaft und Gold: Das Gräberfeld von Varna (Bulgarien) und Anfänge einer neuen europäischen Zivilisation. Saarbrücken: Moderne Galerie des Saarland-Museums.Google Scholar

Fol, A. and J. Lichardus. 1988. Archäologie und Geschichte. In Fol, A. and Lichardus, J. (eds.), Macht, Herrschaft und Gold, pp. 19–26.Google Scholar

Francfort, H.-P. 1984a. The early periods of Shortughai (Harappan) and western Bactrian culture of Dashly. In Allchin, B. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1981. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–175.Google Scholar

Francfort, H.-P. 1984b. Commentaires. In Kohl, P. L., Central Asia: Palaeolithic beginnings to the Iron Age (L'Asie Centrale des origines à l'Âge du Fer), pp. 249–265.Google Scholar

Francfort, H.-P. 2003. La civilization de l'Asie Centrale à l'âge du Fer. In Bopearachchi, O., Landes, C., and Sachs, C. (eds.), Catalogue de L'Exposition: De l'Indus à l'Oxus Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale. Lattes: Association IMAGO – musée de Lattes, pp. 29–59.Google Scholar

Francfort, H.-P. 2005. La civilization de l'Oxus et les Indo-Iraniens et Indo-Aryen en Asie Centrale. In Fussman, G., Kelllens, J., Francfort, H.-P., and Tremblay, X. (eds.), Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale. Paris: Collège de France, Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne, Diffusion de Bocard, fascicule 72.Google Scholar

Frangipane, M. 1998. Nel Segno del Leone. Archeo 14 (4): 28–41.Google Scholar

Frangipane, M. 2000. The Late Chalcolithic/EBI sequence at Arslantepe. Chronological and cultural remarks from a frontier site. In Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaires, pp. 439–472.Google Scholar

Frangipane, M., Nocera, C. M. Di, Hauptmann, A., Morbidelli, P., Palmieri, A., Sadori, L., Schultz, M., and Schmidt-Schultz, T.. 2001. New Symbols of a New Power in a “Royal” tomb from 3000 BC Arslantepe, Malatya (Turkey). Paléorient 27 (2): 105–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frank, A. G. 1993. Bronze Age World System Cycles. Current Anthropology 34 (4): 383–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frankel, D. 2000. Migration and Ethnicity in Prehistoric Cyprus: Technology as Habitus. European Journal of Archaeology 3 (2): 167–187.Google Scholar

Frankel, D. and Webb, J. M.. 2000: Marki Alonia: A prehistoric Bronze Age settlement in Cyprus. Antiquity 74: 763–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frey, O.-H. 1991. Varna -Ein Umschlagplatz für den Seehandel in der Kupferzeit? In Lichardus, J. (ed.), Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, pp. 195–201.Google Scholar

Gadzhiev, M. 1991. Ranne-Zemedel'cheskaya Kul'tura Severo-Vostochnogo Kavkaza. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Gadzhiev, M., Kohl, P. L., Magomedov, R. G., and Stronach, D.. 1997. The 1995 Daghestan-American Velikent Expedition: Excavations in Daghestan, Russia (with an Appendix on the Velikent Fauna by A. Morales and an Appendix on the Velikent Flora by A. Arnanz). Eur Ant 3: 179–218.Google Scholar

Gadzhiev, M., Kohl, P. L, Magomedov, R., Stronach, D., and Gadzhiev, Sh.. 2000. Daghestan-American Archaeological Investigations in Daghestan, Russia 1997–99. Eur Ant 6: 47–123.Google Scholar

Gaiduchenko, L. L. 1999. Osobennosti prirodopol'zovaniya drevnego Naseleniya ‘strani gorodov’ yuzhnogo Urala i Zaural'ya. In Zdanovich, D. G., Ivanova, N. O., and Predeina, I. V. (eds.), Kompleksnye obshchestva tsentral'noi Evrazii v III–I tys. do n.e. (Chelyabinsk, in Russian and in English), pp. 309–312.Google Scholar

Gambaschidze, I., Hauptmann, A., Slotta, R., and Yalçin, Ü. (eds.). 2001: Georgien: Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau Museum.Google Scholar

Gamkrelidze, T. V. and Ivanov, Vyach. Vs.. 1984. Indoevropeiskii Yazyk i Indoevropeitsy: rekonstruktsiya i istoriko-tiplogicheskii analiz prayazyka i protokul'tury, vols. I and II. Tbilisi: Publishing House of the Tbilisi State University.Google Scholar

Garazhian, O. 2004. Environment, archaeological remains and the formation process of complex societies in Northeastern Iranian Khorassan. In Turkmenistan is a Native Land of Anau Culture and White Wheat (Ak Bugday). Abstracts of Reports of the International Scientific Conference (October 22–23, 2004). Ashgabat, pp. 197–199.Google Scholar

Gavrilyuk, N. A. 1999. Istoriya Ekonomiki Stepnoi Skifii VI–III vv. do n.e.Kiev: Institut arkheologii NAN Ukrainy.Google Scholar

Gayduchenko, L. L. 2002. Organic Remains from Fortified Settlements and Necropoli of the “Country of Towns.” In Jones-Bley, K. and Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.), Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC: Regional Specifics in Light of Global Models, vol. II, pp. 400–416.Google Scholar

Geertz, C. 1963. Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Gei, A. N. 1991. Novotitorovskaya Kul'tura (predvaritel'naya kharakteristika). Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 1: 54–71.Google Scholar

Gei, A. N. 1999. O nekotorykh problemakh izucheniya bronzovogo veka na yuge evropeiskoi rossii. Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (Russian Archaeology), Moscow (in Russian) 1: 34–49.Google Scholar

Gei, A. N. 2000. Novotitorovskaya Kul'tura. Moscow: TOO “Staryi Sad”.Google Scholar

Gening, V. F., Zdanovich, G. B., and Gening, V. V.. 1992. Sintashta. Chelyabinsk: Yuzhno-Ural'skoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo.Google Scholar

Gerskovic, J. P. 1999. Studien zur spätbronzezeitlichen Sabatinovka-Kultur am unteren Dnepr und an der Westküste des Azov'schen Meeres. Archäologie in Eurasien, Band 7. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH.Google Scholar

Gershkovich, J. P. 2003. Farmers and Pastoralists of the Pontic Lowlands during the Late Bronze Age. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 307–317.Google Scholar

Gevorkyan, A. Ts. 1980. Iz istorii drevneishei metallurgii Armyanskogo Nagor'ya. Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar

Ghirshman, R. 1954. Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest. Baltimore, MD: Penguin.Google Scholar

Gimbutas, M. 1977. The first wave of Eurasian steppe pastoralists into Copper Age Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies 5: 277–338.Google Scholar

Gimbutas, M. 1979. The three waves of the Kurgan people into Old Europe, 4500–2500 BC. Archives suisses d'anthropologie générale 43: 113–137.Google Scholar

Gimbutas, M. 1989. The Language of the Goddess. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Gimbutas, M. 1994. Das Ende Alteuropas. Der Einfale von Steppennomaden aus Südrußland und die indogermanisierung Mitteleuropas. In Jerem, E. and Meid, W. (eds.), Archaeolinqua Alapitvany. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, pp. 13–135.Google Scholar

Glonti, L. I. and Dzhavakhishvili, A. I.. 1987. Novye dannye o mnogosloynom pamyatnike epokh eneolita-pozdney bronzy Shida Kartli. Kratkie Soobshcheniya o dokladakh i polevykh issledovaniyakh Instituta Arkheologii Akademii Nauk SSSR (Short Bulletins of the Institute of Archeology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR), Moscow (in Russian) 192: 80–87.Google Scholar

Gogadze, E. 1972. Periodizatsiya i Genezis Kurgannoy Kul'tury Trialeti. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.Google Scholar

Govedarica, B. and Kaiser, E.. 1996. Die äneolitischen abstrakten und zoomorphen Steinzepter Südost- und Osteuropas. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 2: 59–103.Google Scholar

Götzelt, T. 1996. Ansichten der Archäologie Süd-Turkmenistans bei der Erforschung der ‘mittleren Bronzezeit’ (‘Periode’ ‘Namazga V’). Archäologie in Eurasien, Band 2. Espelkamp: Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH.Google Scholar

Gubaev, A., Kosholenko, G., and Tosi, M. (eds.). 1998. The Archaeological Map of the Murghab Delta Preliminary Reports 1990–95. Roma: IsIAO.Google Scholar

Hakemi, A. 1997. Shahdad: Archaeological Excavations of a Bronze Age Center in Iran. Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente Centro Scavi e Richerche Archeologiche, Reports and Memoirs, vol. XXVII.Google Scholar

Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E., Rehren, T., and Yalcin, Ü.(eds.). 1999. The Beginnings of Metallurgy: Proceedings of the International Conference “The Beginnings of Metallurgy”, Bochum 1995. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 9.Google Scholar

Hänsel, B. and Machnik, J. (eds.). 1998. Das Karpatenbecken und die Osteuropäische Steppe: Nomadenbewegungen und Kulturaustausch in den vorchrhistlichen Metallzeiten (4000–500 v. Chr.). München.Google Scholar

Häusler, A. 1981. Zur ältesten Geschichte von Rad und Wagen im nordpontischen Raum. EAZ Ethnogr.-Archäol. Z. 22: 581–647.Google Scholar

Häusler, A. 1985. Kulturbeziehungen zwischen Ost- und Mitteleuropa im Neolithikum?Jahresschr. Mitteldt. Vorgesch. 68: 21–74.Google Scholar

Häusler, A. 1994. Archäologische Zeugnisse für Pferd und Wagen in Ost- und Mitteleuropa. In Hänsel, B. and Zimmer, S. (eds.), Die Indogermanen und das Pferd. Festschr. Bernfried Schlerath. Budapest:, pp. 217–257.Google Scholar

Häusler, A. 1995. Die Entstehung des neolithikums und die nordpontischen Steppenkulturen: Bemerkungen zu einer neuen Hypothese. Germania 73: 41–68.Google Scholar

Häusler, A. 1998. Hat es Bestattungssitten “der Indogermanen” gegeben?Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien (MAGW) 128: 147–156.Google Scholar

Hayen, H. 1989. Früheste Nachweise des Wagens und die Entwicklung der Transport-Hilfsmittel: Beiträge zur Transportgeschichte. Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie-Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 10: 31–50.Google Scholar

Hayen, H. 1991. Ein Vierradwagen des dritten Jahrtausend v. Chr. – Rekonstruction und Nachbau (Oldenburg).

Henrickson, E. F. and Thuesen, I. (eds.). 1989. Upon This Foundation – The ‘Ubaid Reconsidered. Copenhagen. Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar

Hernández Bermejo, J. E. and León, J. (ed.). 1994. Neglected crops 1492 from a different perspective. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, no. 26.Google Scholar

Hiebert, F. T. 1994a. Origins of the Bronze Age Civilization in Central Asia. American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 42. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

Hiebert, F. T. 1994b. Production evidence for the origins of the Oxus Civilization. Antiquity 68 (259): 372–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hiebert, F. T. 2000. Bronze Age Central Eurasian Cultures in Their Steppe and Desert Environments. In Bawden, G. and Reycraft, R. M. (eds.), Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response. Anthropological Papers No. 7. Albuquerque, NM: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, pp. 51–62.Google Scholar

Hiebert, F. T. and Dyson, R. H. Jr. 2002. Prehistoric Nishapur and the frontier between Central Asia and Iran. Iranica Antiqua 37: 113–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hiebert, F. T. and P. L. Kohl. 2000. Maps and commentaries of Merv-Bactra and Bactria. In Talbert, R. J. A. (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hiebert, F. T. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.. 1992. Central Asia and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands. Iran 30: 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hiebert, F. T. and K. M. Moore. 2004. A small steppe site near Gonur. In Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., and Dubova, N. A. (eds.), U istokov tsivilizatsii, pp. 294–302.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, E. J. 1980. The Revival of Narrative: Some comments. Past and Present 86: 3–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iessen, A. A. 1950. K khronologii “bol'shikh kubanskikh kurganov.”Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 12.Google Scholar

Inanischwili, G. 2001. Metallurgische Verfahren und Kenntnisse im alten Georgien. In Gambaschidze, I., Hauptmann, A., Slotta, R., and Yalcin, Ü. (eds.), Georgien: Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies, pp. 142–149.Google Scholar

Isaac, B. and Kikodze, Z., Kohl, P. L., Mindiashvili, G., Ordzhonikidze, A., and White, G.. 1994. Appendix A: Archaeological Investigations in Southern Georgia 1993. Iran 32: 22–29.Google Scholar

Isakov, A. I. 1994. Sarazm, an Agricultural Center of Ancient Sogdiana. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8:1–12.Google Scholar

Ismailov, G. S. 1985. Poselenie Garakapektepe. Baku.Google Scholar

Itina, M. A. 1977. Istoriya stepnykh plemen yuzhnogo Priaral'ya (II – nachalo I tycyacheletiya do n. e.). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Ivanov, I. S. 1988. Die Ausgrabungen des Gräberfeldes von Varna. In Fol, A. and Lichardus, J. (eds.), Macht, Herrschaft und Gold, pp. 149–66.Google Scholar

Ivanov, I. S. 1991. Der Bestattungsritus in der chalkolithischen Nekropole von Varna (mit einem Katalog der wichtigsten Gräber). In Lichardus, J. (ed.), Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, pp. 125–150.Google Scholar

Jarrige, J.-F. 1985. Continuity and change in the north Kachi plain (Baluchistan, Pakistan) at the beginning of the second millennium BC. In Schotsmans, J. and Taddei, M. (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1983. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, pp. 35–68.Google Scholar

Jones-Bley, K. and Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.). 2002. Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st MillenniumBC: Regional Specifics in Light of Global Models. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series 45, vols. I and III. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar

Jovanovic, B. 1971. Metallurgija eneolitskog perioda Jugoslvavije. Beograd.Google Scholar

Jovanovic, B. 1982. Rudna Glava. Najstarije rudarstvo bakra na Centralnom Balkanu. Bor-Beograd.Google Scholar

Kavtaradze, G. 1983. K khronologii epokhi eneolita i bronzy gruzii. Tbilisi.Google Scholar

Kavtaradze, G. 1999. The Importance of Metallurgical Data for the Formation of Central Transcaucasian Chronology. In Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E., Rehren, T., and Yalçin, Ue. (eds.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy, pp. 67–102.Google Scholar

Keall, E. J. and M. Roaf. 2000. Map and commentary of Hyrcania. In Talbert, R. J. A. (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kenoyer, J. M. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kes', A., Kostyuchenko, V. P., and Lisitsina, G. N.. 1980. Istoriya zaseleniya i drevnee oroshenie yugo-zapadnoi Turkmenii. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Khachatryan, T. S. 1975. Drevnyaya Kul'tura Shiraka III–I tys. do n.e.Erevan.Google Scholar

Khalilov, Dzh. A., Koshkarly, K. O., and Arazova, R. B.. 1991. Arkheologicheskie Pamyatniki Severo-Vostochnogo Azerbaidzhana. Baku.Google Scholar

Khazanov, A. M. 1994. Nomads and the Outside World, 2nd ed. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Khlopin, I. N. 1997. Eneolit Yugo-Zapadnogo Turkmenistana. Sankt-Peterburg.Google Scholar

Kiani, M. Y. 1982. Parthian Sites in Hyrcania. The Gurgan Plain. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar

Kiguradze, T. 1986. Neolithische Siedlungen von Kvemo-Kartli, Georgien. München: Verlag C. H. Beck.Google Scholar

Kiguradze, T. 2000. The Chalcolithic – Early Bronze Age transition in the Eastern Caucasus. In Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaires, pp. 321–328.Google Scholar

Kiguradze, T. 2001. The Caucasian Chalcolithic. In Peregrine, P. N. and Ember, M. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Prehistory, vol. 4, Europe. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 38–54.Google Scholar

Kiguradze, T. and A. Sagona. 2003. On the Origins of the Kura-Araxes Cultural Complex. In Smith, A. T. and Rubinson, K. (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, pp. 38–94.Google Scholar

Kircho, L. B. 2005. Khronologiya Epokhi Pozdnego Eneolita – Srednem Bronzy Srednei Azii: Pogrebeniya Altyn-depe. St. Petersburg: “Nestor Historiya” Press.Google Scholar

Kircho, L. B. and S. G. Popov. 2005. Prilozhenie 2: K voprosu o radiouglerodnoi khronologii arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov Srednei Azii V–II tys. do n.e. In Kircho, L. B., Khronologiya Epokhi Pozdnego Eneolita, pp. 528–541.Google Scholar

Kislenko, A. and N. Tatarintseva. 1999. The Eastern Ural Steppe at the End of the Stone Age. In Levine, M., Rassamakin, Yu., Kislenko, A., and Tatarintseva, N. (eds.), Late pre-historic exploitation of the Eurasian steppe. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs, pp. 183–216.Google Scholar

Klengel, E. and Klengel, H.. 1980. Zum fragment eines Steatitegefäßes mit einer Inschrift des Rimush von Akkad. Rocznik Orientalistyczny 41: 45–51.Google Scholar

Klochko, V. I. 1994. The Metallurgy of the Pastoral Societies in the Light of Copper and Bronze Processing in the Northern Pontic Steppe – Forest Steppe Zone: 4500–2350 BC. Baltic-Pontic Studies 2: 135–166.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 1974. Seeds of Upheaval: The production of chlorite at Tepe Yahya and an analysis of commodity production and trade in Southwest Asia in the mid-third millennium, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 1978. The Balance of Trade in Southwestern Asia in the Mid-Third Millennium B.C.Current Anthropology 19 (3): 463–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohl, P. L. (ed.). 1981. The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 1984. Central Asia: Palaeolithic beginnings to the Iron Age [L'Asie Centrale des origines à l'Âge du Fer]). Synthèse no. 14. Paris: ERC.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 1989. The use and abuse of world systems theory. In Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (ed.), Archaeological Thought in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 218–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 1992a. The Kura-Araxes ‘Chiefdom/State’: The Problems of Evolutionary Labels and Imperfect Analogies. In Possehl, G. L. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology Studies. New Delhi, pp. 223–232.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 1992b. Central Asia (Western Turkestan). In Ehrich, R. W. (ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd ed., vols. I and II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 179–195 (vol. I) and 154–162 (vol. II).Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 1993. Limits to a post-processual archaeology (or, The dangers of a new scholasticism). In Yoffee, N. and Sherratt, A. (eds.), Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 2002a. Bronze production and utilization in Southeastern, Daghestan, Russia: c. 3600–1900 BC (with an Appendix by L. Weeks, Summary of Velikent Compositional and Lead Isotope Analysis). In Bartelheim, M., Pernicka, E., and Krause, R. (eds.), Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der Alten Welt. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, pp. 161–184.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 2002b. Archaeological Transformations: Crossing the Pastoral/Agricultural Bridge. Iranica Antiqua 37: 151–190 (Festschrift for C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, ed. by D. T. Potts).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 2005a. Invariant Homo Politicus and the Biological Constraints on Cultural Evolution. Review of T. Earle's Bronze Age Economics: The beginnings of political economies and B. G. Trigger's Understanding Early Civilizations. Current Anthropology 46 (4): 685–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohl, P. L. 2005b. Staryi i novyi svet: kontrasty evolyutsii. Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 36–43.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L., Biscione, R., and Ingraham, M. L.. 1981. Implications of Recent Evidence for the Prehistory of Northeastern Iran and Southwestern Turkmenistan. Iranica Antiqua 16: 185–204.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. and Carson, E. A., Edens, C., and Pearce, J. 1993. International Program for Research in the Caucasus: Field Seasons 1990 and 1991, pp. 143–150 in Bulletin of the Asia Institute, new series/vol. 6, 1992. 110.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. and E. N. Chernykh. 2003. Different Hemispheres, Different Worlds. In Smith, M. E. and Berdan, F. F. (eds.), The Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Salt Lake: University of Utah Press, pp. 307–312.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L., M. G. Gadzhiev, and R. G. Magomedov. 2002. Between the Steppe and the Sown: Cultural Developments on the Caspian Littoral Plain of Southern Daghestan, Russia, c. 3600–1900 BC. In Boyle, K., Renfrew, C., and Levine, M. (eds.), Ancient Interactions, pp. 113–128.Google Scholar

Kohl, P. L. and Heskel, D. L.. 1980. Archaeological Reconnaissances in the Darreh Gaz Plain: A short report. Iran 18: 160–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohlmeyer, K. and Saherwala, G.. 1984. Frühe Bergvölker in Armenien und im Kaukasus. Berlin: Berliner Gesellschaft für Antropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte.Google Scholar

Korenevskii, S. N. 1993. Drevneishee Osedloe Naselenie na Srednem Tereke. Moscow.Google Scholar

Korenevskii, S. N. 1995. Galyugai – poselenie makopskoi kul'tury. Moscow.Google Scholar

Korenevskii, S. N. 2001. Drevneishie Zemledel'tsy i Skotovody Predkavkaz'ya. Doctor of Historical Sciences Dissertation Abstract, Moscow.Google Scholar

Korenevskii, S. N. 2004. Drevneishie zemledel'tsy i skotovody Predkavkaz'ya: Maikopsko-novosv-obodnenskaya obshchnost' – problemy vnutrennei tipologii. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Korobov, D. S. and Reinhold, S.. n.d. Aerial photography and field survey – A new type of Late Bronze Age settlements in the North Caucasus discovered from the air.

Koryakova, L. N. 1996. Social Trends in Temperate Eurasia during the Second and First Millennia BC. Journal of European Archaeology 4: 243–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koryakova, L. N. and A. V. Epimakhov. n.d. The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Cambridge University World Archaeology Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press.

Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., and Dubova, N. A. (eds.). 2004. U istokov tsivilizatsii: Sbornik statei k 75-letiyu Viktora Ivanovicha Sarianidi. Moscow: Staryi sad.Google Scholar

Kozhin, P. M. 2004. Kolecnyi ekipazh vpervye preodolevaet pustyni. In Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., and Dubova, N. A. (eds.), U istokov tsivilizatsii, pp. 282–289.Google Scholar

Kremenetski, K. V. 2003. Steppe and Forest-Steppe Belt of Eurasia: Holocene Environmental History. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 11–27.Google Scholar

Kruc, W. A. 1994. ‘Osiedla-giganty’ oraz niekotóre problemy demograficizne kultury Trypolskiej. Archeologia Polski 39 (1–2): 7–30.Google Scholar

Krupnov, E. I. 1954. Prikaspiiskaya arkheologicheskaya ekspeditsiya. Kratkie Soobshcheniya o dokladakh i polevykh issledovaniyakh Instituta istorii material'noi kul'tury AN SSSR, Moscow (in Russian).Google Scholar

Kushnareva, K.Kh. 1997. The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of cultural and socioeconomic development from the eighth to the second millennium B. C.Philadelphia: The University Museum.Google Scholar

Kushnareva, K.Kh. and Chubinishvili, T. N.. 1970. Drevniye kul'tury Yuzhnogo Kavkaza. Leningrad.Google Scholar

Kushnareva, K.Kh. and Markovin, V. I. (eds.). 1994. Epokha Bronzy Kavkaza i Srednei Azii: Rannyaya i srednyaya bronza Kavkaza. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Kutimov, Yu.G. 1999. Kul'turnaya atributsiya keramiki stepnogo oblika epokhi pozdnei bronzy yuzhnykh raionov Srednei Azii (Turkmenistana). Stratum Plus 2: 314–322.Google Scholar

Kuzmina, E. E. 1994. Otkuda prishli Indoarii?Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar

Kuzmina, E. E. 2003. Origins of Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 203–232.Google Scholar

Kuz'minykh, S. V. 2005. ‘Iz mednogo kronida pokolen'ya …’: K yubeleyu E. N. Chernykh. Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4.Google Scholar

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. 1996. Beyond the Tigris and Euphrates: Bronze Age Civilizations. Jerusalem: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press.Google Scholar

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. 2002. Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranians. Current Anthropology 43 (1): 63–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Larsen, M. T. 1976. The Old Assyrian State and Its Colonies. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.Google Scholar

Lattimore, R. (trans.). 1967. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Editions.Google Scholar

Laufer, B. 1930. The Early History of Felt. American Anthropologist 32: 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lazarovisi, Gh. and M. Lazarovisi. 2003. The Neo-Eneolithic Architecture in Banat, Transylvania Moldavia. In. Grammenos, V. (ed.), Recent Research in the Prehistory of the Balkans. Publications of the Archaeological Institute of Northern Greece, no. 3. Thessaloniki: Archaeological Institute of Northern Greece, pp. 369–486.Google Scholar

Lebedeva, E.Yu. 2005. Arkheobotanika i Izuchenie Zemeledeliya Epokhi Bronzy v Vostochnoi Evrope. Opus: Mezhdistsiplinarnye Issledovaniya v Arkheologii 4: 50–68.Google Scholar

Lechtman, H. 1980. The Central Andes: Metallurgy without Iron. In Wertime, T. A. and Muhly, J. D. (eds.), The Coming of the Age of Iron, pp. 267–334.Google Scholar

Lechtman, H. 1996. Arsenic bronze: Dirty copper or chosen alloy? A view from the Americas. Journal of Field Archaeology 23: 477–514.Google Scholar

Lecomte, O. 1999. Vehrkana and Dehistan: Late Farming Communities of South-West Turkmenistan from the Iron Age to the Islamic Period. Parthica 1: 135–170.Google Scholar

Levine, M., Rassamakin, Yu., Kislenko, A., and Tatarintseva, N. (eds.). 1999. Late prehistoric exploitation of the Eurasian steppe. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.Google Scholar

Levine, M. 1999. Origins of horse husbandry. In Levine, M., Rassamakin, Yu., Kislenko, A., and Tatarintseva, N. (eds.), Late prehistoric exploitation of the Eurasian steppe, pp. 5–58.Google Scholar

Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.). 2003. Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.Google Scholar

Lichardus, J. 1988. Der Westpontische Raum und die Anfänge der kupferzeitlichen Zivilisation. In Fol, A. and Lichardus, J. (eds.), Macht, Herrschaft und Gold, pp. 79–130.Google Scholar

Lichardus, J. (ed.). 1991. Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche. Saarbrücker Beitr. Altkde. 55, Bonn.Google Scholar

Lichardus, J. and M. Lichardus-Itten. 1998. Nordpontische Gruppen und ihre westlichen Nachbarn. Ein Beitrag zur Entstehung der frühen Kupferzeit Alteuropas. In Hänsel, B. and Machnik, J. (eds.), Das Karpatenbecken und die Osteuropäische Steppe, pp. 99–122.Google Scholar

Lichardus, J. and Vladár, J.. 1996. Karpatenbecken-Sintasta-Mykene: Ein Beitrag zur Definition der Bronzezeit als historischer Epoche. Slovenská Archeológia 46 (1): 25–93.Google Scholar

Ligabue, G. and Salvatori, S.. 1990. Bactria: An Ancient Oasis Civilization from the Sands of Afghanistan. Venezia: Erizzo Editrice.Google Scholar

Linduff, K. M. 2002. At the Eastern Edge: Metallurgy and Adaptation in Gansu (PRC) in the 2nd Millennium BC. In Jones-Bley, K. and Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.), Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC: Regional Specifics in Light of Global Models, vol. II, pp. 595–611.Google Scholar

Linduff, K. M. 2005. Kak daleko na vostok rasprostranyalas' evrasziiskaya metallurgicheskaya traditsiya?Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 25–35.Google Scholar

Lisitsina, G. N. 1978. Stanovlenie i razvitie oroshaemogo zemledeliya v yuzhnoi Turkmenii. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Lisitsina, G. N. 1981. Stanovlenie sel'skokhozyaistvennogo proizvodstva varidnykh raionakh SSSR. In Kolchin, B. A. and Saiko, E. (eds.), Stanovlenie proizvodstva v epokhu eneolita i bronzy, pp. 49–71.Google Scholar

Litscheli, W. 2001: Archäologie in Georgien. In Gambaschidze, I., Hauptmann, A., Slotta, R., and Yalcin, Ü. (eds.), Georgien: Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies, pp. 62–67.Google Scholar

Litvinskii, B. A. 2004. Viktor Ivanovich Sarianidi – Legenda Arkheologii Tsentral'noi Azii. In Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., and Dubova, N. A. (eds.), U istokov tsivilizatsii, pp. 5–22.Google Scholar

Litvinskii, B. A. and Solov'ev, V. S.. 1972. Stoianka stpenoi bronzy v yuzhnom Tadzhikistane. Uspekhi Sredneaziatskoi Arkheologii 1: 41–47.Google Scholar

Liverani, M. 1997. Comment to J. McCorriston's “The Fiber Revolution.”Current Anthropology 38 (4): 536–537.Google Scholar

Lombard, P. 2003. Fouilles à Aratashen, Automne 2003. In Chataigner, C. (ed.), Mission Caucase: Rapport Scientifique sur les operations effectuées en 2003, Lyon:, pp. 3–14.Google Scholar

López Sáez, J. A., P. López García, and Ma.I. Martinez-Navarrete. 2002. Palinologicheskie issledovaniya na kholme Gornogo. In Chernykh, E. N. (ed.), Kargaly Tom II, pp. 153–165.Google Scholar

Lordkipanidse, O. 1991. Archäologie in Georgien; von der Altsteinzeit zum Mittelalter. Heidelberg: VCH Acta humaniora.Google Scholar

Lordkipanidze, O. 2001. Georgien – Land und Raum. In Gambaschidze, I., Hauptmann, A., Slotta, R., and Yalcin, Ü (eds.), Georgien: Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies, pp. 2–53.Google Scholar

Lyonnet, B. 1997. Céramique et Peuplement du Chalcolithique à la Conquête Arabe, vol. 2. Prospections Archéologiques en Bactriane Orientale (1974–1978). Paris: ERC.Google Scholar

Lyonnet, B. 2000. La Mésopotamie et le Caucase du Nord au IVe et au debut du IIIe millnaires av. n.è.: Leurs rapports et les problèmes chronologiques de la culture de Majkop. Etat de la question et nouvelles propositions. In Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. (eds.), Chronologies des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaires. Paris: De Boccard Edition-Diffusion, pp. 299–320.Google Scholar

Lyonnet, B. 2005. Another Possible Interpretation of the Bactro-Margiana Culture (BMAC) of Central Asia: The Tin Trade. In Jarrige, C. and Lefèvre, V. (eds.), South Asia Archaeology 2001, vol. 1, Prehistory. Paris: adpf – Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar

Lyonnet, B. n.d.a. Mari et la Margiane ou ‘la circulation des biens, des personnes et des idees’ dans l'Orient ancien à la fin du 3ème et au début du 2ème millénaire avant notre ère. Mémoire présenté dans le cadre d'une Thèse d'Habilitation, Avril 2001 (Paris).Google Scholar

Lyonnet, B. (ed.). n.d.b. Les cultures du Caucase (VIème-IIIème mill. av. n. è.). Leurs relations avec le Proche-Orient. Paris: CNRS editions (in press).Google Scholar

Lyonnet, B. n.d.c. La culture de Maikop, la Transcaucasia, l'Anatolie orientale et le Proche-Orient: Relations et chronologie. To appear inGoogle Scholar

Madjidzadeh, Y. 2003. Jiroft: The Earliest Oriental Civilization. Teheran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.Google Scholar

Magomedov, R. G. 1991. O kompleksakh maikopskoi kul'tury na territorii Dagestana'. In Davudov, O. M. (ed.), Gory i Ravniny Severo-vostochnogo Kavkaza v Drevnosti i Srednie Veka. Makhachkala: DNTs RAN, pp. 13–38.Google Scholar

Magomedov, R. G. 1998. Ginchinskaya Kul'tura. Makhachkala: DNTs RAN.Google Scholar

Mair, V. H. (ed.). 1998. The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Vols. I and II. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man Inc.Google Scholar

Maisuradze, B. and G. Gobedschischwili. 2001. Alter Bergbau in Ratscha. In Gambaschidze, I., Hauptmann, A., Slotta, R., and Yalcin, Ü. (eds.), Georgien: Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies, pp. 130–135.Google Scholar

Makarenko, M. 1933. Mariupil'skii Mogil'nik. Kiev.Google Scholar

Makharadze, Z. n.d. Nouvelles données sur le Chalcolithique en Géorgie orientale. To appear in Lyonnet, B. (ed.), Les cultures du Caucase.Google Scholar

Mallory, J. P. 1989. In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar

Mammaev, M. M. 2005. Ot sostavitelya. In Drevnosti Kavkaza i Blizhnego Vostoka: sbornik statei, posvyashchennyi 70-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora M. G. Gadzhieva. Makhachkala: Publishing House “Epokha”, pp. 4–8.Google Scholar

Mandel'shtam, A. M. 1968. Pamyatniki epokhi bronzi v yuzhom Tadzhikistane. Materiali i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR 145. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Mantu, C.-M. 1998a. The Absolute Chronology of the Romanian Neolithic and Aeneolithic/Chalcolithic Periods. The State of the Research,. Actes du colloque “C14 Archéologie”, pp. 225–231.Google Scholar

Mantu, C.-M. 1998b. Cultura Cucuteni: Evolutie, Chronologie, Legaturi. Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamt: Biblioteca Memoriae Antiquitatis.Google Scholar

Mantu, C.-M., Dumitroaia, G., and Tsaravopoulos, A.. 1997. Cucuteni: The last great Chalcolithic civilization of Europe. Bucharest: Athena Publishing and Printing House.Google Scholar

Markovin, V. I. and Munchaev, R. M.. 2003. Severnyi Kavkaz: Ocherki drevnei i sredneivekovoi istorii i kul'tury. Moscow: RAN.Google Scholar

Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. 2000: Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaires. Paris: Institut Français D'Etudes Anatoliennes D'Istanbul De Boccard.Google Scholar

Martín Sánchez, M., Garcia, P. López, and Sáez, J. A. López. 2000. Palynological Estimate of the Evolution of the Vegetation of the Caucasus and the Level of the Caspian Sea during the Recent Holocene. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 6: 106–113.Google Scholar

Martinez-Navarrete, Ma.I., García, J. M. Vicent, López-Garcia, P., Sáez, J. A. López, Zavala-Morencos, I., and Rio, P. Diaz del. 2005. Metallurgicheskoe proizvodstvo na Kargalakh i rekonsruktsiya okrulzhayushchei sredy. Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 84–91.Google Scholar

Mashkour, M. 2003. Equids in the Northern Part of the Iranian Central Plateau from the Neolithic to Iron Age: New Zoogeographic Evidence. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 129–138.Google Scholar

Masson, V. M. 1981. Altyn-depe during the Aeneolithic period. In Kohl, P. L. (ed.), The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet discoveries, pp. 63–95.Google Scholar

Masson, V. M. 1988. Altyn-Depe. Philadelphia: The University Museum.Google Scholar

Masson, V. M. and Merpert, N.Ya. (eds.). 1982. Eneolit SSSR (Moscow).Google Scholar

Masson, V. M. and Sarianidi, V. I.. 1972. Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids. London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd.Google Scholar

McConchie, M. 2004. Archaeology at the North-east Anatolian Frontier, V: Iron Technology and Iron-Making Communities of the First Millennium BC. Louvain: Peeters.Google Scholar

McCorriston, J. 1997. The Fiber Revolution: Textile Extensification, Alienation, and Social Stratification in Ancient Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology 38 (4): 517–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meadow, R. 1993. Continuity and Change in the Agriculture of the Greater Indus Valley. Information Bulletin 19: 63–77.Google Scholar

Jianjun, Mei and Shell, C.. 1999. The existence of Andronovo cultural influence in Xinjiang during the 2nd millennium BC. Antiquity 73 (281): 570–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merpert, N.Ya. 1974. Drevneishie skotovody volzhsko-ural'skogo mezhdurech'ya. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Merpert, N. Ya. 1991. Die neolithisch- äneolithischen Denkmäler der pontisch-kaspischen Steppen und der Formierungsprozeß der frühen Grubengrabkultur. In Lichardus, J. (ed.), Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, pp. 35–46.Google Scholar

Merpert, N. Ya. 2001. Rol' V. A. Gorodstova v sozdanii periodizatsii bronzovogo veka yuzhnoi poloviny vostochnoi evropy i voprocy istoriografii'. In Kolev, Yu. I. (ed.), Bronzovyi vek vostochnoi evropy: Kharakteristika kul'tur, khronologiya i periodizatsiya, pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

Merpert, N.Ya. and R. M. Munchaev 1993. The Earliest Evidence for Metallurgy in Ancient Mesopotamia. In Yoffee, N. and Clark, J. J. (eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 241–248.Google Scholar

Michaud, R. and Michaud, S.. 1978. Caravans to Tartary. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.Google Scholar

Miron, A. and Orthmann, W.. 1995. Unterwegs zum Goldenen Vlies: Archäologische Funde aus Georgien. Saarbrücken: Victor's Residenz-Hotel.Google Scholar

Molodin, V. I., Parzinger, H., Schneeweiß, J., Garkusa, J. N., Grisin, A. E., Novikova, O. I., Efremova, N. S., Marcenko, Z. V., Cemjakina, M. A., Myl'nikova, L. N., Becker, H., and Faßbinder, J.. 2002. Cica – Eine befestigte Ansiedlung der Übergangsperiode von der Spätbronze- zur Früheisenzeit in der Barabinsker Waldsteppe. Vorbericht der Kampagnen 1999–2001. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 8: 185–236.Google Scholar

Monah, D. and F. Monah. 1997. Cucuteni: The last great Chalcolithic civilization of old Europe. In Mantu, C.-M., Dumitroaia, G., and Tsaravopoulos, A. (eds.), Cucuteni: The last great Chalcolithic civilization of Europe. Bucharest: Athena Publishing and Printing House, pp. 16–95.Google Scholar

Moore, K. M. 1993. Animal use at Bronze Age Gonur depe. Information Bulletin 19: 164–176.Google Scholar

Moorey, P. R. S. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Morales-Muñiz, A. and E. Antipina. 2000. Late Bronze Age (2500–1000 B. C.) faunal exploitation on the East European steppe. In Boyle, K., Levine, M., and Renfrew, C. (eds.), Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe: Papers presented for the symposium to be held 12 Jan. – 16 Jan. 2000, vol. 2. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs, pp. 267–294.Google Scholar

Morales-Muñiz, A. and E. Antipina. 2003. Srubnaya Faunas and Beyond: A Critical Assessment of the Archaeozoological Information from the East European Steppe. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 329–351.Google Scholar

Morgunova, N. L. 1995. Neolit i Eneolit yuga lesostepi volgo-ural'skogo mezhdurech'ya. Orenburg: RAN.Google Scholar

Motzenbäcker, I. 1996. Sammlung Kossnierska. Der Digorische Formenkreis der Kaukasischen Bronzezeit. Berlin: Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte SMPK.Google Scholar

Muhly, J. D. 1973. Copper and Tin. Transactions, The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 43: 155–535.Google Scholar

Muhly, J. D. 1980. The Bronze Age Setting. In Wertime, T. A. and Muhly, J. D. (eds.), The Coming of the Age of Iron. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 25–67.Google Scholar

Munchaev, R. M. 1975. Kavkaz na zare bronzovogo veka. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Munchaev, R. M. 1994. Maikopskaya kul'tura. In Kushnareva, K. Kh. and Markovin, V. I. (eds.), Epokha Bronzy Kavkaza i Srednei Azii: Rannyaya i srednyaya bronza Kavkaza, pp. 158–225.Google Scholar

Munchaev, R. M. (ed.). 2002. Problemy Arkheologii Evrazii: K 80-letiyu N.Ya. Merperta. Moscow: Institut Arkheologii RAN.Google Scholar

Munchaev, R. M., Merpert, N.Ya., and Amirov, Sh.N.. 2004. Tell Khazna I: Kul'tovo-administrativnyi tsentr IV–III tys. do n.e. v Severo-vostochnoi Sirii. Moscow: Paleograph.Google Scholar

Muscarella, O. W. 2003. The Chronology and Culture of Sé Girdan: Phase III. Ancient Civilizations: From Scythia to Siberia 9, 1–2: 117–131.Google Scholar

Muscarella, O. W. n.d. “Jiroft” and Aratta: a review of Yousef Madjidzadeh, Jiroft The Earliest Oriental Civilization, Teheran 2003.

Narimanov, I. G. 1985. Obeidskie plemena Mesopotamii v Azerbaidzhane. In Vsesoyuznaya Arkheologicheskaya Konferentsiya ‘Dostizheniya Sovestskoi Arkheologii v Ⅺ Pyatiletke’ – Tezisy Dokladov. Baku, pp. 271–272.Google Scholar

Narimanov, I. G. 1987. Kul'tura Drevneishego Zemledel'chesko-Skotovodchesdogo Naseleniya Azerbaidzhana. Baku: “Elm”.Google Scholar

Nechitailo, A. L. 1991. Svyazi Naseleniya Stepnoi Ukrainy i Severnogo Kavkaza v Ephoku Bronzy. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.Google Scholar

Nekhaev, A. A. 1986. Pogrebenie maikopskoi kul'tury iz kurgana u sela Krasnogvardeiskoe. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 1.Google Scholar

Nekhaev, A. A. 1990. Eneoliticheskie poseleniya Zakubanya, In Zhdanovsky, A. M. and Marchenko, I. I. (eds.), Drevnie pamyatniki Kubani. Krasnodar:, pp. 5–22.Google Scholar

Nekhaev, A. A. 1992. Domaikopskaya kul'tura Severnogo Kavkaza. Arkheologicheskie vesti 1: 76–94.Google Scholar

Neustupny, E. 2002. In Biehl, P. F., Gramsch, A., and Marciniak, A. (eds.), Archäologien Europas. Geschichte, Methoden und Theorien,. Münster: Waxmann, pp. 283–288.Google Scholar

Oates, J. 2003. A Note on the Early Evidence for Horse in Western Asia. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 115–125.Google Scholar

Olsen, S. L. 2003. The Exploitation of Horses at Botai, Kazakhstan. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 83–103.Google Scholar

Oppenheim, A. L. 1954. The Sea-Faring Merchants of Ur. Journal of the American Oriental Society 74: 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Otchir-Goriaeva, M. 2002. Welchen Kultur- und Wirtschaftstyp repräsentieren die bronzezeitlichen Funde in den Wolga-Manyc-Steppen?Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 8: 103–133.Google Scholar

Özdogan, A. 1999. Cayönü. In Özdogan, M. and Basgelen, N. (eds.), Neolithic in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari, pp. 35–64.Google Scholar

Paléorient. 1999 (25 [1]). The Uruk Expansion: Northern Perspectives from Hacinebi, Hassek Höyük and Gawra. Paris.

Palumbi, G. 2003. Red-Black Pottery: Eastern Anatolian and Transcaucasian Relationships during the mid-fourth millennium BC. Ancient Near Eastern Studies 40: 80–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Palumbi, G. n.d. Rosso e Nero: Ruolo e Significato ella Cultura Kuro-Araks nelle Trasformazioni delle Comunità dell'Anatolia Orientale tra IV e III Millennio a.C. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza.”

Parzinger, H. 1998a. Kulturverhältnisse in der eurasischen Steppe während der Bronzezeit. In Hänsel, B. (ed.), Mensch und Umwelt in der Bronzezeit Europas. Kiel:, pp. 457–479.Google Scholar

Parzinger, H. 1998b. Der nordpontische Raum und das untere Donaugebiet in der späten Kupferzeit: Das Ende des Kodzadermen-Gumelnita-Karanovo VI-Verbandes und die Cernavoda I-Kultur. In Hänsel, B. and Machnik, J. (eds.), Das Karpatenbecken und die Osteuropäische Steppe, pp. 123–134.Google Scholar

Parzinger, H. 2003. Grundzüge der Vor- und Frügeschichte Sogdiens. In Parzinger, H. and Boroffka, N., Das Zinn der Bronzezeit, pp. 260–286.Google Scholar

Parzinger, H. and Boroffka, N.. 2003. Das Zinn der Bronzezeit in Mittelasien I: Die siedlungsarchäologischen Forschungen im Umfeld der Zinnlagerstätten. Archäologie in Iran und Turan, Band 5. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar

Pecorella, P. E. and Salvini, M.. 1984. Tra Lo Zagros e L'Urmia: Ricerche Storiche ed Archeologiche Nell'Azerbaigian Iraniano. Roma.Google Scholar

Pernicka, E., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Todorova, H., and Kuleff, I.. 1997. Prehistoric Copper in Bulgaria. Its Composition and Provenance. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 3: 41–180.Google Scholar

Perrot, J. (ed.). 2003. Jiroft: Fabuleuse Découverte en Iran. Dossiers d'Archeologie287.

Peterson, D. 2003. Ancient Metallurgy in the Mountain Kingdom: The Technology and Value of Early Bronze Age Metalwork from Velikent, Daghestan. In Smith, A. T. and Rubinson, K. S. (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands, pp. 22–37.Google Scholar

Philip, G. and A. R. Millard. 2000. Khirbet Kerak Ware in the Levant: the implications of radiocarbon chronology and spatial distribution. In Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. (ed.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaire, pp. 279–296.Google Scholar

Pigott, V. C. 1999a. A Heartland of Metallurgy: Neolithic/Chalcolithic metallurgical origins on the Iranian Plateau. In Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E., Rehren, T., and Yalçin, U. (ed.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy, pp. 107–120.Google Scholar

Pigott, V. C. 1999b. The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World: Introductory comments. In Pigott, V. C. (ed.), The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: The University Museum, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar

Pilipossian, A. 1996. Hachette de cérémonie en forme d'ancre. In Santrot, J. (ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l'Arménie ancienne. Paris: Somogy Editions D'Art, p. 65.Google Scholar

Pizchelauri, K. 1984. Jungbronzezeitliche bis ältereisenzeitliche Heiligtümer in Ost-Georgien. München: Verlag. C. H. Beck.Google Scholar

Possehl, G. L. 2002. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar

Potts, D. T. 1990. The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Potts, D. T. 1997. Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Potts, D. T. 2004. Camel hybridization and the role of Camelus bactrianus in the ancient Near East. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47: 143–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Potts, D. T. 2005. In the beginning: Marhashi and the origin's of Magan's ceramic industry in the third millennium BC. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16: 67–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Potts, D. T. n.d.. Exit Aratta: Southeastern Iran and the Land of Marhashi.

Potts, T. F. 1994. Mesopotamia and the East. An Archaeological and Historical Study of Foreign Relations ca. 3400–2000 BC. Oxford Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 47. Oxford.Google Scholar

Priakhin, A. D. and Besedin, V. I.. 1999. The Horse Bridle of the Middle Bronze Age in the East European Forest-Steppe and the Steppe. Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 38 (1): 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Primas, M. 2002. Early Tin Bronze in Central and Southern Europe. In Bartelheim, M., Pernicka, E., and Krause, R. (eds.), Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der Alten Welt. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, pp. 303–314.Google Scholar

Pumpelly, R. 1908. Explorations in Turkestan, Expedition of 1904. Vol. I. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington.Google Scholar

Pustovalov, S. Z. 1994. Economy and Social Organization of Northern Pontic Stepp – Forest-Steppe Pastoral Populations: 2700–2000 BC (Catacomb Culture). Baltic-Pontic Studies 2: 86–134.Google Scholar

Pustovalov, S. Z. 1998. Nekotorye Problemy Izucheninya Kolesnogo Transporta Epokhi Bronzy. In Problemy Izucheniya Katakombnoi Kul'turno-Istoricheskoi Obshchnosti (KKIO) i Kul'turno-Istoricheskoi Obshchnosti Mnogovalikovoi Keramiki (KIOMK), Zaporozh'e, pp. 50–54.Google Scholar

Puturidze, M. 2003. Social and Economic Shifts in the South Caucasian Middle Bronze Age. In Smith, A. T. and Rubinson, K. S. (ed.), Archaeology in the Borderlands, pp. 111–127.Google Scholar

P'yankova, L. T. 1993. Pottery of Margiana and Bactria in the Bronze Age. Information Bulletin (UNESCO International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia) 19: 109–127.Google Scholar

P'yankova, L. T. 1994. Central Asia in the Bronze Age: Sedentary and Nomadic Cultures. Antiquity 68 (259): 355–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

P'yankova, L. T. 1999. Stepnye komponenty v kompleksakh bronzogo veka yugo-zapadnogo Tadzhikistana. Stratum Plus 2: 286–297.Google Scholar

Rao, S. R. 1972. Lothal and the Indus Civilization. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar

Rassamakin, Yu. 1994. The main directions of the development of early pastoral societies of Northern Pontic Zone: 4500–2450. Baltic-Pontic Studies 2: 29–70.Google Scholar

Rassamakin, Yu. 1999. The Eneolithic of the Black Sea steppe: Dynamics of cultural and economic development 4500–2300 BC. In Levine, M., Rassamakin, Yu., Kislenko, A., and Tatarintseva, N. (ed.), Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe, pp. 59–182.Google Scholar

Rassamakin, Yu. 2002. Aspects of Pontic Steppe Development (4500–3000 BC) in the Light of the New Cultural-Chronological Model. In Boyle, K., Renfrew, C., and Levine, M. (ed.), Ancient Interactions, pp. 49–73.Google Scholar

Ratnagar, S. 2000. The End of the Great Harappan Tradition. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar

Ratnagar, S. 2001. The Bronze Age: Unique Instance of a Pre-Industrial World Sytem?Current Anthropology 42: 351–379.Google Scholar

Ratnagar, S. 2004. Trading Encounters. From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Renfrew, C. 1969. The Autonomy of the South-East European Copper Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 35: 12–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Renfrew, C. 1987. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rezepkin, A. D. 1991. Kul'turno-khrono logicheskie aspekty proiskhozhdeniya i razvitiya maikopskoi kul'turi. In Maikopskii pheno menon v drevnei istorii Kavkaza i Vostochnoi Evropy. Leningrad:, pp. 20–21.Google Scholar

Rezepkin, A. D. 1996. K probleme sootnosheniya khronologii kul'tur epokhi eneolita – rannei bronzy severnogo Kavkaza i Tripol'ye. In Piotrovskii, Yu.Yu. (ed.), Mezhdu Aziei i Evropoi: Kavkaz v IV–I tys. Do n.e. Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennyi Ermitazh, pp. 50–54.Google Scholar

Rezepkin, A. D. 2000. Das frühbronzezeitliche Gräberfeld von Klady und die Majkop-Kultur in Nordwestkaukasien. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH.Google Scholar

Roaf, M. 1990. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. Oxford.Google Scholar

Rothman, M. S. (ed.). 2001. Uruk Mesopotamia and Its Neighbors. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research.Google Scholar

Rothman, M. S. 2003. Ripples in the Stream: Transcaucasia-Anatolian Interaction in the Murat/Euphrates Basin at the Beginning of the Third Millennium BC. In Smith, A. T. and Rubinson, K. S. (ed.), Archaeology in the Borderlands, pp. 95–110.Google Scholar

Rovira, S. 2004. Tekhnologiya vyplavki metalla i ego obrabotki. In Chernykh, E. N. (ed.), Kargaly Tom III, pp. 106–133.Google Scholar

Rovira, S. 2005. Tekhnologiya vyplavki medi v epokhu pozdnei bronzy na Kargalakh. Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 79–83.Google Scholar

Rubinson, K. S. 1977. The Chronology of the Trialeti Culture. In Levine, L. D. and Young, T. C. Jr. (eds.), Mountains and Lowlands: Essays in the Archaeology of Greater Mesopotamia. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 7. Malibu: Undena Publications, pp. 235–249.Google Scholar

Safonov, I. E. 2001. Raskopki V. A. Gorodtsovym kurganov epokhi bronzy v izyumskom uezde letom 1901 g. (po arkhivnym materialam). In Kolev, Yu. I. (ed.), Bronzovyi vek vostochnoi evropy: Kharakteristika kul'tur, khronologiya i periodizatsiya, pp. 11–18.Google Scholar

Sagona, A. G. 1984. The Caucasian Region in the Early Bronze Age. BAR International Series 214. London.Google Scholar

Sagona, A. G. 2000. Sos Höyük and the Erzurum region in late prehistory: A provisional chronology for Northeast Anatolia. In Marro, C. and Hauptmann, H. (ed.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IVe–IIIe Millenaires, pp. 329–374.Google Scholar

Sagona, A. (ed.). 2004a. A View from the Highlands: Archaeological Studies in Honour of Charles Burney. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 12. Belgium: Peeters.Google Scholar

Sagona, A. 2004b. Social Boundaries and Ritual Landscapes in Late Prehistoric Trans-Caucasus and Highland Anatolia. In Sagona, A. (ed.), A View from the Highlands, pp. 475–538.Google Scholar

Sahlins, M. and Service, E. (eds.). 1960. Evolution and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Salvatori, S. 1995. Protohistoric Margiana: On a Recent Contribution (Review of IASCCA [International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia] Information Bulletin 19, Moscow 1993). Rivisita di Archeologia 19: 38–55.Google Scholar

Salvatori, S. 1998. The Bronze Age in Margiana. In Gubaev, A., Kosholenko, G., and Tosi, M. (eds.), The Archaeological Map of the Murghab Delta Preliminary Reports 1990–95. Roma: IsIAO, pp. 47–55.Google Scholar

Salvatori, S. 2000. Bactria and Margiana Seals: A New Assessment of Their Chronological Position and a Typological Survey. East and West 50 (nos. 1–4): 97–145.Google Scholar

Salvatori, S. 2003. Pots and Peoples: The ‘Pandora's Jar’ of Central Asia Archaeological Research. On Two Recent Books on Gonur Graveyard Excavations. Rivista di Archeologia 27: 5–20.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 1977. Drevnie Zemledel'tsi Afganistana. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 1986. Die Kunst des Alten Afghanistan: Keramik, Siegel, Architektur, Kunstwerke aus Stein und Metall. Leipzig: VEB E. A. Seemann Verlag.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 1998a. Margiana and Protozoroastrianism. Athens: Kapon Editions.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 1998b. Myths of ancient Bactria and Margiana on its seals and amulets. Moscow: Pentagraphic, Ltd.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 2001. Necropolis of Gonur and Iranian Paganism. Moscow: World Media.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 2002. Margush: Ancient Oriental Kingdom in the Old Delta of the Murghab River. Ashgabat: Türkmendöwlethabarlary.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 2004. Strana Margush otkryvaet svoi tainy dvortsovo-kul'tovyi ansambl' severnogo Gonura. In Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., and Dubova, N. A. (ed.), U istokov tsivilizatsii, pp. 229–253.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I. 2005. Gonurdepe Türkmenistan: city of kings and gods. Ashgabat: Türkmendöwlethabarlary.Google Scholar

Sarianidi, V. I., Terekhova, N. N., and Chernykh, E. N.. 1977. O rannei metallurgii I metalloobrabotke drevnei Baktrii. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 2: 35–42.Google Scholar

Schlanger, N. (ed.). 2002. Explorations in the History of Archaeology (Special section). Antiquity 76 (291): 127–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmidt, E. F. 1937. Excavations at Tepe Hissar Damghan. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Shahmirzadi, S. M. 2004. Sialk und siene Kultur – Ein Überblick. In Stöllner, T., Slotta, R., and Vatandoust, A. (eds.), Persiens Antike Pracht: Bergbau – Handwerk – Archäologie. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau Museum, Band I, pp. 200–208.Google Scholar

Shchetenko, A.Ya. 1999. O kontaktakh kul'tur stepnoi bronzy c zemledel'tsami yuzhnogo Turkmenistana v epokhu pozdnei bronzy (po materialam poselenii Tekkem-depe i Namazga-depe). Stratum Plus 2: 323–335.Google Scholar

Sherratt, A. G. 1981. Plough and pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution. In Hodder, I., Isaac, G., and Hammond, N. (eds.), Patterns of the Past: Studies in honour of David Clark. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261–305.Google Scholar

Sherratt, A. G. 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World. World Archaeology 15: 90–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sherratt, A. G. 2003. The Horse and the Wheel: The Dialectics of Change in the Circum-Pontic Region and Adjacent Areas, 4500–1500 BC. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (ed.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 233–252.Google Scholar

Shiomi, H. 1976. Archaeological Map of the Gorgan Plain, Iran, no. 1. Hiroshima.Google Scholar

Shiomi, H. 1978. Archaeological Map of the Gorgan Plain, Iran, no. 2. Hiroshima.Google Scholar

Shishlina, N. I. 1997. The Bow and Arrow of the Eurasian Steppe Bronze Age Nomads. Journal of European Archaeology 5 (2): 53–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shishlina, N. I. 2003. Yamnaya culture pastoral exploitation: A local sequence. In Levine, M., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (ed.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, pp. 353–365.Google Scholar

Shishlina, N. I. and F. T. Hiebert. 1998. The steppe and the sown: Interaction between Bronze Age Eurasian nomads and agriculturalists. In. Mair, V. H. (ed.), The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of eastern Central Asia, vol. I, pp. 222–237.Google Scholar

Shishlina, N. I., Orfinskaya, O. V., and Golikov, V. P.. 2003. Bronze Age Textiles from the North Caucasus: New Evidence of Fourth Millennium BC Fibres and Fabrics. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22 (4): 331–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shnirelman, V. A. 1998. Archaeology and ethnic politics: The discovery of Arkaim. Museum International 50 (2): 33–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shnirelman, V. A. 1999. Passions about Arkaim: Russian Nationalism, the Aryans, and the Politics of Archaeology. Inner Asia 1: 267–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skripkin, A. S., D'yachenko, A. N., and Demkin, V. A.. 2004. O naznachenii sooruzheniya y stanitsy Trekhostrovskoi. Istoriko-arkheolo gicheskie issledovaniya v Azove i na Nizhnem Dony v 2002 g. 19: 192–196.Google Scholar

Smith, A. T. 2003. The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Smith, A. T. and , K. S. Rubinson (eds.). 2003. Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond. Monograph 47. Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California.Google Scholar

Smith, M. E. 1996. The Aztecs. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Snodgrass, A. M. 1971. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Stein, G. J. 1999. Rethinking World Systems: Diasporas, Colonies and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar

Stein, G. J., R.Bernbeck, C.Coursey, A.McMahon, N. F.Miller, A.Misir, J.Nicola, H.Pittman, S. Pollock, and Wright, H.. 1996. Uruk colonies and Anatolian communities: An interim report on the 1992–1993 excavations at Hacinebi, Turkey. American Journal of Archaeology, Boston 100 (2): 205–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stein, M. A. 1937. Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-Western India and South-Eastern Iran. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Steinkeller, P. 1982. The Question of Marhashi: A Contribution to the Historical Geography of Iran in the Third Millennium B.C.Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 72: 237–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stone, L. 1979. The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New Old History. Past and Present 85: 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tatarinov, S. I. 2003. Drevnie gornyaki-metallurgi Donbassa. Slavyansk: “Pechatnyi dvor.”Google Scholar

Taylor, T. 1999. Envaluing Metal: Theorizing the Eneolithic ‘Hiatus.’ In Young, S. M. M., Pollard, A. M., Budd, P., and Ixer, R. A. (eds.), Metals in Antiquity. BAR International Series 792. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 22–32.Google Scholar

Tekhov, B. V. 1977. Tsentralny Kavkaz v XVI–X vv. do n.e.Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar

Tekhov, B. V. 1980. Tliiskii Mogil'nik I. Tbilisi: “Metsniereba.”Google Scholar

Tekhov, B. V. 1981. Tliiskii Mogil'nik II. Tbilisi: “Metsniereba.”Google Scholar

Tekhov, B. V. 1985. Tliiskii Mogil'nik III. Tbilisi: “Metsniereba.”Google Scholar

Tekhov, B. V. 1988. Bronzovye Topory Tliiskogo Mogil'nika. Tbilisi: “Metsniereba.”Google Scholar

Telegin, D.Ya. 1986. Dereivka: A settlement and cemetery of Copper Age horse-keepers on the Middle Dnieper. BAR International Series 287. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar

Telegin, D. Ya. 2002. A Discussion on Some of the Problems Arising from the Study of Neolithic and Eneolithic Cultures in Azov Black Sea Region. In Boyle, K., Renfrew, C., and Levine, M. (ed.), Ancient Interactions, pp. 25–47.Google Scholar

Telegin, D.Ya., Nechitailo, A. L., Potekhina, I. D., and Panchenko, Yu.V.. 2001. Srednestogovskaya i Novodanilovskaya Kul'tury Eneolita Azovo-Chernomorskogo Regiona: arkheologo-antropologicheskii analiz materialov I katalog pamyatnikov. Lugansk: “Shlyakh”.Google Scholar

Teufer, M. 1999. Ein Scheibenknebel aus Dzarkutan (Süduzbekistan). Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, Berlin 31: 69–142.Google Scholar

Tiratsian, G. 1992. Découvertes récentes en Arménie. Les Dossiers D'Archeologie 177: 32–39.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 1978. The Eneolithic Period in Bulgaria. British Archaeological Reports vol. S 49, Oxford: BARGoogle Scholar

Todorova, H. (ed.). 1989 Durankulak 1. Sofia.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 1990. Die Sozial-ökonomische Struktur der Varnakultur an der Westlichen Schwarzmeerküste. Sarajevo: Godisnjak Knjiga XXVIII Centar za Balkanoloska Ispitivanja Knjiga 26, pp. 233–238.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 1991. Die Kupferzeit Bugariens. In Lichardus, J. (ed.), Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche, pp. 89–93.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 1993. Die Protobronzezeit auf der Balkanhalbinsel. Anatolica 19: 307–318.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 1995. The Neolithic, Eneolithic and Transitional Period in Bulgarian Prehistory. In Bailey, D. W. and Panayatov, I. (eds.), Prehistoric Bulgaria. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press, pp. 79–98.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 1998. Der balkano-anatolische Kulturbereich vom Neolithikum bis zur Frühbronzezeit. In Stefanovich, M., Todorova, H., and Hauptmann, H. (eds.), James Harvey Gaul: In Memoriam. Sofia: The James Harvey Gaul Foundation, pp. 27–53.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 1999. Die Anfänge der Metallurgie an der westlichen Schwarzmeerküste. In Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E., Rehren, T., and Yalcin, Ü.. (ed.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy, pp. 237–246.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. (ed.). 2002a. Die prähistorischen Gräberfelder (Durankulak II; 2 vols.). Sofia: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 2002b. Die Sozialstruktur im Licht der Auswertungsergebnisse. In Todorova, H. (ed.), Die prähistorischen Gräberfelder, pp. 267–280.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 2002c. Einleitung. In Todorova, H. (ed.), Die prähistorischen Gräberfelder, pp. 11–15.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. 2002d. Die geographische Lage der Gräberfelder (mit drei Karten). Paläoklima, Strandverschiebungen und Umwelt der Dobrudscha im 6.-4. Jahrtausend v.Chr. In Todorova, H. (ed.), Die prähistorischen Gräberfelder, pp. 16–23.Google Scholar

Todorova, H. and Dimitrov, K.. 2005. Sovremennye issledovaniya arkheometallurgii v Bolgarii. Rossiskaya Arkheologiya 4: 6–12.Google Scholar

Tolstov, S. P. 1962. Po drevnim del'tam Oksa i Yaksarta. Moscow: Vostochnoi Literaturi.Google Scholar

Tosi, M. 1977. The archaeological evidence for protostate structures in Eastern Iran and Central Asia at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. In Deshayes, J. (ed.), Le plateau iranien et l'Asie Centrale des origins à la conquête islamique, Paris: CNRS, pp. 45–66.Google Scholar

Tosi, M. n.d. Reasoning about Magan, Marhashi, and the Shifting Frontiers of Meluhha.

Trifonov, V. A. 1987. Nekotorye voprosy peredneaziatskikh svyazei maikopskoi kul'tury. Kratkie Soobshcheniya o dokladakh i polevykh issledovaniyakh Instituta Arkheologii Akademii Nauk SSSR (Short Bulletins of the Institute of Archeology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR), Moscow (in Russian) 192: 18–26.Google Scholar

Trifonov, V. A. 1991. Osobennosti lokal'no-khronologicheskogo razvitiya Maikopskoi kul'tury. In Trifonov, V. A. (ed.), Maikopskii fenomenon v drevnei istorii Kavkaza i Vostochnoi Evropy. Leningrad:, pp. 25–29.Google Scholar

Trifonov, V. A. 1996. Popravki k absolyutnoi khronologii kul'tur epokhi eneolita – bronzy severnogo Kavkaza. In Piotrovskii, Yu.Yu (ed.), Mezhdu Aziei I Evropoi, pp. 43–49.Google Scholar

Trifonov, V. A. 2000. Maikop Type Tumuli in Northwestern Iran: Towards a More Precise Dating of the Tumuli at Sé Girdan. In The Scholar's Destiny, to the Centenary of Boris A. Latynin. St. Petersburg (in Russian, cited in Muscarella op. cit.), pp. 244–264.

Trifonov, V. 2001. Popravik absolyutnoi khronologii kul'tur epokhi eneolita-srednei bronzy Kavkaza, stepnoi i lesostepnoi zon vostochnoi Evropy (po dannym radiouglerodnogo datirovaniya). In Kolev, Yu I. (ed.), Bronzovyi vek vostochnoi evropy: Kharakteristika kul'tur, khronologiya i periodizatsiya, pp. 71–82.Google Scholar

Trifonov, V. A. 2004. “Tsarskie” Grobnitsy Arslantepe i Novosvobodnoi: Nekotorye aspekty sravnitel'nogo analiza. Problemy Arkheologii Nizhnego Povol'zh'ya/Mezhdunardnaya Nizhne volzhskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya. Tezisi Dokladov. Volgograd:, pp. 56–61.Google Scholar

Trigger, B. G. 1973. The Future of Archeology is the Past. In Redman, C. L. (ed.), Research and Theory in Current Archeology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 95–111.Google Scholar

Trigger, B. G. 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Trigger, B. G. 2003. Artifacts and Ideas: Essays in Archaeology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Trippett, F. 1974. The First Horsemen. New York: Time-Life Books.Google Scholar

Tschartolani, S. 2001. Alterbergbau in Swanetien. In Gambaschidze, I., Hauptmann, A., Slotta, R., and Yalcin, Ü. (ed.), Georgien: Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies, pp. 120–129.Google Scholar

Ucko, P. J. (ed.). 1995. Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Videjko, M. Y. 1996. Grosssiedlungen der Tripol'e Kultur in der Ukraine. Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin 1: 45–80.Google Scholar

Vinogradov, A. V. 1979. Issledovaniya pamyatnikov kamennogo veka v severnom Afganistane. Drevnyaya Baktriya 2: 7–62.Google Scholar