Chapter 7 applies the argument to the case of Sudan’s two protracted civil wars. The first is considered an ethno-racial war; the conflict frame focused on northern Arabs and Southern black Africans. The second, beginning in 1983 after an 11-year respite and continuing until a peace agreement was signed in 2005, is labeled a religious conflict: the northern government sought to impose Islamic Shari’a Law throughout the country, leading to religious actors, targets, rhetoric, and reporting. Importantly, the supporting coalitions on each side never changed, only the labels with which they fought did. After taking readers through the histories of ethnicity and religion in the country to demonstrate the social importance of both, the chapter presents each conflict, the tensions that underpinned them, and the identity frames that emerged. The chapter adds further support to a story of mobilizational differences: land-related matters created a perception of ethnic differences during the first war, while lifestyle-related policies and international support contributed to a religious frame during the second war.