Chapter 8 presents the last of three case studies, on Nigeria’s Biafran War of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Like the other case illustrations, the frame of the Biafran War shifted from ethnicity to religion. The chapter again begins by tracing the histories of ethnicity and religion, demonstrating that the two identity types overlap in a north-south pattern and are both of critical social importance. I then show that the incentives of elites in the breakaway republic of Biafra centered largely around control of oil concessions and providing a safe haven for residents expelled from the North. As a result, the first stages of the war came to be seen in ethnic, Hausa-Fulani versus Igbo terms. However, as the prospects for Biafran success quickly dimmed, the incentives of Biafran leaders changed, and religion became more important. The chapter argues that the change in identity frames was a function of the mobilzational differences in ethnicity and religion: playing the ethnic card mobilized concerns for oil and land, but when the war effort deteriorated, Biafran leaders instead sought international support through religion.