Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Historical introduction: on widely foraging for Kalahari lizards
- I Organismal patterns of variation with foraging mode
- 1 Movement patterns in lizards: measurement, modality, and behavioral correlates
- 2 Morphology, performance, and foraging mode
- 3 Physiological correlates of lizard foraging mode
- 4 Lizard energetics and the sit-and-wait vs. wide-foraging paradigm
- 5 Feeding ecology in the natural world
- 6 Why is intraspecific niche partitioning more common in snakes than in lizards?
- 7 Herbivory and foraging mode in lizards
- 8 Lizard chemical senses, chemosensory behavior, and foraging mode
- 9 Patterns of head shape variation in lizards: morphological correlates of foraging mode
- 10 Prey capture and prey processing behavior and the evolution of lingual and sensory characteristics: divergences and convergences in lizard feeding biology
- 11 The meaning and consequences of foraging mode in snakes
- II Environmental influences on foraging mode
- Index
- References
2 - Morphology, performance, and foraging mode
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Historical introduction: on widely foraging for Kalahari lizards
- I Organismal patterns of variation with foraging mode
- 1 Movement patterns in lizards: measurement, modality, and behavioral correlates
- 2 Morphology, performance, and foraging mode
- 3 Physiological correlates of lizard foraging mode
- 4 Lizard energetics and the sit-and-wait vs. wide-foraging paradigm
- 5 Feeding ecology in the natural world
- 6 Why is intraspecific niche partitioning more common in snakes than in lizards?
- 7 Herbivory and foraging mode in lizards
- 8 Lizard chemical senses, chemosensory behavior, and foraging mode
- 9 Patterns of head shape variation in lizards: morphological correlates of foraging mode
- 10 Prey capture and prey processing behavior and the evolution of lingual and sensory characteristics: divergences and convergences in lizard feeding biology
- 11 The meaning and consequences of foraging mode in snakes
- II Environmental influences on foraging mode
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
The feeding behavior of an animal is a fundamental attribute that has major fitness implications. Individual variation in the success with which prey is acquired ultimately affects growth rate, survivorship and reproductive success. Foraging success is linked to search behavior, which profoundly influences the variety and number of prey encountered (Pianka, 1966, 1973; Pietruszka, 1986). The ability to find prey therefore affects food intake and ultimately an individual's energy budget. The importance of foraging success is manifest in the myriad of behaviors animals display for the searching, pursuit, and capture of prey. Different modes of search behavior also entail costs. The duration of time spent foraging and the type of habitat an animal searches for food affects the risk of predation and ability to avoid predators (Huey and Pianka, 1981).
Not surprisingly, the analysis of foraging behavior has been an important topic in ecology and evolutionary biology (Schoener, 1971; Gerritsen and Strickler, 1977; Stephens and Krebs, 1986; Perry and Pianka, 1997). Past investigations proposed a dichotomy in foraging patterns based on observations of consistent and prominent differences in behaviors among species in how prey are pursued and captured (see McLaughlin, 1989; Vitt and Pianka, this volume, Chapter 5; Perry, this volume, Chapter 1). Most species have been classified as either “ambush” (“sit-and-wait”) predators or widely (active) foraging predators (Pianka, 1966; Regal, 1978; Huey and Pianka, 1981) based on qualitative examination of activity patterns in the field.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Lizard Ecology , pp. 49 - 93Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2007
References
, , , and (2000). Lizard locomotion: how morphology meets ecology. Netherl. J. Zool. 50, 261–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). Towards a phylogeny and biogeography of the Lacertidae: relationships within an old-world family of lizards derived from morphology. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 55, 209–57.Google Scholar
and (1981). Contrast in energy intake and expenditure in sit and wait and widely foraging lizards. Oecologia 49, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). Foraging mode of the chameleon, Bradypodion pumilum: a challenge to the sit-and-wait versus active forager paradigm? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 84, 797–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L. and Pregibon, D. (1992). Tree-based models. In Statistical Models, ed. and , pp. 377–419. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
(1995). Foraging mode, prey chemical discrimination, and phylogeny in lizards. Anim. Behav. 50, 973–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997). Correlated evolution of prey chemical discrimination with foraging, lingual morphology, and vomeronasal chemoreceptor abundance in lizards. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 41, 257–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000). Ambush and active foraging modes both occur in the scincid genus Mabuya. Copeia 2000, 112–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
., , and (1999). Movement- and attack-based indices of foraging mode and ambush foraging in some gekkonid and agamine lizards from southern Africa. Amph.-Rept. 20, 391–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001). Foraging modes of some American lizards: relationships among measurement variables and discreteness of modes. Herpetologica 57, 65–76.Google Scholar
, , and (2005). Relationships among foraging variables, phylogeny, and foraging modes, with new data for nine North American lizard species. Herpetologica 61, 250–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998). Effects of branch length errors on the performance of phylogenetic independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 47, 654–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunham, A. E., Miles, D. B. and Reznick, D. N. (1988). Life history patterns in squamate reptiles. In Biology of the Reptilia, vol. 16, ed. and , pp. 331–86. New York: A. R. Liss.Google Scholar
Estes, R., de Queiroz, K. and Gauthier, J. (1988). Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. In Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families: Essays Commemorating Charles L. Camp, ed. and , pp. 119–281. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
(2003). At the feet of dinosaurs: the early history and radiation of lizards. Biological Reviews 78, 513–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1988). Phylogenies and quantitative characters. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 445–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1989). A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards. Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 81, 1–65.Google Scholar
(2000). Towards the phylogeny of the family Lacertidae: why 4708 base pairs of mtDNA sequences cannot draw the picture. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 71, 203–17.Google Scholar
Garland, T. Jr. (1993). Locomotor performance and activity metabolism of Cnemidophorus tigris in relation to natural behaviors. In Biology of Whiptail Lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus), ed. and , pp. 163–210. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Garland, T. Jr. (1994). Phylogenetic analyses of lizard endurance capacity in relation to body size and temperature. In Lizard Ecology: Historical and Evolutionary Perspectives, ed. and , pp. 207–36. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Laboratory endurance predicts variation in field locomotor behaviour among lizard species. Anim. Behav. 57, 77–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). Why not to do two-species comparative studies: limitations on inferring adaptation. Physiol. Zool. 67, 797–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garland, T. Jr. and Losos, J. B. (1994). Ecological morphology of locomotor performance in squamate reptiles. In Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology, ed. and , pp. 240–302. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
, , and (1993). Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Syst. Biol. 42, 265–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1992). Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 41, 18–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1977). Encounter probabilities and community structure in zooplankton: a mathematical model. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34, 73–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2004). Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from C-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 83, 353–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999). Relationships of wall lizards, Podarcis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Copeia 1999, 749–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000). Elucidation of the relationships of the spiny-footed lizards, Acanthothdactylus spp. (Reptilia: Lacertidae) using mitochondrial DNA sequence, with comments on their biogeography and evolution. J. Zool. 252, 351–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998). Relationships of lacertid lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae) estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B265, 1939–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1991). Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Xantusiid lizards, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molec. Biol. Evol. 8, 767–80.Google ScholarPubMed
, and (2002). Relations between microhabitat use and limb shape in phrynosomatid lizards. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 77, 149–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1988). Time budgets, thermoregulation, and maximal locomotor performance: are ectotherms Olympians or boy scouts? Amer. Zool. 28, 927–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, R. A. and Trivers, R. L. (1983). The social behavior of Anolis valencienni. In Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology: Essays in Honor of Ernest E. Williams, ed. and , pp. 570–95. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
, , et al. (1999). Evolution of Asian and African lygosomine skinks of the Mabuya group (Reptilia: Scincidae): A molecular perspective. Zool. Sci. 16, 979–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2003). Phylogeny of the lizard subfamily Lygosominae (Reptilia: Scincidae), with special reference to the origin of the New World taxa. Genes Gen. Syst. 78, 71–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huey, R. B. and Bennett, A. F. (1986). A comparative approach to field and laboratory studies in evolutionary biology. In. Predator-Prey Relationships: Perspectives and Approaches From the Study of Lower Vertebrates, ed. and , pp. 82–98. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
, , and (1984). Locomotor capacity and foraging behaviour of Kalahari lacertid lizards. Anim. Behav. 32, 41–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000). Comparative and behavioral analyses of preferred speed: Anolis lizards as a model system. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73, 428–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irschick, D. J. and Losos, J. B. (1996). Morphology, ecology, and behavior of the twig anole Anolis angusticeps. In Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: a Tribute to Albert Schwartz, ed. and , pp. 291–301. Contributions in Herpetology, vol. 12. Ithaca, NY: Society for the study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR).Google Scholar
and (1998). A comparative analysis of the ecological significance of maximal locomotor performance in Caribbean Anolis lizards. Evolution 52, 219–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1999). Do lizards avoid habitats in which performance is submaximal? The relationship between sprinting capabilities and structural habitat use in Caribbean anoles. Amer. Nat. 154, 293–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997). A comparison of evolutionary radiations in mainland and Caribbean Anolis lizards. Ecology 78, 2191–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2002). Molecular phylogenetic perspective on evolution of lizards of the Anolis grahami series. J. Exp. Zool. 294, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1999). Phylogenetic relationships and tempo of early diversification in Anolis lizards. Syst. Biol. 48, 254–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000). A field study of incline use and preferred speeds for the locomotion of lizards. Ecology 81, 2969–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). Cladistic relationships in the Gekkonoidea (Squamata, Sauria). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 173, 1–54.Google Scholar
and (2003). Meroles revisted: complementary systematic inference from additional mitochondrial genes and a complete taxon sampling of southern Africa's desert lizards. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 29, 360–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). A generalized permutation test for the analysis of cross-species data. J. Classif. 18, 109–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990a). The evolution of form and function: morphology and locomotor performance in West Indian Anolis lizards. Evolution 44, 1189–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990b). Concordant evolution of locomotor behavior, display rate, and morphology in Anolis lizards. Anim. Behav. 39, 879–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Integrative approaches to evolutionary ecology: Anolis lizards as model systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 467–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losos, J. B. and Miles, D. B. (1994). Adaptation, constraint and the comparative method: phylogenetic issues and methods. In Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology, ed. and , pp. 60–98. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
and (2002). Testing the hypothesis that a clade has adaptively radiated: iguanid lizard clades as a case study. Am. Nat. 160, 147–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1989). The effects of morphology and perch diameter on sprint performance of Anolis lizards. J. Exp. Biol. 145, 23–30.Google Scholar
Losos, J. B., Butler, M. and Schoener, T. W. (2003). Sexual dimorphism in body size and shape in relation to habitat use among species of Caribbean Anolis lizards. In Lizard Social Behavior, ed. , and , pp. 356–80. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
, , and (1998). Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science 279, 2115–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2004). The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 140, 403–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002). Prey processing in lizards: Behavioral variation in sit-and-wait and widely foraging taxa. Can. J. Zool. 80, 882–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). Search modes of birds and lizards: evidence for alternative movement patterns. Amer. Nat. 133, 654–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddison, W. P. and Maddison, D. R. (2004). Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis. Ver 1.06. http://mesquiteproject.org.
, , and (2000). First data on the molecular phylogeography of Scincid lizards of the genus Mabuya. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 17, 11–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2000a). Mitochondrial DNA-sequence based phylogeny and biogeography of the snow skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Niveoscincus) of Tasmania. Herpetologica 56, 196–208.Google Scholar
and (2000b). Evolutionary relationships between morphology, performance, and habitat openness in the lizard genus Niveoscincus (Scincidae: Lygosominae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 70, 667–83.Google Scholar
Midford, P. E., Garland, T. Jr. and Maddison, W. P. (2003). PDAP Package for Mesquite Ver. 1.05. http://mesquiteproject.org.
Miles, D. B. (1994). Covariation between morphology and locomotory performance in Sceloporine lizards. In Lizard Ecology: Historical and Evolutionary Perspectives, ed. and , pp. 207–36. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001). Interpopulation variation in endurance of Galapagos lava lizards Microlophus albemarlensis: evidence for an interaction between natural and sexual selection. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3, 795–804.Google Scholar
and (1992). A pairwise comparative method as illustrated by copulation frequency in birds. Amer. Nat. 139, 644–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1970). Size allometry: size and shape variables with characterizations of the lognormal and generalized gamma distributions. J. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 65, 930–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1984). Field energetics and foraging mode of Kalahari lacertid lizards. Ecology 65, 588–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2002). Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy, character evolution and biogeography of the lacertid lizards of the genus Takydromus (Reptilia: Squamata): a molecular perspective. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 76, 493–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). The evolution of search modes: ecological versus phylogenetic perspectives. Amer. Nat. 153, 98–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1997). Animal foraging: past, present and future. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, 360–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1966). Convexity, desert lizards and spatial heterogeneity. Ecology 47, 1055–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986). Ecology and Natural History of Desert Lizards. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986). Search tactics of desert lizards: how polarized are they? Anim. Behav. 34, 1742–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003). A phylogeny of the Australian Sphenomorphus group (Scincidae: Squamata) and the phylogenetic placement of the crocodile skinks (Tribolonotus): Bayesian approaches to assessing congruence and obtaining confidence in maximum likelihood inferred relationships. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 27, 384–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002). Phylogenetic relationships of Whiptail lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): a test of monophyly, reevaluation of karyotypic evolution, and review of hybrid origins. Amer. Mus. Nov. 3365, 1–61.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1996). Evolution of the lizard family Phrynosomatidae as inferred from diverse types of data. Herpetol. Monogr. 10, 43–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regal, P. J. (1978). Behavioral differences between reptiles and mammals: an analysis of activity and mental capacities. In Behavior and Neurology of Lizards ed. and , pp. 183–202. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2003). Molecular systematics of primary reptilian lineages and the tuatara mitochondrial genome. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 29, 289–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2000). Locomotor performance and dominance in male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. Funct. Ecol. 14, 338–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , . and (1997). Likelihood of ancestor character states in adaptive radiation. Evolution 51, 1699–711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1968). The Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49, 704–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwenk, K. (2000). An introduction to tetrapod feeding. In Feeding: Form, Function and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates, ed. , pp. 21–61. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
, , , and (2000). Testosterone, endurance, and Darwinian fitness: natural and sexual selection on the physiological bases of alternative male behaviors in side-blotched lizards. Horm. Behav. 38, 222–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1997). Comparative morphology of western Australia monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanidae). J. Morphol. 233, 127–52.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004). Molecular phylogenetics of Squamata: the position of snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids and the root of the Squamate tree. Syst. Biol. 53, 735–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2001). Origins of interspecific variation in lizard sprint capacity. Funct. Ecol. 15, 186–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Damme, R. B., Vanhooydonck, B., Aerts, P. and De Vree, F. (2003). Evolution of lizard locomotion: context and constraint. In Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution, ed. , and , pp. 267–83. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar
and (1999). Evolutionary relationships between body shape and habitat use in lacertid lizards. Evol. Ecol. Res. 1, 785–805.Google Scholar
and (2001). Evolutionary trade-offs in locomotor capacities in lacertid lizards: are splendid sprinters clumsy climbers? J. Evol. Biol. 14, 46–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2001). Speed and stamina trade-off in Lacertid lizards. Evolution 55, 1040–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1983). Tail loss in lizards: the significance of foraging and predator escape modes. Herpetologica 39, 151–62.Google Scholar
and (1978). Body shape, reproductive effort, and relative clutch mass in lizards: resolution of a paradox. Amer. Nat. 112, 595–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005). Deep history impacts present-day ecology and biodiversity. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 7877–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2003). History and the global ecology of squamate reptiles. Amer. Nat. 162, 44–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1982). Ecological and evolutionary determinants of relative clutch mass in lizards. Herpetologica 38, 237–55.Google Scholar
, and (2003). Does foraging mode influence life history traits? A comparative study of growth, maturation, and survival of two species of sympatric snakes from south-eastern Australia. Aust. Ecol. 28, 601–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003). Phylogenetic relationships and limb loss in sub-Saharan African scincine lizards (Squamata: Scincidae). Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 29, 582–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997). Phylogeny of the spiny lizards (Sceloporus) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Herpetol. Monogr. 11, 1–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). How lizards turn into snakes: A phylogenetic analysis of body form evolution in Anguid lizards. Evolution 55, 2303–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, E. E. (1983). Ecomorphs, faunas, island size, and diverse end points in island radiations of Anolis. In Lizard Ecology: Studies of a Model Organism, ed. , and , pp. 326–70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). Limb proportions in climbing and ground-dwelling geckos (Lepidosauria, Gekkonidae): a phylogenetically informed analysis. Zoomorphology 121, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Patterns of caudal autotomy evolution in lizards. J. Zool. Lond. 240, 201–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000). The comparative evolution of lizard claw and toe morphology and clinging performance. J. Evol. Biol. 13, 316–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32
- Cited by