Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:31:11.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Portal hypertension

from Section I - Pathophysiology of pediatric liver disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2014

By
Benjamin L. Shneider
Edited by
Frederick J. Suchy ,
Ronald J. Sokol  and
William F. Balistreri
Benjamin L. Shneider
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Frederick J. Suchy
Affiliation:
University of Colorado Medical Center
Ronald J. Sokol
Affiliation:
University of Colorado Medical Center
William F. Balistreri
Affiliation:
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Liver Disease in Children , pp. 68 - 87
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Subramanyam, B, Balthazar, E, Madamba, M, et al. Sonography of portosystemic venous collaterals in portal hypertension. Radiology 1983;146:161–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, CL, Zelko, FA, Lokar, J, et al. Surgically restoring portal blood flow to the liver in children with primary extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis improves fluid neurocognitive ability. Pediatrics 2006;117:e405–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miraglia, R, Luca, A, Maruzzelli, L, et al. Measurement of hepatic vein pressure gradient in children with chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2010;53:624–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duche, M, Ducot, B, Tournay, E, et al. Prognostic value of endoscopy in children with biliary atresia at risk for early development of varices and bleeding. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1952–1960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desai, MS, Zainuer, S, Kennedy, C, et al. Cardiac structural and functional alterations in infants and children with biliary atresia, listed for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1264–1272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gana, JC, Turner, D, Mieli-Vergani, G, et al. A clinical prediction rule and platelet count predict esophageal varices in children. Gastroenterology 2011;141:2009–2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shneider, B, Bosch, J, De Franchis, R, et al. Portal hypertension in children: expert pediatric opinion on the report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on the methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. Pediatr Transplant 2012; 16:426–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vorobioff, J, Bredfeldt, JE, Groszmann, RJ. Increased blood flow through the portal system in cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 1984;87:1120–1126.Google ScholarPubMed
Iwakiri, Y, Cadelina, G, Sessa, WC, Groszmann, RJ. Mice with targeted deletion of eNOS develop hyperdynamic circulation associated with portal hypertension. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G1074–1081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kowalski, HJ, Abelmann, WH. The cardiac output at rest in Laennec’s cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 1953;32:1025–1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janssen, HL, Garcia-Pagan, JC, Elias, E, et al. Budd–Chiari syndrome: a review by an expert panel. J Hepatol 2003;38:364–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentil-Kocher, S, Bernard, O, Brunelle, F, et al. Budd–Chiari syndrome in children: report of 22 cases. J Pediatr 1988;113:30–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, ER, Stringer, MD, Mowat, AP. Assessment of injection sclerotherapy in the management of 152 children with oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1988;75:404–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gauthier-Villars, M, Franchi, S, Gauthier, F, et al. Cholestasis in children with portal vein obstruction. J Pediatr 2005;146:568–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miga, D, Sokol, RJ, Mackenzie, T, et al. Survival after first esophageal variceal hemorrhage in patients with biliary atresia. J Pediatr 2001;139:291–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Amico, G, De Franchis, R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38:599–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rockey, D. The cellular pathogenesis of portal hypertension: stellate cell contractility, endothelin, and nitric oxide. Hepatology 1997;25:2–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwakiri, Y. Endothelial dysfunction in the regulation of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver Int 2012;32:199–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okuda, K, Kono, K, Ohnishi, K, et al. Clinical study of eighty-six cases of idiopathic portal hypertension and comparison with cirrhosis with splenomegaly. Gastroenterology 1984;86:600–610.Google ScholarPubMed
Pizcueta, MP, Pique, JM, Bosch, J, Whittle, BJ, Moncada, S. Effects of inhibiting nitric oxide biosynthesis on the systemic and splanchnic circulation of rats with portal hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 1992;105:184–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tripathi, D, Hayes, PC. The role of carvedilol in the management of portal hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:905–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, LJ, Sherlock, S. The aetiology, presentation and natural history of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction. Q J Med 1979;48:627–639.Google ScholarPubMed
Mitra, SK, Kumar, V, Datta, DV, et al. Extrahepatic portal hypertension: a review of 70 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1978;13:51–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochar, R, Fallon, MB. Pulmonary diseases and the liver. Clin Liver Dis 2011;15:21–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abrams, GA, Jaffe, CC, Hoffer, PB, Binder, HJ, Fallon, MB. Diagnostic utility of contrast echocardiography and lung perfusion scan in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1283–1288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yonemura, T, Yoshibayashi, M, Uemoto, S, et al. Intrapulmonary shunting in biliary atresia before and after living-related liver transplantation. Br J Surg 1999;86:1139–1143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbe, T, Losay, J, Grimon, G, et al. Pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in children with liver disease. J Pediatr 1995;126:571–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Condino, AA, Ivy, DD, O’Connor, JA, et al. Portopulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 2005;147:20–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laving, A, Khanna, A, Rubin, L, Ing, F, Dohil, R, Lavine, JE. Successful liver transplantation in a child with severe portopulmonary hypertension treated with epoprostenol. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:466–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yousef, N, Habes, D, Ackermann, O, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome: diagnosis and effect of terlipressin therapy in 4 pediatric patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;51:100–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Superina, R, Shneider, B, Emre, S, Sarin, SK, de Ville de Goyet, J. Surgical guidelines for the management of extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction. Pediatric Transplant 2006;10:908–913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Utterson, EC, Shepherd, RW, Sokol, RJ, et al. Biliary atresia: clinical profiles, risk factors, and outcomes of 755 patients listed for liver transplantation. J Pediatr 2005;147:180–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasai, M, Okamoto, A, Ohi, R, Yabe, K, Matsumura, Y. Changes of portal vein pressure and intrahepatic blood vessels after surgery for biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1981;16:152–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohi, R, Mochizuki, I, Komatsu, K, Kasai, M. Portal hypertension after successful hepatic portoenterostomy in biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:271–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Heurn, LW, Saing, H, Tam, PK. Portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: Long-term survival and prognosis after esophageal variceal bleeding. J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:6–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miraglia, R, Caruso, S, Maruzzelli, L, et al. MDCT, MR and interventional radiology in biliary atresia candidates for liver transplantation. World J Radiol 2011;3:215–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sokal, EM, Van Hoorebeeck, N, Van Obbergh, L, Otte, JB, Buts, JP. Upper gastro-intestinal tract bleeding in cirrhotic children candidates for liver transplantation. Eur J Pediatr 1992;151:326–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosch, J, Abraldes, JG, Berzigotti, A, Garcia-Pagan, JC. The clinical use of HVPG measurements in chronic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;6:573–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Amico, G, Pagliaro, L, Pietrosi, G, Tarantino, I. Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for bleeding oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(3):CD002233.
de Franchis, R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010;53:762–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Amico, G, Pagliaro, L, Bosch, J. The treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review. Hepatology 1995;22:332–354.Google ScholarPubMed
Ling, SC, Walters, T, McKiernan, PJ, et al. Primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage in children with portal hypertension: a framework for future research. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011;52:254–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goncalves, ME, Cardoso, SR, Maksoud, JG. Prophylactic sclerotherapy in children with esophageal varices: long-term results of a controlled prospective randomized trial. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:401–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zargar, SA, Javid, G, Khan, BA, et al. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Hepatology 2002;36:666–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shashidhar, H, Langhans, N, Grand, RJ. Propranolol in prevention of portal hypertensive hemorrhage in children: a pilot study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;29:12–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozsoylu, S, Kocak, N, Demir, H, et al. Propranolol for primary and secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children with cirrhosis. Turk J Pediatr 2000;42:31–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Chalasani, N, Boyer, TD. Primary prophylaxis against variceal bleeding: beta-blockers, endoscopic ligation, or both?Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:805–807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tripodi, A, Mannucci, PM. The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 2011;365:147–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, ID, Bowie, MD. Endoscopic sclerotherapy for control of bleeding varices in children. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:472–476.Google ScholarPubMed
Eroglu, Y, Emerick, KM, Whitingon, PF, Alonso, EM. Octreotide therapy for control of acute gastrointestinal bleeding in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38:41–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stiegmann, GV. Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices. Am J Surg 1988;156:9B–12B.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zemel, G, Katzen, BT, Becker, GJ. Percutaneous transjugular portosystemic shunt. JAMA 1991;266:390–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooding, I, Dondos, V, Gyi, KM, Hodson, M, Westaby, D. Variceal hemorrhage and cystic fibrosis: outcomes and implications for liver transplantation. Liver Transplant 2005;11:1522–1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srinath, A, Shneider, BL. Congenital hepatic fibrosis and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: an analytic review of the literature. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011.
Hall, RJ, Lilly, JR, Stiegmann, GV. Endoscopic esophageal varix ligation: technique and preliminary results in children. J Pediatr Surg 1988;23:1222–1223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKiernan, PJ, Beath, SV, Davison, SM. A prospective study of endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation using a multiband ligator. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;34:207–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Infante-Rivard, C, Esnaola, S, Villeneuve, JP. Role of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy in the long-termmanagement of variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 1989;96:1087–1092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brems, J, Hiatt, JR, Klein, AS. Effect of a prior portasystemic shunt on subsequent liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1989;209:51–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonkalsrud, EW. Surgical management of portal hypertension in childhood: long-term results. Arch Surg 1980;115:1042–1045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emre, S, Dugan, C, Frankenberg, T, et al. Surgical porto-systemic shunts and the Rex by-pass in children: A single center experience. HBP 2009;11:252–257.Google Scholar
de Ville de Goyet, J, Alberti, D, Clapuyt, P, et al. Direct bypassing of the extrahepatic portal venous obstruction in children: A new technique for combined hepatic portal revascularization and treatment of extrahepatic portal hypertension. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:597–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwatsuki, S, Starzl, TE, Todo, S, et al. Liver transplantation in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Surgery 1988;104:697–705.Google ScholarPubMed
Heyman, MB, LaBerge, JM, Somberg, KA, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in children. J Pediatr 1997;131:914–919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenz, JM. Placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in children. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2008;11:235–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×