Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T10:47:06.692Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Language Regard: Varied Methods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2018

Betsy E. Evans
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Erica J. Benson
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire
James N. Stanford
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Language Regard
Methods, Variation and Change
, pp. 29 - 150
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom, Tillery, Jan, & Sand, Lori. 1996. The linguistic consequences of catastrophic events. In Arnold, Jennifer, Blake, Renée, Davidson, Brad, Schwenter, Scott, & Solomon, Julie (eds.), Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory, and Analysis, 469–485. Selected papers from NWAV-23 at Stanford. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Benson, Erica J. 2003. Folk linguistic perceptions and the mapping of dialect boundaries. American Speech 78(3). 307330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary, Bermudez, Nancy, Fung, Victor, Edwards, Lisa, & Vargas, Rosalva. 2007. Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal?: The perceptual dialectology of California. Journal of English Linguistics 35(4). 325352.Google Scholar
CensusViewer-Texas. U.S. Census Bureau. Moonshadow Mobile. Census Viewer. http://censusviewer.com/state/TX. (July 24, 2016).Google Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency. 2017. The World Factbook. Retrieved from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html#PeopleGoogle Scholar
Cramer, Jennifer. 2010. The effect of borders on the linguistic production and perception of regional identity in Louisville, Kentucky. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois dissertation.Google Scholar
Cramer, Jennifer. 2016. Rural vs. urban: Perception and production of identity in a border city. In Cramer, & Montgomery, (eds.), 2753.Google Scholar
Cramer, Jennifer & Montgomery, Chris (eds.). 2016. Cityscapes and Perceptual Dialectology: Global Perspectives on Non-linguists Knowledge of the Dialect Landscape. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia & Bailey, Guy. 2017. The effect of small Ns and gaps in contact on panel survey data. In Wagner, Suzanne E. & Buchstaller, Isa (eds.), Panel Studies of Variation and Change. New York: Routledge, 21045.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia & Jeon, Lisa. 2013. Texas twang and Southern drawl: How Texans perceive regional variation from the Panhandle to the Rio Grande Valley. Paper presented at the American Dialect Society (ADS), Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia, Jeon, Lisa, Rector, Patricia C., Tiwari, Chetan, & Shelton, Zak. 2012. “Texas – It’s like a whole nuther country”: Mapping Texans’ perceptions of dialect variation in the Lone Star state. Texas Linguistics Forum 55. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium about Language and Society, Austin, 10–19. Austin: University of Texas.Google Scholar
ESRI 2016. What is GIS? | GIS.com. http://www.gis.com/content/what-gis (July 24, 2016).Google Scholar
Evans, Betsy. 2011. ‘Seattletonian’ to ‘faux hick’: Perceptions of English in Washington state. American Speech 86. 383414.Google Scholar
Evans, Betsy. 2016. City talk and country talk: Perceptions of urban and rural English in Washington state. In Cramer, & Montgomery, (eds.), 5672.Google Scholar
Leghorn, Foghorn. Wikia. http://looneytunes.wikia.com/wiki/Foghorn_Leghorn. (July 24, 2016).Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen. 2002. California students’ perceptions of, you know, regions and dialects? In Long, Daniel & Preston, Dennis R. (eds.), Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2, 113134. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Garrett, Peter, Williams, Angie, & Evans, Betsy. 2005. Accessing social meanings: Values of keywords, values in keywords. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 37. 3754.Google Scholar
Hartley, Laura C. 1999. A view from the West: Perceptions of U.S. dialects by Oregon residents. In Preston, (ed.), 315332.Google Scholar
Hartley, Laura C. 2005. The consequences of conflicting stereotypes: Bostonian perceptions of U.S. dialects. American Speech 80. 388405.Google Scholar
Hartley, Laura C. & Preston, Dennis R..1999. The names of U.S. English: Valley girl, cowboy, Yankee, normal, nasal, & ignorant. In Bex, Tony & Watts, Richard J. (eds.), Standard English: The Widening Debate, 207238. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hayata, Teruhiro. 1976. An attempt at a family tree for accent in some Korean dialects. Bungaku Kenkyuu 73. 100126.Google Scholar
Jeon, Lisa. 2013. Drawing boundaries and revealing language attitudes: Mapping perceptions of dialects in Korea. Denton, TX: University of North Texas MA thesis.Google Scholar
Jeon, Lisa. 2014. New ways of analyzing perceptual dialectology data with GIS and R: Investigating factors that influence Koreans’ perception of a standard dialect region. Paper presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV) 43. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
Jeon, Lisa. 2016. Unpacking the complex concept of cuteness in South Korea: Dialect perceptions and language attitudes. Paper presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation Asia Pacific (NWAV AP) 4. National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.Google Scholar
Jeon, Lisa & Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 2015. “One country, one language?”: Mapping perceptions of dialects in South Korea. Dialectologia 14. 1746.Google Scholar
Jeon, Lisa 2016. Urbanicity and language variation and change: Mapping dialect perceptions in and of Seoul. In Cramer, & Montgomery, (eds.), 97116.Google Scholar
Jeon, Lisa, Cukor-Avila, Patricia, & Rector, Patricia C.. 2013. Mapping dialect perceptions in a variationist framework. Paper presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV) 42. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Jeon, Lisa, Cukor-Avila, Patricia, & Tiwari, Chetan. 2015. Analyzing and mapping sociolinguistic data with Geographic Information Systems. Workshop presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV) 44. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara. 2010. Language and geographical space. In Auer, Peter & Schmidt, Jurgen E. (eds.), Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, 117. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kim, Wan-Jin 1983. Phonological structure of the Korean Language. In Korean National Commission for UNESCO (ed.), The Korean Language, 157170. Seoul: Si-sa-yong-o-sa.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lameli, Alfred, Purschke, Christoph, & Kehrein, Roland. 2008. Stimulus und Kognition. Zur Aktivierung mentaler Raumbilder. Linguistik Online 35. 5586.Google Scholar
Lippi-Green, Rosina. 2012. English with an Accent, 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Long, Daniel & Yim, Young-Cheol. 2002. Regional differences in the perception of Korean dialects. In Long, Daniel & Preston, Dennis R. (eds.), Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2, 249275. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris. 2012. The effect of proximity in perceptual dialectology. Journal of Sociolinguistics 16. 638668.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris. 2016. Perceptual prominence of city-based dialect areas in Great Britain. In Cramer, & Montgomery, (eds.), 185208.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris & Stoeckle, Philippe. 2013. Geographic Information Systems and perceptual dialectology: A method for processing draw-a-map data. Journal of Linguistic Geography 1. 5285.Google Scholar
Moon, Kyuwon. 2012. Stylistic variation of female call center employees: Negotiating femininity and professionalism in South Korea. Paper presented at NWAV-Asia Pacific II. Tokyo, Japan.Google Scholar
Potter, Lloyd. 2016. Demographic characteristics and trends in Texas [PowerPoint slides]. http://osd.texas.gov/Presentations. (July 24, 2016).Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1981. Perceptual dialectology: Mental maps of United States dialects from a Hawaiian perspective. In Warkentyne, Henry J. (ed.), Methods/Méthodes IV (Papers from the 4th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology), 192–198. University of Victoria, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1986. Five visions of America. Language in Society 15. 221240.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1989. Perceptual dialectology: Nonlinguists’ Views of Areal Linguistics. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1996. Where the worst English is spoken. In Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), Focus on the USA: Varieties of English around the World 16, 297360. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1999. A Language Attitude Approach to the Perception of Regional Variety. In Preston, (ed.), 359375.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2010. Language, people, salience, space: Perceptual dialectology and language regard. Dialectologia 5. 87131.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2013. The influence of regard on language variation and change. Journal of Pragmatics 52. 93104.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). 1999. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. & Howe, George M.. 1987. Computerized studies of mental dialect maps. In Denning, Keith M., Inkelas, Sharon, McNair-Knox, Faye, & Rickford, John (eds.), Variation in Language: NWAV-XV at Stanford, 361378. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Texas Tourism. The Office of the Governor, Economic Development and Tourism. https://www.traveltexas.com/#/ (July 24, 2016).Google Scholar
Valencia, Lila. 2016. Texas demographic trends, characteristics, and projections [PowerPoint slides]. http://osd.texas.gov/Presentations. (July 24, 2016).Google Scholar
Yi, Kigap. 1998. Sonam pangon (Southwest dialects). Sae Kugo Saenghwal (Special Edition on Dialects) 8(4). 95110.Google Scholar
Yi, Sanggyu. 1998. Tongnam pangon (Southeast dialects). Sae Kugo Saenghwal (Special Edition on Dialects), 8(4). 111132.Google Scholar
Yi, Sang-ok. 1983. Remarks on tone in Middle Korean. In The Korean National Commission for UNESCO (ed.), The Korean Language. 171189. Seoul: Si-sa-yong-o-sa.Google Scholar

References

Agar, Michael. 1996. The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography, 2nd edn. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Agar, Michael. 2011. Making sense of one other for another: Ethnography as translation. Language & Communication 31(1). 3847.Google Scholar
Benson, Erica J. 2003. Folk linguistic perceptions and the mapping of dialect boundaries. American Speech 78(3). 307330.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1944. Secondary and tertiary responses to language. Language 20. 4455.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary, Bermudez, Nancy, Fung, Victor, Edwards, Lisa, & Vargas, Rosalva. 2007. Hella nor Cal or totally so Cal?: The perceptual dialectology of California. Journal of English Linguistics 35(4). 325352.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary, & Hall, Kira. 2005. Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7. 585614.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny. 1982. Variation in an English Dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cramer, Jennifer. 2010. The effect of borders on the linguistic production and perception of regional identity in Louisville, Kentucky. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Ph.D. dissertation.Google Scholar
Cramer, Jennifer. 2016a. Contested Southernness: The Linguistic Production and Perception of Identities in the Borderlands. Publication of the American Dialect Society 100. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Cramer, Jennifer. 2016b. Rural vs. urban: Perception and production of identity in a border city. In Cramer, & Montgomery, (eds.), 27–53.Google Scholar
Cramer, Jennifer & Montgomery, Chris (eds.). 2016. Cityscapes and Perceptual Dialectology: Global Perspectives on Non-linguists’ Knowledge of the Dialect Landscape. Language and Social Life 5. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia, Jeon, Lisa, Rector, Patricia C., Tiwari, Chetan, & Shelton, Zac. 2012. “Texas – it’s like a whole nuther country”: Mapping Texans’ perceptions of dialect variation in the Lone Star State. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium about Language and Society – Austin (55), 1019. Austin, TX: Texas Linguistics Forum.Google Scholar
Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12. 453476.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41. 87100.Google Scholar
Evans, Betsy. 2011a. Seattle to Spokane: Mapping perceptions of English in Washington state all responses. http://depts.washington.edu/folkling/ (August 30, 2016).Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2011b. Seattletonian to Faux Hick: Mapping perceptions of English in Washington. American Speech 86(4). 383413.Google Scholar
Hahn, Christina. 2006. Clear-cut concepts vs. methodological ritual. Etic and emic revisited. Beitrage zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 16(1–2). 245262.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin. 1976. History and significance of the emic/etic distinction. Annual Review of Anthropology 5. 329350.Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk & Fluharty, Ellen. 2004. Defining Appalachian English. In Bender, Margaret (ed.), Linguistic Diversity in the South: Changing Codes, Practices and Ideology, 5065. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Hoenigswald, Henry. 1966. A proposal for the study of folk-linguistics. In Bright, William (ed.), Sociolinguistics, 1626. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Iannàccaro, Gabriele & Dell’Acquila, Vittorio. 2001. Mapping languages from inside: notes on perceptual dialectology. Social & Cultural Geography 2(3). 265280.Google Scholar
Irons, Terry Lynn. 2007. On the Southern shift in Appalachian English. In Cook, Toni & Evanini, Keelan (eds.), Selected Papers from NWAV 35: University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 13(2). 121134.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon, & Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Lett, James. 1990. Emics and etics: Notes on the epistemology of anthropology. In Headland, Thomas N., Pike, Kenneth L. & Harris, Marvin (eds.), Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate. Frontiers of Anthropology, Vol. 7, 127142. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Long, Daniel & Preston, Dennis R. (eds.). 2002. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Milroy, Leslie. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, Leslie. 2004. Language ideologies and linguistic change. In Fought, Carmen (ed.), Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections, 161177. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris. 2014. Perceptual ideology across the Scottish-English border. In Watt, Dominic & Llamas, Carmen (eds.), Language, Borders and Identities, 118136. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris & Cramer, Jennifer. 2016. Developing Methods in Perceptual Dialectology. In Cramer, & Montgomery, (eds.), 924.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris & Stoeckle, Philipp. 2013. Geographic information systems and perceptual dialectology: A method for processing draw-a-map data. Journal of Linguistic Geography 1(1). 5285.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 2013. The historical background and nature of the Englishes of Appalachia. In Clark, Amy & Hayward, Nancy (eds.), Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community, 2553. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy. 1999. The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. In Milroy, Lesley & Preston, Dennis R. (eds.), Attitudes, Perception, and Linguistic Issues. Journal of Language and Social Psychology special issue 18(1). 162–85.Google Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy & Preston, Dennis R.. 2000. Folk Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Pike, Kenneth L. 1954. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, Part 1. Glendale, CA: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1989. Perceptual Dialectology: Nonlinguists’ View of Aerial Linguistics. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1996. Where the worst English is spoken. In Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), Focus on the USA, 297369. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). 1999a. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1999b. A language attitude approach to the perception of regional variety. In Preston, (ed.), 359373.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2010a. Language, people, salience, and space: Perceptual dialectology and language regard. Dialectologia 5. 87131.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2010b. Variation in language regard. In Gilles, Peter, Scharloth, Joachim, & Ziegler, Evelyn (eds.), Varatio delectat: Empirische Evidenzen und theoretische Passungen sprachlicher Variation, für Klaus J. Mattheier zum 65. Geburtstag, 727. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2016. Introduction. In Cramer, & Montgomery, (eds.), 18.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language structure and linguistic ideology. In Clyne, Paul R., Hanks, William F., and Hofbauer, Carol L. (eds.), The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels, 193247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1969. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt & Christian, Donna. 1976. Appalachian Speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn A. 1992. Language ideology: Issues and approaches. Pragmatics 2(3). 235249.Google Scholar

References

Attardo, Salvatore & Brown, Steven. 2005. What’s the use of linguistics? Pre-service English teachers’ beliefs towards language use and variation. In Bartels, Nat (ed.), Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education, 91102. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers/Springer.Google Scholar
Baugh, John. 2012. SWB (Speaking while Black or speaking while Brown): Linguistic profiling and discrimination based on speech as a surrogate for race in international perspective. New Ways of Analyzing Variation 41. Bloomington, Indiana.Google Scholar
Cargile, Aaron Castelan & Bradac, James J.. 2001. Attitudes toward language: A review of speaker-evaluation research and a general process model. Communication Yearbook 25. 347382.Google Scholar
Cargile, Aaron Castelan & Giles, Howard. 1997. Understanding language attitudes: Exploring listener affect and identity. Language & Communication 17(3). 195217.Google Scholar
CCCC/NCTE. 2000. Language knowledge and awareness survey conducted by CCCC Language Policy Committee. Chair, Geneva Smitherman. www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/Groups/CCCC/Committees/langsurvey.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cook, Stuart W. & Sellitz, Claire. 1964. A multiple-indicator approach to attitude measurement. Psychological Bulletin 62(1). 3655. doi: 10.1037/h0040289Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas & Bishop, Hywel. 2007. Ideologised values for British accents. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11(1). 7493.Google Scholar
D’Anglejan, Alison & Tucker, G. Richard. 1973. Sociolinguistic correlates of speech style in Quebec. In Shuy, & Fasold, (eds.), 127.Google Scholar
Dunstan, Stephany Brett, Wolfram, Walt, Jaeger, Audrey J., & Crandall, Rebecca E.. 2015. Educating the educated: Language diversity in the university backyard. American Speech 90(2). 266280.Google Scholar
Garrett, Peter. 2010. Attitudes to Language. Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard. 1971. Ethnocentrism and the evaluation of accented speech. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 10(2). 187188.Google Scholar
Houston, Susan H. 1978. An EJ readership survey: Language attitudes and information study. The English Journal 67(3). 3338.Google Scholar
International personality item pool: A scientific collaboratory for the development of advanced measures of personality traits and other individual differences http://ipip.ori.org/. Accessed: July 8, 2012.Google Scholar
Kamata, Akihito, Turhan, Ahmet, & Darandari, Eqbal. 2013. Estimating reliability for multidimensional composite scale scores. Annual Meeting of American Educational Research Association. Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
Kelley, Ken. 2007. Methods for the behavioral, educational, and social sciences: An R package. Behavior Research Methods 39(4). 979984.Google Scholar
Kelley, Ken & Lai, Keke. 2012. MBESS: An R package. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MBESS. Accessed: August 20, 2013.Google Scholar
Ladegaard, Hans J. 2000. Language attitudes and sociolinguistic behavior: Exploring attitude-behavior relations in language. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(2). 214233.Google Scholar
Luhman, Reid. 1990. Appalachian English stereotypes: Language attitudes in Kentucky. Language in Society 19(3). 331348.Google Scholar
McKenzie, Robert M. & Osthus, Dietmar. 2011. That which we call a rose by any other name would sound as sweet: Folk perceptions, status and language variation. AILA Review 24(1). 100115.Google Scholar
McKirnan, David J. & Hamayan, Else V.. 1984. Speech norms and attitudes toward outgroup members: A test of a model in a bicultural context. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 3(1). 2138.Google Scholar
Miller, J. D. 2011. Scientific literacy: A conceptual and empirical review. Daedalus, 112(2). 2948.Google Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy. 1999. The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 18(1). 6285.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. N. 1992. Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor, Gardner, Roy, & Walker, James. 1994. Rules, Games, and Common-pool Resources. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Pantos, Andrew J. & Perkins, Andrew W.. 2013. Measuring implicit and explicit attitudes toward foreign accented speech. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 32(1). 320.Google Scholar
Perloff, Richard M. 2008. The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century, 3rd edn. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2010. Variation in language regard. In Gilles, Peter, Scharloth, Joachim, & Ziegler, Evelyn (eds.), Variatio delectat: Empirische Evidenzen und theoretische Passungen sprachlicher Variation, für Klaus J. Mattheier zum 65. Geburtstag, 727. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2015. Does language regard vary? In Prikhodkine, Alexei & Preston, Dennis R. (eds.), Responses to Language Varieties: Variability, Processes, and Outcomes, 136. IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society 39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
R Core Team 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed: August 20, 2013.Google Scholar
Reaser, Jeffrey. 2006. The effect of dialect awareness on adolescent knowledge and attitudes. Durham, NC: Duke University dissertation.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger & Fasold, Ralph (eds.). 1973. Language Attitudes: Current Perspectives. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.Google Scholar
Soukup, Barbara. 2012. Current issues in the social psychological study of “language attitudes”: Constructionism, context, and the attitude-behavior link. Language and Linguistics Compass 6(4). 212224.Google Scholar
Taylor, Orlando L. 1973. Teachers’ attitudes toward Black and nonstandard English as measured by the language attitude scale. In Shuy, & Fasold, (eds.), 174201.Google Scholar
Williams, Frederick. 1973. Some research notes on dialect attitudes and stereotypes. In Shuy, & Fasold, (eds.), 113128.Google Scholar
Zinberg, Richard E., Revelle, William, Yovel, Iftah, & Li, Wen. 2005. Cronbach’s Alpha, Revelle’s Beta, and McDonald’s Omega: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika 70(1). 123133.Google Scholar

References

Bezooijen, Renée van. 1997. Normen met betrekking tot het Standaard Nederlands. Taal en Tongval.TijdschriftvoorDialectologie 10. 3048.Google Scholar
Knotter, Ad. 2002. Aesthetic evaluation of Dutch. Comparisons across dialects, accents and languages. In Long, & Preston, (eds.), 1331.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie. 2013. Recent developments in the Limburg dialect region. In Hinskens, & Taeldeman, (eds.), 378399.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie & Ad Knotter. In press. Inventing Limburg (the Netherlands): territory, history, language and identity. In Helen Christen, Peter Gilles, Cristoph Purschke (eds.), Räume, Grenzen, Übergänge. ZDL Beihefte, 71–92. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie & Rooij, Vincent de. 2015. Belonging through language: Cultural practices in the periphery. The politics of Carnival in the Dutch province of Limburg. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 24(1). 83101.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie, Rooij, Vincent de, & Stengs, Irene L.. 2012. Carnavalesk taalgebruik en de constructie van locale identiteiten. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(1). 1540.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie, Rooij, Vincent de, Stengs, Irene, & Thissen, Lotte. 2016. Local language and local media. Reproducing the multi-dialectal space of Limburg (the Netherlands). In Coupland, Nikolas, Mortensen, Janus & Thøgersen, Jacob (eds.), Style, Media and Language Ideologies, 189216. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar
Doesborgh, Wim. 2014. De vijand heet Zuid-Limburg. De Limburger/Limburgs Dagblad, February 26, 2–3.Google Scholar
Driessen, Geert. 2006. Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995–2003. Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 75. 103113.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2011. Fractals all the way down. Paper presented at the workshop on The Construction of Local Identities through Language and Culture. Netherlands Institute of Advanced Studies. Wassenaar.Google Scholar
Evans, Betsy. 2013. Seattle to Spokane: Mapping perceptions of English in Washington. Journal of English Linguistics 41. 268291.Google Scholar
Goeman, Ton. 2002. Perception of dialect distance: Standard and dialect in relation to new data on Dutch varieties. In Long, & Preston, (eds.), 137151.Google Scholar
Goeman, Ton & Jongenburger, Willy. 2009. Dimensions and determinants of dialect use in the Netherlands at the individual and regional levels at the end of the twentieth century. Dialect death in Europe? International Journal of Sociology of Language 196/197. 3172.Google Scholar
Gooskens, Charlotte, Bezooijen, Rene van & Nerbonne, John. 2013. Perception of geographically conditioned linguistic variation. In Hinskens, & Taeldeman, (eds.), 567585.Google Scholar
Grondelaers, Stefan & Hout, Roeland van. 2010. Is Standard Dutch with a regional accent standard or not? Evidence from native speakers’ attitudes. Language Variation and Change 22. 221239.Google Scholar
Grondelaers, Stefan, Hout, Roeland van & Harst, Sander van der. 2015. Subjective accent strength perceptions are not only a function of objective strength. Evidence from Netherlandic Standard Dutch. Speech Communication 74. 111.Google Scholar
Hagen, Anton & Giesbers, Herman. 1988. Dutch sociolinguistic studies. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 73. 2944.Google Scholar
Heeringa, Wilbert. 2004. Measuring dialect pronunciation. Groningen: University of Groningen doctoral dissertation.Google Scholar
Hermans, Ben. 2013. Phonological features of Limburgian dialects. In Hinskens, & Taeldeman, (eds.), 336356.Google Scholar
Hinskens, Frans & Taeldeman, Johan (eds.). 2013. Language and Space: Dutch. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith. T. & Gal, Susan. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Kroskrity, Paul V. (ed.), Regimes of Language, Ideologies, Polities and Identities, 3583. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press.Google Scholar
Knotter, Ad (ed.). 2009a. Dit is Limburg! Opstellen over de Limburgse identiteit. Sociaal Historisch Centrum voor Limburg: Waanders Uitgeverij.Google Scholar
Knotter, Ad. 2009b. Limburg bestaat niet. Paradoxen van een sterke identiteit. In Knotter, (ed.), 263277.Google Scholar
Knotter, Ad. 2011. Regional character and regional stereotypes: some thoughts about their construction in Dutch Limburg. Paper presented at the workshop on The Construction of Local Identities through Language and Culture. Netherlands Institute of Advanced Studies, Wassenaar, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Long, Daniel & Preston, Dennis R. (eds.). 2002. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Maastricht Dictionary online (Dictionair vaan de Mesteechter Taol). http://www.mestreechtertaol.nl/ (December 2015).Google Scholar
Massey, Doreen. 1993. Power geometry and a progressive sense of place. In Bird, Jon, Curtis, Barry, Putnam, Tim, & Tickner, Lisa (eds.), Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change, 6070. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mathijsen, Marita. 2011. De Limburger als de ander. Roermond, Netherlands: Letterkundig Centrum Limburg.Google Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy & Preston, Dennis. 2010. Folk Linguistics. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Pietikäinen, Sari & Kelly-Holmes, Helen (eds.). 2013. Multilingualism and the Periphery. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2002. Language with an attitude. In Chambers, J.K., Trudgill, Peter & Schilling-Estes, Natalie (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 4066. Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2010. Language, people, salience, space, perceptual dialectology and language regard. Dialectologia 5. 87131.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2011. The power of language regard – Discrimination, classification, comprehension, and production. Dialectologia Special Issue II. 933.Google Scholar
Smakman, Dirk. 2006. Standard Dutch in the Netherlands. A Sociolinguistic and Phonetic Description. Utrecht: LOT 135.Google Scholar
Thissen, Lotte. 2013. The ambiguities of Limburgerness. Language, place and belonging in Limburg, the Netherlands. Etnofoor 25(2). 119143.Google Scholar
Thissen, Lotte & Cornips, Leonie. 2014. Sjtómme Limburger met een zachte G. In Andeweg, Agnes & Wesseling, Lies (eds.), Wat de verbeelding niet vermag! Essays bij het afscheid van Maaike Meijer, 295300. Nijmegen: Vantilt.Google Scholar
Wijers, Carla. 2009. ‘In één hand de rozenkrans, in de andere een glas bier’. De Limburgse identiteit onder de loep. In Knotter, Ad (ed.), Dit is Limburg! Opstellen over de Limburgse identiteit, 127150. Sociaal Historisch Centrum voor Limburg: Waanders Uitgeverij.Google Scholar
Wikimedia Commons contributors, “Atlas of the Netherlands,” Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlas_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=203571069 (September 20, 2016).Google Scholar

References

Beregszászi, Anikó. 2012. A lehetetlent lehetni: Tantárgy-pedagógiai útmutató és feladatgyűjtemény az anyanyelv oktatásához a kárpátaljai magyar iskolák 5–9. osztályában. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó.Google Scholar
Cameron, Deborah. 1995. Verbal Hygiene. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dornbach, F. Mária & Kontra, Miklós. 2013. Falusi történet. In Benő, Attila, Fazakas, Emese & Kádár, Edit (eds.), “... hogy legyen a víznek lefolyása...”: Köszöntő kötet Szilágyi N. Sándor tiszteletére, 99119. Kolozsvár: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület.Google Scholar
Fenyvesi, Anna (ed.). 2005. Hungarian Language Contact Outside Hungary. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan. 1995. Linguistic theories and national images in 19th century Hungary. Pragmatics 5(2). 155166.Google Scholar
Hudson, Richard. 2004. Why education needs linguistics (and vice versa). Journal of Linguistics 40. 105130.Google Scholar
Hudson, Richard & Walmsley, John. 2005. The English patient: English grammar and teaching in the twentieth century. Journal of Linguistics 41. 593622.Google Scholar
Kontra, Miklós. 2002. Where is the “most beautiful” and the “ugliest” Hungarian spoken? In Long, Daniel & Preston, Dennis R. (eds.), Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 2, 205218. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). 2003. Nyelv és társadalom a rendszerváltáskori Magyarországon. Budapest: Osiris Kiadó.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2006. Sustainable linguicism. In Hinskens, Frans (ed.), Language Variation – European Perspectives, 97126. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2009. Mivel korrelálnak a nyelvi előítéletek Budapesten? In Borbély, Anna, Kremmer, Ildikó Vančoné, & Hattyár, Helga (eds.), Nyelvideológiák, attitűdök és sztereotípiák, 3751. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2010. Hasznos nyelvészet. Somorja: Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2016. Hungary: A sham fightback against the domination of English. In Bunce, Pauline, Phillipson, Robert, Rapatahana, Vaughan, & Tupas, Ruanni (eds.), Why English? Confronting the Hydra, 234241. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Kontra, Miklós, Péntek, János, & Szilágyi, Sándor N.. 2011. A Kárpát-medencei szociolingvisztikai vizsgálat 1996. évi romániai kérdőíve és kereszttáblái (II.). Nyelv- és Irodalomtudományi Közlemények LV(1). 6784.Google Scholar
Kontra, Miklós & Vargha, Fruzsina S.. 2014. Are there speakers of the /ɛ/ vs. /e/ dialect in Budapest? In Barysevich, Alena, D’Arcy, Alexandra & Heap, David (eds.), Proceedings of Methods XIV, 1424. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Lippi-Green, Rosina. 1997. English with an Accent: London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Margócsy, István. 1996. Magyar nyelv és/vagy irodalom: Egy tantárgy kialakulása és változásai. Budapesti Könyvszemle 1996/1. 4252.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2006a. “Istennőm, végzetem, mindenem, magyar nyelv!”: A magyar nyelv kultikus megközelítései – 1. rész. Beszélő 2006/10. 95109.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2006b. “Istennőm, végzetem, mindenem, magyar nyelv!”: A magyar nyelv kultikus megközelítései – 2. rész. Beszélő 2006/11. 9098.Google Scholar
Milroy, James. 1999. The consequences of standardisation in descriptive linguistics, in Bex, Tony & Watts, Richard J. (eds.), Standard English: The Widening Debate, 1639. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ngũgĩ, wa Thiong’o. 1987. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Pléh, Csaba & Bodor, Péter. 2000. Linguistic superego in a normative language community and the stigmatization – hypercorrection dimension. Multilingua 19(1–2). 123139.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2011. The power of language regard – discrimination, classification, comprehension, and production. Dialectologia. Special issue II. 933.Google Scholar
Szabó, Tamás Péter. 2012. “Kirakunk táblákat, hogy csúnyán beszélni tilos”: A javítás mint gyakorlat és mint téma diákok és tanáraik metanyelvében. Dunaszerdahely: Gramma.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2013. A corpus-based analysis of language ideologies in Hungarian school metalanguage. Research in Corpus Linguistics 1. 6579.Google Scholar
Szilágyi, N. Sándor. 2001. A többség nyelvi jogai. In Andor, József, Szűcs, Tibor, & Terts, István (eds.), Színes eszmék nem alszanak...: Szépe György 70. születésnapjára, 12091218. Pécs: Lingua Franca Csoport.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2016. Making Waves: The Story of Variationist Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, Reaser, Jeffrey, & Vaughn, Charlotte. 2008. Operationalizing linguistic gratuity: From principle to practice. Language and Linguistics Compass 2(16). 11091134.Google Scholar

References

Bates, Douglas, Mächler, Martin, Bolker, Ben, & Walker, Steve. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lmer4. Journal of Statistical Software 67(1). 148. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01Google Scholar
Clopper, Cynthia & Bradlow, Ann R.. 2008. Perception of dialect variation in noise: Intelligibility and classification. Language and Speech 51(3). 175198.Google Scholar
Clopper, Cynthia & Pate, John. 2008. Effects of talker and token variability on perceptual learning of dialect categories. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 5(1). 060002.Google Scholar
Clopper, Cynthia & Tamati, Terrin. 2010. Lexical recognition memory across dialects. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127(3). 1956.Google Scholar
Dimov, Svetlin, Katseff, Shira, & Johnson, Keith. 2012. Social and personality variables in compensation for altered auditory feedback. In Solé, Maria-Josep & Recasens, Daniel (eds.). The Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors, 185210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
D’Onofrio, Annette. 2015. Persona-based information shapes linguistic perception: Valley Girls and California vowels. Journal of Sociolinguistics 19(2). 241256.Google Scholar
Drager, Katie. 2010. Sociophonetic variation in speech perception. Language and Linguistic Compass 4(7). 473480.Google Scholar
Farrington, Charlie, Kendall, Tyler, & Fridland, Valerie. 2015. The dynamic South: Inherent spectral change in the Southern Vowel Shift. Paper presented at Southeastern Conference on Linguistics (SECOL) 82/Language Variation in the South (LAVIS) IV. Raleigh, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie & Kendall, Tyler. 2012. The effect of regional vowel differences on vowel perception and production: Evidence from U.S. vowel shifts. Lingua 122(7). 779793.Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie 2015. Within-region diversity in the Southern Vowel Shift: Production and perception. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Glasgow, UK: University of Glasgow. Paper number 500. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0500.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fridland, Valerie, Kendall, Tyler, & Farrington, Charlie. 2014. Durational and spectral differences in American English vowels: Dialect variation within and across regions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136(1). 341349.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard & Ryan, Ellen B. (eds.). 1982. Attitudes towards Language Variation. Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Harrington, Jonathan. 2012. The coarticulatory basis of diachronic high back vowel fronting. In Solé, Maria-Josep & Recasens, Daniel (eds.). The Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors, 103122. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hartley, Laura C. 1999. A view from the West: Perceptions of U.S. dialects by Oregon residents. In Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 1, 315332. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer & Drager, Katie. 2010. Stuffed toys and speech perception. Linguistics 48(4). 865892.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, Nolan, Aaron, & Drager, Katie. 2006. From fush to feesh: Exemplar priming in speech perception. The Linguistic Review, 23. 351–79.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, Warren, Paul, & Drager, Katie. 2006. Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress. Journal of Phonetics 34(4). 458484.Google Scholar
Kendall, Tyler & Fridland, Valerie. 2012. Variation in the production and perception of mid front vowels in the US Southern Vowel Shift. Journal of Phonetics 40. 289306.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1991. The three dialects of English. In Eckert, Penelope (ed.). New Ways of Analyzing Variation, 144. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors. Boston, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon, & Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Magnuson, James S. & Nusbaum, Howard C.. 2007. Acoustic differences, listener expectations, and the perceptual accommodation of talker variability. Journal of Experimental Psychology 33(2). 391409.Google Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy A. 1999. The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. Journal of Social Psychology 18. 6285.Google Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy A. & Preston, Dennis R.. 2000. Folk linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Nygaard, Lynne C., Sommers, Mitchell S., & Pisoni, David B.. 1994. Speech perception as a talker-contigent process. Psychological Science 5(1). 4246.Google Scholar
Ohala, John. 1981. The listener as a source of sound change. In Masek, C. S., Laver, John, & Anderson, John (eds.). The Cognitive Representation of Speech, 111122. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Ohala, John. 1989. Sound change is drawn from a pool of synchronic variation. In Breivik, Leiv Egil & Jahr, Ernst Hakon (eds.). Language Change: Contributions to the Study of Its Causes, 173198. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer.Google Scholar
Pisoni, David B. 1993. Long-term memory in speech perception: Some new findings on talker variability, speaking rate and perceptual learning. Speech Communication 13. 109125.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1989. Perceptual Dialectology. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1993. Folk dialectology. In Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). American Dialect Research, 333378. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1996. Where the worst English is spoken. In Schneider, Edgar (ed.). Focus on the USA, 297360. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). 1999. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2013. Language with an attitude. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, Peter & Schilling, Natalie (eds.). The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 2nd edn. 157182. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Remez, Robert E., Philip, E. Rubin, P., Pisoni, David B., & Carrell, Thomas D.. 1981. Speech perception without traditional speech cues. Science 212. 947950.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger W. & Fasold, Ralph W. (eds.). 1973. Language Attitudes: Current Trends and Prospects. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Solé, Maria-Josep & Recasens, Daniel (eds.). 2012. The Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Sumner, Meghan & Samuel, Arthur. 2009. The effect of experience on the perception and representation of dialect variants. Journal of Memory and Language 60. 487501.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik. 2002. Sociophonetic applications of speech perception experiments. American Speech 77(2). 115147.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×