Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T00:36:24.079Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Operational Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

Kristi L. Koenig
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Carl H. Schultz
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine
Comprehensive Principles and Practices
, pp. 163 - 462
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Sundnes, KO, Birnbaum, ML, Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Prehosp and Disaster Med 2003; 17(Suppl. 3). http://www.laerdalfoundation.org/dok/Health_Disaste_%20Management.pdf. (Accessed August 14, 2015).Google Scholar
ICDRM/GWU Emergency Management Glossary of Terms. The Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management (ICDRM) at the George Washington University (GWU), Washington, DC, June 30, 2009. http://www.gwu.edu/~icdrm. (Accessed August 14, 2015).Google Scholar
WHO, Trade, Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Health. Glossary of globalization, trade and health terms. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story076/en (Accessed June 7, 2013).Google Scholar
Emergency Preparedness Education and Training for Health Professionals: A Blueprint for Future Action. Whitepaper for the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, 2008.Google Scholar
EMDAT-CRED. Natural Disasters Reported 1900–2000 graph-increase disasters. http://www.emdat.be/disaster-trends (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Committees on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters, and Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. The National Academies, 2013. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13457 (Accessed August 14, 2015).Google Scholar
UN Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. 2013. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2013/en/home/GAR_2013/GAR_2013_2.html (Accessed August 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Noji, E. Public Health Issues in Disasters. Critical Care Medicine 2005; 33(Suppl. I): 29–33.Google Scholar
EMDAT – CRED. Number of People Reported Affected by Disasters, 1900–2011. http://imgur.com/a/KdyTV#0 (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Strengthening National Public Health Systems to Emerging Health Challenges. Report of the Regional Conference of Parliamentarians. WHO, Bangkok, Thailand 2012.Google Scholar
Global Platform for Disaster Reduction for Health, 2013. http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/globalplatform2013/en/index.html (Accessed August 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Strategic Framework 2012–2013. Interagency Standing Committee, Global Health Cluster, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.Google Scholar
Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World. Guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation. 1994. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN009632.pdf (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
FEMA mission statement. http://www.fema.gov/medialibrary/media_records/10089 (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
HHS operating divisions. http://www.hhs.gov/about/foa/opdivs (Accessed August 23, 2014).Google Scholar
Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, United Nations, 2005. http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa (Accessed August 17, 2015).Google Scholar
Bissell, RA. Public Health and Medicine in Emergency Management. In: McEntire, DA, ed. Disciplines, Disasters and Emergency Management. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 2007.Google Scholar
Toman-Miller, MA. U.S. Ambassador to Japan Speaks. Stan-ford Daily. November 22, 2011. http://www.stanforddaily.com/2011/11/22/u-s-ambassador-to-japan-speaks-on-%E2%80%9Cworlds-first-megadisaster%E2%80%9D (Accessed February 3, 2013).Google Scholar
Meier, P. How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti. National Geographic Emerging Explorers in Explorers Journal July 2, 2012. http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/07/02/crisis-mapping-haiti (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Heinzelman, J, Waters, C. Crowdsourcing Crisis Information in Disaster-Affected Haiti. United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, October 20, 2010. http://www.usip.org/publications/crowdsourcing-crisis-information-in-disaster-affected-haiti (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Surveillance Resource Center. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/surveillancepractice (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Nsubuga, P, et al. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Interventions. In: Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd ed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11770 (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR). http://www.who.int/csr/labepidemiology/projects/diseasesurv/en (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Disaster Surveillance. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/disaster/surveillance.htm (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Surveillance-Casper Tool. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/disaster/casper.htm (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Tabata, N, et al. Casualty Estimation Model Based on the Mechanism of Human Injury in Damaged Buildings. Paper No. 729, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 1–6, 2004. http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_729.pdf (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH). National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center. May 4, 2010. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/slosh.php (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Health Effects and Medical Response. Applied Research Associates. http://www.ara.com/Capabilities/docs/HEMR072310.pdf (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
A Review of Pandemic Preparedness Plans and Modelling Studies on Pandemic Influenza. The Scientific Committee on Advanced Data Analysis and Disease Modelling, Centre for Health Protection, March 2006. http://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/a_review_of_pandemic_preparedness_plans_and_modelling_studies_on_pandemic_influenza_r.pdf (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
Safe Hospitals: A Collective Responsibility A Global Measure of Disaster Reduction. PAHO. WHO. http://www1.paho.org/English/DD/PED/SafeHospitals.htm (Accessed June 5, 2013).Google Scholar
CNY Chapter Helps Launch Community Resilience Strategy. Red Cross. March 2013. http://www.redcross.org/news/article/CNY-Chapter-Helps-Launch-Community-Resilience-Strategy (Accessed June 12, 2013).Google Scholar
UN Millennium Development Goals 2015 and Beyond. WHO. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals (Accessed June 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Disaster Risk Reduction: An Instrument for Achieving Millennium Development Goals. IPU-UNISDR. 2010. www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/drr-e.pdf (Accessed June 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Prevention Web. May 2013. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/mdg/?pid:507&pil:1 (Accessed June 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5, Management of Domestic Incidents. February 28, 2003. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/hspd-5.html (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7, Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization and Protection. December 17, 2003. http://www.dhs.gov/homeland-security-presidential-directive-7#1 (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8, National Preparedness. December 17, 2003. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/hspd-8.html (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Presidential Policy Directive 8, National Preparedness. March 2011. http://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness (Accessed July 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Presidential Policy Directive 21, Critical Infrastructure Protection. February 12, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-resil (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Core Capabilities. FEMA, Department of Homeland Security. 2012. https://www.fema.gov/core-capabilities (Accessed July 8, 2013).Google Scholar
National Preparedness System, Executive Office of the President. March 2011. http://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness (Accessed July 8, 2013).Google Scholar
A Whole Community Approach to Emergency Management: Principles, Themes, and Pathways for Action. FEMA. http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/23781?id=4941 (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
National Response Framework. FEMA. May 2013 (revised). http://www.fema.gov/national-response-framework (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). FEMA. 2009. https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
National Health Sector-Specific Plan, An Annex to the NIPP. DHS/HHS. 2010. https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/nipp-ssp-water-2010.pdf (Accessed August 23, 2014).Google Scholar
Public Health Service Act. Legal Authority. HHS. 2006. http://www.phe.gov/preparedness/legal/pahpa/pages/default.aspx (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10, Biodefense for the 21st Century. April 28, 2004. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/hspd-10.html (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21, Public Health and Medical Services. October 18, 2007. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/hspd-21.htm (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
National Health Security Strategy. Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. http://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed July 7, 2013).Google Scholar
National Health Security Strategy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, 2015, http://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed August 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Soclof, A. Gas Masks for Kids in Israel. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. January 30, 2013. http://www.jta.org/2013/01/30/news-opinion/the-telegraph/gas-masks-for-kids-in-israel (Accessed July 4, 2013).Google Scholar
Fendel, I. Israel and U.S. Train Together on Emergency Response. Arutz Sheva, Israel National News. May 17, 2010. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/137572 (Accessed July 4, 2013).Google Scholar
TOPOFF 4 Full Scale Exercise. FEMA-DHS. October 17–19, 2007. http://www.dhs.gov/topoff-4-full-scale-exercise (Accessed July 4, 2013).Google Scholar
Matliach, M. Earthquake Drill: What to Do in Case of Earthquake. October 20, 2012. http://nofryers.com/israel-earthquake-drill-what-to-do-in-case-of-earthquake (Accessed July 4, 2013).Google Scholar
Miskin, M. Earthquake Doomsday Scenario: Hospitals Collapse, 4,000 Hurt. Israel National News. October 23, 2012. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/161229 (Accessed July 4, 2013).Google Scholar
Salomon, G. Israel drills for regional war, earthquake, tsunami. English News CN. October 22, 2013.Google Scholar
Whole Community. FEMA. June 16, 2012. http://www.fema.gov/whole-community (Accessed July 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Teutsch SM. Toward Quality Measures for Population Health and the Leading Health Indicators Report. IOM. July 9, 2013. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2013/Toward-Quality-Measures-for-Population-Health-and-the-Leading-Health-Indicators.aspx (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Citizens Corps. FEMA. http://www.ready.gov/citizen-corps (Accessed July 11, 2013).Google Scholar
Compendium of Disaster Health Courses. National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health. http://ncdmph.usuhs.edu/Documents/NCDMPH_Compendium_V1.pdf (Accessed June 20, 2013).Google Scholar
Barbera, JA, MacIntyre, AG, Shaw, G, et al. Healthcare Emergency Management Competencies: Competency Framework Final Report. Institute for Crisis, Risk and Disaster Management, The George Washington University developed under contract with the U.S. Veterans Health Administration, 2007. http://www.va.gov/VHAEMERGENCYMANAGEMENT/Documents/Education_Training/Healthcare_System_Emergency_Management_Competency_Framework_2007.pdf (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Core Competencies for Public Health Professionals. The Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice. 2010. http://www.phf.org/resourcestools/Documents/Core_Competencies_for_Public_Health_Professionals_2010May.pdf (Accessed September 23, 2014).Google Scholar
Schultz, CH, Koenig KL, Whiteside M, et al. Development of National, Standardized, All-Hazard Disaster Core Competencies for Acute Care Physicians, Nurses and EMS Professionals. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2012; 59: 196–208.Google Scholar
Center for Domestic Preparedness. FEMA. https://cdp.dhs.gov (Accessed June 11, 2013).Google Scholar
Earthquakes Pose a Serious Hazard in Afghanistan. US Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2007–3027. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf (Accessed June 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Earthquake Hazards USGS Projects in Afghanistan. US Geological Survey. August 2011. http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards (Accessed June 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Afghanistan: Food still unaffordable for millions. IRIN. March 12, 2009. http://www.irinnews.org/report/83417/afghanistan-food-still-unaffordable-for-millions (Accessed June 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Rising literacy in Afghanistan ensures transition. June 3, 2011. http://www.army.mil/article/59541/Rising_literacy_in_Afghanistan_ensures_transition/ (Accessed June 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Davis, G. The Power of One. In: Firestone CH. Afghans and Americans United (Telling the Stories of Transforming Lives Halfway Around the World). Irwindale, CA, 1st Global Graphics Inc., 2011; 8285.Google Scholar
Giddens, J. COL, USA (ret), interview re: AFAMS, G. Davis, COL, USA (ret) COL re: Senior Medical Advisor to the Advisor to the Surgeon General of the Afghan Army. August 14, 2013.Google Scholar
HHS ASPR. At-risk individuals. http://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/abc/Pages/atrisk.aspx (Accessed June 17, 2013).Google Scholar
Guidance on Planning for Integration of Functional Needs Support Services in General Population Shelters. FEMA. 2010. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/odic/fnss_guidance.pdf (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
National Association of Community Health Centers. http://www.nachc.org (Accessed June 21, 2013).Google Scholar
From Hospitals to Healthcare Coalitions: Transforming Health Preparedness and Response in Our Community. End-of-Year 2007–2009 Reporting Period of Hospital Preparedness Program, HHS/ASPR. www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/hpp/Documents/hpp-healthcare-coalitions.pdf (Accessed on September 23, 2014).Google Scholar
Medical Surge Capacity and Capability, A Management System for Integrating Medical and Health Resources During a Large-Scale Incident. 2nd ed. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007. http://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/mscc/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed July 10, 2013).Google Scholar
Priest, C, Courtney, B. Medical Surge Management: Public-Private Healthcare Coalitions. Domestic Preparedness Journal May 2011. www.domesticpreparedness.com/DomPrep_Journal (Accessed June 17, 2013).Google Scholar
MESH Coalition. http://www.meshcoalition.org (Accessed June 17, 2013).Google Scholar
National Healthcare Coalitions Resource Center. http://healthcarecoalitions.org/about-nhcrc (Accessed June 17, 2013).Google Scholar
Fry, A. Map Hispaniola. Big Car, Inc. Indianapolis, IN. 2014Google Scholar
Mendelson-Forman, J, White, S. The Dominican Response to the Haiti Earthquake, A Neighbor's Journey. A Report of the CSIS Americas Program. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, November 2011.Google Scholar
Haiti 2010 Earthquake. Photo, devastated pediatric clinic. Photo taken by, courtesy of BCFS Health and Human Services, Grimm D.Google Scholar
Transnational Programme, Frontera Verde Project, UN Environment Programme. Disasters and Conflict. April 2011. http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/CountryOperations/Haiti/TransnationalProgramme/tabid/105715/Default.aspx (Accessed August 23, 2014).Google Scholar
Schaaf, B. Haiti and the DR Launch Joint Reforestation Project. Haiti Innovation. June 6, 2013. http://haitiinnovation.org/en/2013/06/06/haiti-and-dr-launch-joint-reforestation-project (Accessed June 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Disaster Risk and Resilience Factors. VA National PTSD Center. http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/types/disasters/effects_of_disasters_risk_and_resilience_factors.aspe (Accessed August 17, 2015).Google Scholar
PTSD Coach. VA National PTSD Center. http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/PTSDcoach.asp (Accessed July 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Bradt, DA, Aitken, P. Disaster Medicine Reporting: The Need for New Guidelines and the CONFIDE Statement. Emergency Medicine Australia. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01342.x/abstract (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
The Sphere Handbook, Minimum Standards in Health Action, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. The Sphere Project, 2011, www.sphereproject.org (Accessed August 27, 2015).Google Scholar
Health Indicator Sortable Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://wwwn.cdc.gov/sortablestats/Report_Docs/PDFDocs/Sortable_Stats_Data_Sources.pdf (Accessed August 27, 2015).Google Scholar
System of Records, National Disaster Medical System. Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, 2009. No longer on the Internet, hardcopy available from the author.Google Scholar
Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine. Utstein Template Project, 2012. http://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/utstein-style-template-for-uniform-data-reporting-of-acute-medical-response-in-disasters (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Debacker, M. Data Reporting Disasters. Emergency Management and Disaster Medicine Academy, 2012. http://www.cochrane.org/sites/default/files/uploads/Evidence_aid/DEBACKER%20-%20Data%20reporting%20in%20disasters.pdf (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
National Preparedness Goal. FEMA, Department of Homeland Security, 2012. https://www.fema.gov/national-preparedness-goal (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Public Health Preparedness Capabilities: National Standards for State and Local Planning. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/phpr/capabilities (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Healthcare Preparedness Capabilities: National Guidance for Healthcare System Preparedness. January 2012. (http://www.phe.gov/preparedness/planning/hpp/pages/default.aspx (Accessed September 23, 2014).Google Scholar
Performance Improvement Management System. VHA, Office of Emergency Management, 2010. http://www.va.gov/vhaemergencymanagement (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar

References

Medical Malpractice Liability. United Kingdom (England and Wales). Law Library of Congress, prepared by Prepared by Clare Feikert, Senior Foreign Law Specialist, May 2009, at http://www.loc.gov/law/help/medical-malpractice-liability/uk.php. http://www.loc.gov/law/help/medical-malpractice-liability/uk.php (Accessed June 7, 2013).Google Scholar
“Legal Issues” Report identified in a study for HHS's Emergency System for the Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals, September 2006 Draft. http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Research/PDF/ESAR%20VHP%20Report.pdf (Accessed November 13, 2013).Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. Responders' Responsibility: Liability and Immunity in Public Health Emergencies. Georgetown Law Journal 2008; 96: 19131969.Google Scholar
This doctrine of sovereign immunity, which originates from English common law during the feudal period, premised on the maxim that the “King could do no wrong” persists as a basic principle of sovereignty. See 74 Fordham L. Rev. 2927, April 2006. The Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 USC § 1346(b), provides limited exception to the doctrine of sovereign immunity only under certain circumstances.Google Scholar
Koenig, KL, Cone, DC, Burstein, JL, Camargo, CA. Surging to the Right Standard of Care. Acad Emerg Med February 2006; 13(2): 195198.Google Scholar
Malpractice insurers in turn manage their risk by requiring that insured practitioners and institutions establish systems and procedures that will reduce the likelihood of malpractice judgments.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 14503.Google Scholar
Cal. B&P § 2395.Google Scholar
Cal. GC § 8659.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 14503.Google Scholar
Fla. Stat. § 252.51.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 239(2).Google Scholar
In the World Trade Center Disaster Site Litigation, 521 F.3d 169 (2d Cir. 2008), at pages 196–198 (Finds no immunity of government contractor for health damages suffered by employees who did not wear effective masks to protect lungs from toxic substances at disaster site, because government did not require contractor to abandon normal safety procedures.).Google Scholar
The Commission on Uniform State Laws has approved the Uniform Volunteer Emergency Health Practitioners Act. This “Uniform Act” – which becomes “law” in a state only when adopted by state legislatures – includes alternate provisions on liability with varying protection. The model act's text and the current status of efforts to adopt are Volunteer Health Practitioners, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/Act.aspx?title=Emergency (Accessed June 7, 2013).Google Scholar
See Hoffman, S. Responders’ Responsibility: Liability And Immunity In Public Health Emergencies, Case Research Paper Series in Legal Studies, Working Paper 07–29, September2007, pages 2932 and statutes cited therein, at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1017277 (Accessed June 7, 2013). In Florida, a person is not liable for civil damages arising out of care or treatment in emergency situations, including declared emergencies. Fla. Stat. § 252.51.Google Scholar
Under 42 U.S.C. §§ 300hh–15, the federal government extends immunity to “Intermittent Disaster-Response Personnel” appointed by the secretary, to assist the corps in carrying out duties during a public health emergency. Applicable protections of Section 2812 shall apply to such individuals. PAHPA PL109–417, December 19, 2006, 120 Stat. 2831.Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. Responders' Responsibility: Liability and Immunity in Public Health Emergencies. Georgetown Law Journal 2008; 96: 19131969.Google Scholar
Hodge, JG, Calves, SH, Gable, LA, Meltzer, E, Kraner, S. Risk Management in the Wake of Hurricanes and Other Disasters: Hospital Civil Liability Arising from the Use of Volunteer Health Professionals During Emergencies. Michigan State University College of Law Journal of Medicine and Law 2006; 10: 5786.Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. Responders' Responsibility: Liability and Immunity in Public Health Emergencies. Georgetown Law Journal 2008; 96: 19131969.Google Scholar
Pozgar, G. Legal essentials of health care administration. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009, Su dbury, MA, p. 59.Google Scholar
42 USC § 264 is the principal federal quarantine statute. HHS has proposed revised quarantine regulations, but these have not been finalized at the time of this writing. 70 Fed. Reg. 71892 November 30, 2005.Google Scholar
Health Care Spending and the Medicare Program: A Data Book, June2012, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, Page 5.Google Scholar
Matthews, G. Preparedness for Public Health Emergencies. In: Homeland Security and Emergency Management: A Legal Guide for State and Local Governments, ABA Press, 2010. Misrahi J, Matthews G, Hoffman R. Legal Authorities for Interventions in Public Health Emergencies. In: Law in Public Health Practice, 2nd ed. Oxford Press, 2006; Gostin L. Restrictions of the Person: Autonomy, Liberty, and Bodily Integrity. In: Public Health Law, University of California Press, 2000.Google Scholar
President Barack Obama. Declaration of a National Emergency with Respect to the 2009 H1n1 Influenza Pandemic. The White House. October 24, 2009. Accessed June 14, 2013 at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/declaration-a-national-emergency-with-respect-2009-h1n1-influenza-pandemic-0.Google Scholar
42 USC §1320b-5.Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164.510.Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164 et seq.Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164.512(b).Google Scholar
CA Civil Code § 56.10.Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164.510(b)(3).Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164.510(b)(4).Google Scholar
CA Civil Code § 56.10(c)(15).Google Scholar
Arkansas C.A § 20–27–1706: “Pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, disclosure of protected health information is allowed for public health, safety, and law enforcement purposes.”Google Scholar
Cohen, B. Reconciling the HIPAA Privacy Rule with State Laws Regulating Ex Parte Interviews of Plaintiffs’ Treating Physicians: A Guide to Performing HIPAA Preemption Analysis. Houston Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 1091, 2006, 10911142.Google Scholar
California Probate Code § 4717.Google Scholar
6 U.S.C. § 774.Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164.512(f)(2). Disclosure to law enforcement officials is also authorized where it is pursuant to a court subpoena or order. 45 CFR § 164.512(f)(l)(ii).Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164.512.Google Scholar
45 CFR §164.515, Accounting for disclosures of protected health information.Google Scholar
45 CFR § 164.512.Google Scholar
45 CFR § 160.103.Google Scholar
22 Cal. Code Regs. § 70751 et seq.Google Scholar
Health and Safety Code § 123149.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Hurricane Katrina: HIPAA Privacy and Electronic Health Records of Evacuees, October 28, 2005, at http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22310_20051028.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2013).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Is the HIPAA Privacy Rule suspended during a national or public health emergency? http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/faq/disclosures_in_emergency_situations/1068.html (Accessed August 16, 2015).Google Scholar
Parmet, Wendy. Individual Rights versus the Public's Health – 100 Years After Jacobson v. Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 25 S. Ct. 358 (1905), emphasis added.Google Scholar
Id., emphasis added.Google Scholar
Best v. Bellevue Hospital New York. 115 Fed. Appx. 459. C.A.2 (N.Y.), 2004. After this 2-year saga, the federal court declared that in order to detain a patient under the health code, New York had to comply with both procedural due process (“the right to a particularized assessment of an individual's danger to self or others”) and substantive due process (“the right to less restrictive alternatives”).Google Scholar
Kirk v. Wyman, 83 S.C. 372 at 394 (1909)(dissenting).Google Scholar
Wellman v. Faulkner, 715 F.2d 269. In this case, the judge held that inadequate medical care and overcrowding in prison was unconstitutional.Google Scholar
Best v. Bellevue Hospital New York, 115 Fed. Appx. 459. C.A.2 (N.Y.), 2004.Google Scholar
The Georgia provision was adopted after review of the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act.Google Scholar
In Moore v. Morgan, 922 F.2d 1553 (11th Cir. 1991), a county failed to satisfy constitutional responsibility in maintaining the county jail by delay in rectifying overcrowded conditions and was held liable for damages, as provided under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and U.S. Const. amend. VIII.Google Scholar
The Joint Commission MS 4.110.Google Scholar
In disasters other than minor ones, the declaration also constitutes authority for medical practitioners licensed in other jurisdictions to practice in Florida, subject to such conditions as the declaration may prescribe. FLA. Stat. 252.36(3)(c)(1) (2004).Google Scholar
California Emergency Services Act § 8850 et seq.Google Scholar
The Joint Commission Standard MS4.110 (amended January 2004).Google Scholar
DC Hospital Association, Mutual Aid Memorandum of Understanding, Sept 27, 2001. https://www.healthlawyers.org/Members/PracticeGroups/THAMC/EmergencyPreparednessToolkit/Documents/V_EMAC/C_DCHAMutualAidMemoUnderstanding.pdf (Accessed August 17, 2015). Hodge, JG, Gable, LA, Cálves, SH. The Legal Framework for Meeting Surge Capacity through the Use of Volunteer Health Professionals during Public Health Emergencies and Other Disasters. J Contemp Health Law Policy Fall 2005; 22(1): 571.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Hurricane Katrina: HIPAA Privacy and Electronic Health Records of Evacuees, October 28, 2005, at http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/4258.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2013).Google Scholar
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) § 1600 provides disaster and emergency management and business continuity programs and the criteria to assess current programs or to develop, implement, and maintain aspects for prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, and recovery from emergencies. Voluntary private sector compliance with NFPA § 1600 recommendations was strongly encouraged by the U.S. Congress in passing the 9/11 bill, P.L. 110–53, 6 U.S.C 321k. However, The Joint Commission standards supersede any NFPA recommendations.Google Scholar
SOM, Appendix A, Interpretive Guidelines for Hospitals (guidance for § 482.41) and Appendix W, Interpretive Guidelines for Critical Access Hospitals (§ 485.623).Google Scholar
29 U.S.C § 651.Google Scholar
Sauer, LM, McCarthy, ML, Knebel, A, Brewster, P. Major influences on hospital emergency management and disaster preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2009; 3(2 Suppl.): S68S73.Google ScholarPubMed
Hodge, JG, , Jr., Garcia, AM, Anderson, ED, Kaufman, T. Emergency legal preparedness for hospitals and health care personnel. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2009; 3(2 Suppl.): S37S44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauer, LM, McCarthy, ML, Knebel, A, Brewster, P. Major influences on hospital emergency management and disaster preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2009; 3(2 Suppl.): S68S73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Title 22, Cal. Code Regs. §§ 7(a), 71539(a), and 72551.Google Scholar
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a25 (Accessed August 17, 2015).Google Scholar
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, HHS. Medicare Program: Clarifying Policies Related to the Responsibilities of Medicare-Participating hospitals in Treating Individuals with Emergency Medical Conditions. Federal Register September 9, 2003; 68(174), at https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2003/09/09/03-22594/medicare-program-clarifying-policies-related-to-the-responsibilities-of-medicare-participatingGoogle Scholar
42 CFR § 489.24.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 1320b-5.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Hurricane Katrina: HIPAA Privacy and Electronic Health Records of Evacuees, October 28, 2005, at http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/4258.pdf. (Accessed July 1, 2013).Google Scholar
Hassol, A, Zane, R. Reopening Shuttered Hospitals to Expand Surge Capacity. Prepared by Abt Associates Inc., under IDSRN Task Order No. 8. AHRQ Publication No. 06-0029. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. February 2006.Google Scholar
HSPD 8. This Bush Administration directive has been superseded by President Obama's Presidential Policy Directive 8, National Preparedness (PPD 8), at http://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness (Accessed August 17, 2015).Google Scholar
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107–88, 116 Stat. 594; see also Pandemic Flu and All-Hazards Preparedness Act, Pub. L. No. 109–417.Google Scholar
The consolidated appropriations act for fiscal year 2012 appropriated $1.7 billion for FEMA preparedness grants, $1.28 billion less than requested. See Pub. L. No. 112–74, 125 Stat. 786, 960 (2011).Google Scholar
42 USCA § 5122.Google Scholar
P.L. 93–288, as amended, 42 USC §§ 5121–5206 and related authorities.Google Scholar
44 CFR Part 13, “Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Cooperative Agreements to State and Local Governments.”Google Scholar
44 CFR § 13.36.Google Scholar
Ga. Code Ann., § 38–3–51. The California statute is even broader: it provides that the governor may “commandeer or utilize any private property or personnel deemed by him necessary in carrying out his responsibilities and the state shall pay the reasonable value thereof.” California Emergency Services Act, GC § 8572. The power granted to commandeer personnel is unusual in emergency management statutes, and the limitations on exercise of this authority are unclear.Google Scholar
Obama Administration: PPD 8, National Preparedness, at http://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness and Bush Administration: HSPD 5; HSPD 8. http://www.dhs.gov/presidential-policy-directive-8-national-preparedness (Accessed July 1, 2013).Google Scholar
California Emergency Services Act, GC § 8571.Google Scholar
Bragg, A. Experiencing the 2004 Florida Hurricanes: A Lawyers Perspective. In: Abbott, E, Hetzel, O, A Legal Guide to Homeland Security and Emergency Management for State and Local Governments, ABA Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Legal Preparedness for Public Health Emergencies: A Model for Minimum Competencies for Mid-Tier Public Health Professionals, Last Updated September 17, 2012, Editor: Montrece McNeill Ransom, JD, MPH, Associate Editor: Acasia B. Olson, MPH, CDC http://www.cdc.gov/phlp/docs/legal-preparedness-competencies.PDF (Accessed August 17, 2015).Google Scholar
Chang, EF, Backer, H, Bey, TA, and Koenig, KL. Maximizing Medical and Health Outcomes after a Catastrophic Disaster: Defining a New “Crisis Standard of Care.” Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 2008; 9(3): Article 18, at http://repositories.cdlib.org/uciem/westjem/vol9/iss3/art18. (Accessed November 25, 2008).Google Scholar
“American Lawyers” Public Information Series; Community panflu preparedness: A checklist of key legal issues for healthcare providers. 2008 American Health Lawyers Association, p. 20, fn 45, at http://www2a.cdc.gov/PHLP/docs/Pan-Flu08.pdf and http://www.healthlawyers.org/panfluchecklist (Accessed August 17, 2015).Google Scholar
A “tabletop” is so named because it does not try to recreate an emergency event by simulating the event and actually deploying response resources (ambulances, helicopters, doctors, nurses, and so forth); rather, a scenario is presented to participants representing their organizations. These participants – perhaps while sitting around a table – think through and describe how they would respond to an event and interact with other organizations. One such tabletop was conducted by the University of the District of Columbia's National Legal Preparedness Program in 2009; the report of this effort is “The Law and Catastrophic Disasters, Legal Issues in the Aftermath” by Ernest B. Abbott and Otto J. Hetzel. One segment of this Exercise focused on Public Health and Medical Care.Google Scholar

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Information Network. PHIN Messaging Guide for Syndromic Surveillance: Emergency Department, Urgent Care, Inpatient and Ambulatory Care Settings. ADT Messages A01, A03, A04 and A08. Optional ORU^R01 Message Notation for Laboratory Data. HL7 Version 2.5.1 (Version 2.3.1 Compatible) Release 2.0. April 21, 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/nssp/documents/guides/syndrsurvmessagguide2_messagingguide_phn.pdfGoogle Scholar
Elliott, AJ, Hughes, HE, Hughes, TC, et al. Establishing an emergency department syndromic surveillance system to support the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Emerg Med J 2012; 29(12): 954960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, GE, Cooper, DL, Loveridge, P. A national syndromic surveillance system for England and Wales using calls to a telephone helpline. Eurosurveillance 2006; 11(12): 220224.Google ScholarPubMed
Triple S Project. Assessment of syndromic surveillance in Europe. Lancet 2011; 378(9806): 18331834.Google Scholar
Josseran, L, Nicolau, J, Caillère, N, et al. Syndromic surveillance based on emergency department activity and crude mortality: two examples. Euro Surveil 2006; 11(12): 225229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rockx, B, van Asten, L, van den Wijngaard, C, et al. Syndromic surveillance in the Netherlands for the early detection of West Nile virus epidemics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2006; 6(2): 161169.Google ScholarPubMed
Wu, TSJ, Shih, FYF, Yen, MY, et al. Establishing a nationwide emergency department-based syndromic surveillance system for better public health responses in Taiwan. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 18.Google ScholarPubMed
Bravata, D, McDonald, K, Smith, W, et al. Systematic review; surveillance systems for early detection of bioterrorism-related diseases. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140(11): 910922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, M, Kaufman, Z. Surveillance for early detection and monitoring of infectious disease outbreaks associated with bioterrorism. Isr Med Assoc J 2002; 4(7): 503506.Google ScholarPubMed
Irvin, C, Nouhan, P, Rice, K. Syndromic analysis of computerized emergency department patients’ chief complaints: an opportunity for bioterrorism and influenza surveillance. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41(4): 447452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begier, E, Sockwell, D, Branch, L, et al. The National Capitol Region's Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance System: do chief complain and discharge diagnosis yield different results? Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9(3): 393396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, R, Bocchino, C, Caldwell, B, et al. Syndromic surveillance using minimum transfer of identifiable data: the example of the National Bioterrorism Syndromic Surveillance Demonstration Program. J Urban Health 2003; 80(2 Suppl. 1): i25i31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lober, W, Trigg, L, Karras, B, et al. Syndromic surveillance using automated collection of computerized discharge diagnoses. J Urban Health 2003; 80(2 Suppl. 1): i97i106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buehler, J, Berkelman, R, Hartley, D, Peters, C. Syndromic surveillance and bioterrorism-related epidemics. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9(10): 11971204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is syndromic surveillance? MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 711.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. New York City syndromic surveillance systems. MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 2527.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress in understanding and using over-the-counter pharmaceuticals for syndromic surveillance. MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 117122.Google Scholar
Hope, K, Durrheim, DN, d'Espaignet, ET, Dalton, C. Syndromic surveillance: is it a useful tool for local outbreak detection? J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60: 374375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buehler, JW, Whitney, EA, Smith, D, et al. Situational uses of syndromic surveillance. Biosecur and Bioterror: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2009; 7(2): 165177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Society for Disease Surveillance. Syndromic Surveillance for meaningful use: background and resources. ISDS Brief. April 2012. www.syndromic.org (Accessed November 16, 2012).Google Scholar
Lenert, L, Sundwall, DN. Opportunity Forged by Crisis: Public Health Surveillance and Meaningful Use Regulations: A Crisis of Opportunity. Am J Public Health 2012; 102(3): e1e7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H, Zeng, D. Yan, P. Public Health Syndromic Surveillance Systems. In: Infectious Disease Informatics: Syndromic Surveillance for Public Health and BioDefense, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, New York, 2010. http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781441912770 (Accessed August 20, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. BioSense 2.0. http://www.cdc.gov/biosense/biosense20.html (Accessed July 16, 2014).Google Scholar
Chan, EH, Brewer, TF, Madoff, LC, et al. Global capacity for emerging infectious disease detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010; 107(50): 2170121706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donahue, DA. BioWatch and the Brown Cap. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 2011; 8(1): Article 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, TC, Hodanics, CJ, Babin, SM, et al. Developing open source, self-contained disease surveillance software applications for use in resource-limited settings. BMC Med Inform and Decis Making 2012; 12: 99.Google ScholarPubMed
Lewis, SL, Feighner, BH, Loschen, WA, et al. SAGES: A suite of freely-available software tools for electronic disease surveillance in resource-limited settings. PLoS One 2011; 6(5): e19750. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, W, Nie, S, Xu, B, et al. Establishing a web-based integrated surveillance system for early detection of infectious disease epidemic in rural China: a field experimental study. BMC Med Inform and Decis Making 2012; 12: 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vourc'h, G, Bridges, V, Gibbens, J, et al. Detecting emerging diseases in farm animals through clinical observations. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(2): 204210.Google ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information system architectures for syndromic surveillance. MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 203208.Google Scholar
Forslund, D, Joyce, E, Burr, T, et al. Setting standards for improved syndromic surveillance. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2004; 23(1): 6570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandl, K, Overhage, JM, Wagner, M, et al. Implementing syndromic surveillance: a practical guide informed by the early experience. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2004; 11(2): 141150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Department of Homeland Security. National Biosurveillance Integration Center. http://www.dhs.gov/national-biosurveillance-integration-center (Accessed July 16, 2014).Google Scholar
Reis, B, Mandl, K. Time series modeling for syndromic surveillance. BMC Med Inform Decis Making 2003; 3: 2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinman, K, Lazarus, R, Platt, R. A generalized linear mixed models approach for detecting incident clusters of disease in small areas, with an application to biological terrorism. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159(3): 217224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reis, B, Mandl, K. Syndromic Surveillance: The effects of syndrome grouping on model accuracy and outbreak detection. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 44(3): 235241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, S, Shmueli, G. Statistical issues and challenges associated with rapid detection of bio-terrorist attacks. Statist Med 2005; 24: 513529.Google Scholar
Hutwagner, L, Thompson, W, Seeman, G, Treadwell, T. A simulation model for assessing aberration detection methods used in public health surveillance for systems with limited baselines. Statist Med 2005; 24: 543550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bivariate method for spatio-temporal syndromic surveillance MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 6166.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Role of data aggregation in biosurveillance detection strategies with applications from ESSENCE. MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 6773.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Scan statistics for temporal surveillance for biologic terrorism. MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 7478.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Approaches to syndromic surveillance when data consist of small regional counts. MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 7985.Google Scholar
Mandl, KD, Reis, B, Cassa C: Measuring Outbreak-Detection Performance by Using Controlled Feature Set Simulations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl): 130136. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su5301a26.htm (Accessed August 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Benchmark data and power calculations for evaluating disease outbreak detection methods. MMWR 2004; 53(Suppl.): 144151.Google Scholar
Kleinman, K, Abrams, A, Kulldorff, M, Platt, R. A model-adjusted space-time scan statistic with an application to syndromic surveillance. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133(3): 409419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of multiple data streams to conduct Bayesian biologic surveillance. MMWR 2005; 54(Suppl.): 6369.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deciphering data anomalies in BioSense. MMWR 2005; 54(Suppl.): 133139.Google Scholar
Najmi, A-H, Magruder, S. An adaptive prediction and detection algorithm for multistream syndromic surveillance. BMC Med Inform Decis Making 2005; 5: 33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginsberg, J, Mohebbi, MH, Patel, RS, et al. Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature 2009; 457(7232): 10121014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownstein, JS, Freifeld, CC, Madoff, LC. Digital Disease Detection – Harnessing the web for public health surveillance. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(21): 21532157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, CD, Cook, DJ, Mikler, AR, Singh, KP. Using web and social media for influenza surveillance. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010; 680: 559564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, D. When Google got flu wrong. Nature 2013; 494(7436): 155156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freifeld, CC, Chunara, R, Mekaru, SR, et al. Participatory epidemiology : use of mobile phones for community based health reporting. PLoS Medicine 2010; 7(12): e1000376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, S. Tracking the global express: new tools addressing disease threats across the world. Epidemiology 2010; 21(6): 769771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, M, Li, Y-J, Kiang, M. Uncovering social media data for public health surveillance. PACIS 201 Proceedings, Paper 218. 2011. http://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2011/218 (Accessed November 16, 2012).Google Scholar
Kool, JL, Paterson, B, Pavlin, BI, et al. Pacific-wide simplified syndromic surveillance for early warning of outbreaks. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice 2012; 7(7): 670681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, MJ, Dredze, M. You are what you tweet: analyzing Twitter for public health. Proceedings of the 5th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. 2011. http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/view/2880/3264 (Accessed August 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Potts, JA, Gibbons, RV, Rothman, AL, et al. Prediction of Dengue disease severity among pediatric Thai patients using early clinical laboratory indicators. Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4(8): e769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gharbi, M, Quenel, P, Gustave, J, et al. Time series analysis of dengue incidence in Guadeloupe, French West Indies: forecasting models using climate variables as predictors. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamage, S, Mohtashemi, M, Simbartl, L, Kralovic, S, Wallace, K, Roselle, G. Analysis of dengue in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients in Puerto Rico. Emerging Health Threats Journal 2011; 4: 11184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Q, Liu, X, Jiang, B, Yang, W. Forecasting incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China using ARIMA model. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoto, MA, Dempsey, JX, Baer, A, et al. Expert meeting on privacy, confidentiality and other legal ethical issues in syndromic surveillance. Report from an International Society for Disease Surveillance Consultation, Washington, DC, October 4–5, 2007. Advances in Disease Surveillance 2009; 7(2). http://faculty.washington.edu/lober/www.isdsjournal.org/htdocs/articles/6217.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Francis, LP, Battin, MP, Jacobson, J, Smith, C. Syndromic surveillance and patients as victims and vectors. Bioethical Inquiry 2009; 6: 187195. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1517420 (Accessed August 21, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Sanddal, TL, Loyacono, T, Sanddal, ND. Effect of JumpSTART training on immediate and short-term pediatric triage performance. Pediatr Emerg Care November2004; 20(11): 749753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Risavi, BL, Salen, PN, Heller, MB, et al. A two-hour intervention using START improves prehospital triage of mass casualty incidents. Prehosp Emerg Care April–June 2001; 5(2): 197199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schenker, JD, Goldstein, S, Braun, J, et al. Triage accuracy at a multiple casualty incident disaster drill: the Emergency Medical Service, Fire Department of New York City experience. J Burn Care Res September-October 2006; 27(5): 570575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, LA, Carley, S. Comparison of paediatric major incident primary triage tools. Emerg Med J June 2006; 23(6): 475478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, A, Lee, A, Harrison, K, et al. Comparative analysis of multiple-casualty incident triage algorithms. Ann Emerg Med November 2001; 38(5): 541548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, KP, Cicero, MX. Head-to-Head Comparison of Disaster Triage Methods in Pediatric, Adult, and Geriatric Patients. Ann Emerg Med June 2013; 61(6): 668676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, CA, Schultz, CH, Miller, KT, et al. Does START triage work? An outcomes assessment after a disaster. Ann Emerg Med September 2009; 54(3): 424430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domestic Preparedness Training Program: Instructor Guide. Arsenal, Edgewood, Maryland. U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command, Department of Defense, 1998.Google Scholar
Mor, M, Waisman, Y. Triage principles in multiple casualty situations involving children – the Israeli experience. August 2002. http://www.pemdatabase.org/files/triage.pdf (Accessed October 20, 2013).Google Scholar
Asaeda, G. The day that the START triage system came to a STOP: observations from the World Trade Center disaster. Acad Emerg Med March 2002; 9(3): 255256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, L. The World Trade Center attack. The paramedic response: an insider's view. Critical care (London, England) December 2001; 5(6): 301303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teague, DC. Mass casualties in the Oklahoma City bombing. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research May 2004; 422: 7781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, CH, Koenig, KL, Noji, EK. A medical disaster response to reduce immediate mortality after an earthquake. N Engl J Med February 15, 1996; 334(7): 438444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nocera, A, Garner, A. An Australian mass casualty incident triage system for the future based upon triage mistakes of the past: the Homebush Triage Standard. Aust N Z J Surg August 1999; 69(8): 603608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, MD, Garner, AA, Morrison, I, et al. The Bali bombing: civilian aeromedical evacuation. Med J Aust October 6, 2003; 179(7): 353356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hines, S, Payne, A, Edmondson, J, et al. Bombs under London. The EMS response plan that worked. Jems August 2005; 30(8): 5860, 62, 6457.Google ScholarPubMed
Sacco, WJ, Navin, DM, Fiedler, KE, et al. Precise formulation and evidence-based application of resource-constrained triage. Acad Emerg Med August 2005; 12(8): 759770.Google ScholarPubMed
Lindsey, J. New triage method considers available resources. Jems July2005; 30(7): 9294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacco, WJ, Navin, DM, WaddellII, RK, et al. A new resource-constrained triage method applied to victims of penetrating injury. J Trauma August 2007; 63(2): 316325.Google ScholarPubMed
Hodgetts, TJ. Triage: a position statement. European Union Core Group on Disaster Medicine(2002). http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/civil_protection/civil/prote/pdfdocs/disaster_med_final_2002/d6.pdf (Accessed August 16, 2015).Google Scholar
SALT mass casualty triage: concept endorsed by the American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, American Trauma Society, National Association of EMS Physicians, National Disaster Life Support Education Consortium, and State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association. Disaster Med Public Health Prep December 2008; 2(4): 245246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, EB, Cone, DC, Weinstein, ES, et al. Mass casualty triage: an evaluation of the science and refinement of a national guideline. Disaster Med Public Health Prep June 2011; 5(2): 129137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benson, M, Koenig, KL, Schultz, CH. Disaster triage: START, then SAVE–a new method of dynamic triage for victims of a catastrophic earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med April–June 1996; 11(2): 117124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romig, LE. Pediatric triage. A system to JumpSTART your triage of young patients at MCIs. Jems July 2002; 27(7): 5258, 6053.Google ScholarPubMed
Wallis, LA, Carley, S. Validation of the Paediatric Triage Tape. Emerg Med J January 2006; 23(1): 4750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgetts, TJ, Hall, J, Maconochie, I, et al. Paediatric triage tape. Prehospital Immediate Care 1998; 2: 155159.Google Scholar
Jagger, J, Jane, JA, Rimel, R. The Glasgow coma scale: to sum or not to sum? Lancet July 9, 1983; 2(8341): 97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Salamah, MA, McDowell, I, Stiell, IG, et al. Initial emergency department trauma scores from the OPALS study: the case for the motor score in blunt trauma. Acad Emerg Med August 2004; 11(8): 834842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meredith, W, Rutledge, R, Hansen, AR, et al. Field triage of trauma patients based upon the ability to follow commands: a study in 29573 injured patients. J Trauma January 1995; 38(1): 129135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, SE, Leipold, C, Terregino, C, et al. Efficacy of the motor component of the Glasgow Coma Scale in trauma triage. J Trauma July 1998; 45(1): 4244.Google ScholarPubMed
Healey, C, Osler, TM, Rogers, FB, et al. Improving the Glasgow Coma Scale score: motor score alone is a better predictor. J Trauma April 2003; 54(4): 671678, discussion 678680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Husum, H, Gilbert, M, Wisborg, T, et al. Respiratory rate as a prehospital triage tool in rural trauma. J Trauma September 2003; 55(3): 466470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxt, WG, Upenieks, V. The lack of full correlation between the Injury Severity Score and the resource needs of injured patients. Annals of Emerg Med December 1990; 19(12): 13961400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bracken, MB, Shepard, MJ, Collins, WF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med May 17, 1990; 322(20): 14051411.Google ScholarPubMed
Sasser, SM, Hunt, RC, Faul, M, et al. Guidelines for field triage of injured patients: recommendations of the National Expert Panel on Field Triage, 2011. MMWR Recomm Rep January 13, 2012; 61(RR-1): 120.Google Scholar
Cone, DC, Koenig, KL. Mass casualty triage in the chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear environment. Eur J Emerg Med December 2005; 12(6): 287302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cone, DC, MacMillan, DS, Parwani, V, et al. Pilot test of a proposed chemical/biological/radiation/nuclear-capable mass casualty triage system. Prehosp Emerg Care April–June 2008; 12(2): 236240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkle, FM. Population-based triage management in response to surge-capacity requirements during a large-scale bioevent disaster. Acad Emerg Med November 2006; 13(11): 11181129.Google ScholarPubMed

References

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. OSHA Technical Manual, Section VIII, Chapter 1, Chemical Protective Clothing. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_viii/otm_viii_1.html (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Hazardous Substances Emergency Event Surveillance (HSEES), Annual Report 2009. Available at: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/HSEES/annual2009.html (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA Best Practices for Hospital-Based First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving the Release of Hazardous Substances. U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA 3249–08N, 2005. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/firstreceivers_hospital.pdf (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Personal Protective Equipment, 1910.132, General Requirements. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9777 (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
The History of PPE. The Fire Call. Spring 2010. Available at: http://www.iafpd.org/PDFs/The%20History%20of%20PPE.pdf (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Herris, WP. How Regulation and Innovation Have Shaped Respiratory Protection. EHS Today. January 1, 2009. Available at: http://ehstoday.com/print/ppe/respirators/regulation_innovation_shaped (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Smart, J. History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective. In: Textbook of Military Medicine, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997; 986.Google Scholar
Harriman, KH, Brosseeau, LM. Controversy: Respiratory Protection for Healthcare Workers, Medscape. April 28, 2011. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741245_1 (Accessed August 16, 2015).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Precautions to Prevent the Spread of MRSA in Healthcare Settings. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/clinicians/precautions.html (Accessed August 16, 2015).Google Scholar
Bell, DM, Kozarsky, PE, Stephens, DS. Clinical Issues in the Prophylaxis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis February 2002; 8(2): 222225. Available at: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2732453 (Accessed April 8, 2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Radiation Emergency Medical Management; Guidance on Diagnosis & Treatment for Health Care Providers; Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in a Radiation Emergency. Available at: http://www.remm.nlm.gov/radiation_ppe.htm (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. Vol 29 CFR Part 1910.120: U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=9765 (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Respiratory Protection. OSHA 3079, US Department of Labor. 2002 (Revised). Available at: http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3079.pdf (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Yeung, RSD, Chan, JTS, Lee, LLY, Chan, YL. The use of personal protective equipment in Hazmat incidents. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine July 2002; 9(3): 171176. Available at: http://www.fmshk.org/database/articles/v09n03012.pdf (Accessed April 8, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/default.html (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Occupational Safety & Health. Global Classification Systems for Chemical Protective Apparel. Available at: http://ohsonline.com/Articles/2011/08/01/Global-Classification-Systems-for-Chemical-Protective-Apparel.aspx (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
National Fire Protection Agency. Standards 1991, 1992, and 1994. Available at: http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/list_of_codes_and_standards.asp (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Chemical Protective Clothing. Available at: http://protective.ansell.com/en/knowledge/standards/chemical-protective-suits (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Certified Safety: Understanding EN and NFPA standards for chemical protective suits. CBRNe World. August 14, 2012. Available at: http://www.cbrneworld.com/news/certified_safety_understanding_en_and_nfpa_standards_for_chemical_protectiv#axzz2PuEHw31l (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the Selection and Use of Respirators and Protective Clothing for Protection Against Biological Agents. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-132 (Accessed August 16, 2015).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Strategies for Seasonal Influenza in Healthcare Settings. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/healthcaresettings.htm (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Loeb, M, Dafoe, N, Mahony, J, et al. Surgical Mask vs N95 Respirator for Preventing Influenza Among Health Care Worker; A Randomized Trial. JAMA 2009; 302(17): 18651871. Available at: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=184819 (Accessed April 8, 2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derrick, JL, Gomersall, CD. Protecting Healthcare Staff From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Filtration Capacity of Multiple Surgical Masks. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59: 365368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derrick, JL, Chan, YF, Gomersall, CD, Lui, SF. Predictive Value of the User Seal Check in Determining Half-Face Respirator Fit. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59: 152155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cluster of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Cases Among Protected Health-Care Workers – Toronto, Canada. MMWR Morb Wkly Rep April 2003; 52: 433436.Google Scholar
Loeb, M, McGeer, A, Henry, B, et al. SARS Among Critical Care Nurses, Toronto. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 251255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teleman, MD, Boudville, IC, Heng, BH, et al. Factors Associated with Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome among Health Care Workers in Singapore. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132: 797803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ontario Health Care Health and Safety Committee Under Section 21 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act. Guidance Note for Workplace Parties #5. Application of Hazard Control Principles, including the Precautionary Principle to Infectious Agents. October 2011. Available at: http://www.healthandsafetyontario.ca/HSO/media/PSHSA/pdfS/HCS21_HazardControlPrinciples_Eng.pdf (Accessed April 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Grow, RW, Rubinson, L. The Challenge of Hospital Infection Control During a Response to Bioterrorist Attacks. Biosecur and Bioterror: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2003; 1(3): 215220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chemical Protective Clothing (Inspection, Storage, and Maintenance). OSHA Technical Manual, Section VIII: Chapter 1. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, United States Department of Labor. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_viii/otm_viii_1.html (Accessed August 16, 2015).Google Scholar
Goldfrank, LR, Liverman, CT. Using PPE: Individual and Institutional Issues. In: Preparing for an Influenza Pandemic: Personal Protective Equipment by Healthcare Workers. Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC; The National Academies Press, 2008; 113146.Google Scholar

References

Wald, ML. Tighter Rule on Hazardous Rail Cargo Is Ready. New York Times. December 15, 2006. www.nytimes.com/2006/12/15/us/15rail.html/?_r=0&pagewanted=print (Accessed March 14, 2013).Google Scholar
The Future of the European Chemical Industry, KPMG International, 2010. www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/future-european-chemical-industry.pdf (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Malone, R. World's Worst Waste. Forbes. May 24, 2006. www.forbes.com/2006/05/23/waste-worlds-worst-cx_rm_0524waste.html (Accessed March 14, 2013).Google Scholar
Levitin, H, Siegelson, H: Hazardous materials emergencies. Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2002; 258273.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Hazardous Substances Emergency Event Surveillance Annual Report. 2009. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/HSEES/annual2009.html (Accessed March 14, 2013).Google Scholar
Health Protection Agency: Health Protection Agency Records an Increase in Chemical Incidents. May 20, 2008. www.hpa.org.uk/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2008PressReleases/080520ChemIncidents (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Baumgarten, S. European Chemical Accidents Fall Further on EU Seveso Directive. ICIS News. August 17, 2010; 20: 09. http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2010/08/17/9385916/european-chemical-accidents-fall-further-on-eu-seveso-directive/ (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Koenig, KL. Strip and shower: the duck and cover for the 21st century. Ann Emerg Med September 2003; 42(3): 391394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OSHA Best Practices for Hospital-Based First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving the Release of Hazardous Substances. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA 3249–08N, 2005. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/firstreceivers_hospital.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Cox, RD. Decontamination and management of hazardous materials exposure victims in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23: 761770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patient Decontamination in a Mass Chemical Exposure Incident: National Planning Guidance for Communities. Department of Health & Human Services. Draft/For Public Comment, v. 17, February 21, 2014.Google Scholar
Guidelines for Mass Casualty Decontamination During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident. U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM), Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, January 2000. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/sbccom_decon.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Levitin, H, Siegelson, H, Dickinson, S, et al. Decontamination of Mass Casualties – Re-evaluating Existing Dogma. Prehosp and Disaster Med July–September 2003; 18(3): 199207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurst, G. Decontamination. Textbook of Military Medicine, Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Office of the U.S. Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1997; 351359.Google Scholar
Lake, W. Chemical Weapons Improved Response Program. Guidelines for Mass Casualty Decontamination During a Terrorist Chemical Agent Incident. Domestic Preparedness Program, U.S. Soldier Biological and Chemical Command, 2000.Google Scholar
Clarke, S, Chilcott, R, Wilson, J, et al. Decontamination of Multiple Casualties Who Are Chemically Contaminated: A Challenge for Acute Hospitals. Prehosp and Disaster Med March–April 2008; 23(2): 175181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Institute of Medicine. National Research Council. Chemical and Biological Terrorism. Research and Development in Improved Civilian Medical Response, Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1999: 97109.Google Scholar
Gruber, R, Laub, D. The effect of hydrotherapy on the clinical course and pH of experimental cutaneous chemical burns. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 55(2): 200204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amlot, R, Larner, J, Matar, H, et al. Comparative Analysis of Showering Protocols for Mass-Casualty Decontamination. Prehosp and Disaster Med September–October 2010; 25(5): 435439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, L, Scheulen, J, Munster, A. Chemical burns: Effect of prompt first aid. J Trauma 1982; 22(5): 420423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, K, O'Reilly, T, Munster, A. Chemical burns. A ten-year experience. Ann Surg 1987; 53(11): 652653.Google ScholarPubMed
Fredrikson, T. Percutaneous absorption of parathion and paraxon. Arch Environ Health 1961; 3: 6770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, V, Box, V, Simpson, BJ. Decontamination procedures for skin exposed to phenolic substances. Arch Environ Health 1975; 30: 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correri, P, Morris, M, Pruitt, B. The treatment of chemical burns: Specialized diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic considerations. J Trauma 1970; 30: 634642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wexter, R, Malbach, H. In-vivo percutaneous absorption and decontamination of pesticides in humans. J Toxicol Environ of Health 1985; 16: 2537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, L, Zesch, Rozman K. Decontamination of human skin exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzene-p-diuain (CDD) in vitro. Arch of Env Health 1992; 47(4): 302308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nocera, A, Levitin, H, Hilton, M. Dangerous Bodies: A case of fatal aluminum phosphide poisoning. Med J of Australia 2000; 173(3): 133135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, M., Cisek, J, Wabeke, R. Simulated exposure of hospital emergency personnel to solvent vapors and respirable dust during decontamination of chemically exposed patients. Annals Emerg Med September 1995; 26(3): 324329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Radiation Emergency Medical Management, Guidance on Diagnosis & Treatment for Health Care Providers, Decontamination Procedures. www.remm.nlm.gov/ext_contamination.htm (Accessed on March 14, 2013).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Emerging Infectious Disease. Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/10/02-0353_article.htm (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Bartholomew, RE. Mystery illness at Melbourne Airport: toxic poisoning or mass hysteria? Med J Aust December 5–19, 2005;183(11–12): 564566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. Occupational Safety & Health Administration Vol 29 CFR Part 1910.120, U.S. Department of Labor. http://www.nps.gov/policy/DOrders/HAZWOPR.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Designing an Effective PPE Program. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. January 2011. www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/Prevention/ppe/designin.html (Accessed March 14, 2013).Google Scholar
Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health, Ministry of Labour Ordinance No. 32 & 212, Chapter II. Japan International Center for Occupational Safety and Health, Government of Japan. https://www.jniosh.go.jp/icpro/jicosh-old/english/law/IndustrialSafetyHealth_Ordinance/index.html (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency Preparedness and Response. http://www.bt.cdc.gov (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). http://www.usamriid.army.mil (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
US Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/Mhmi/mmg166.html (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Chemical Safety Alert: First Responders' Environmental Liability Due To Mass Decontamination Runoff. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA 550-F-00–009. July 2000. http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-11/documents/onepage.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Auf der Heide, E. Disaster planning, Part II. Disaster problems, issues, and challenges identified in the research literature. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1996; 14(2): 453480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okumura, T, Suzuki, K, Fukuda, A, et al. The Tokyo subway sarin attack: disaster management, Part 2: Hospital response. Acad Emerg Med 1998; 5(6): 618624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okumura, T, Takasu, N, Ishimatsu, S, et al. Report on 640 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 28(2): 129135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, KL, Boatright, CJ, Hancock, JA, et al. Healthcare facility-based decontamination of victims exposed to chemical, biological, and radiological material. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26(1): 7180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavoie, FW, Coomes, T, Cisek, JE, et. al. Emergency department external decontamination for hazardous chemical exposure. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34: 6164.Google ScholarPubMed
Freyberg, C, Arquilla, B, Fertel, B, et.al. Disaster Preparedness: Hospital Decontamination and the Pediatric Patient – Guidelines for Hospitals and Emergency Planners. Prehosp and Disaster Med March–April 2008; 23(2): 166173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Languages throughout the World. University of Pennsylvania Department of Linguistics. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/ling001/world_languages.html (Accessed January 9, 2013).Google Scholar
Hearing Loss Numbers in Different Countries. Hear-it AISBL. http://www.hear-it.org/Hearing-loss-in-different-countries (Accessed March 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Bulson, J, Bulson, TC, Vande Guchte, KS: Hospital-based special needs patient decontamination: Lessons from the shower. Am J Disaster Med 2010 November–December; 5(6): 353360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, K, Balfanz-Vertiz, K, Humrickhouse, R, et.al. Decontamination with At-Risk Populations: Lessons Learned. The Internet Journal of Rescue and Disaster Medicine 2008; 9(1). http://ispub.com/IJRDM/9/1/12519 (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Menu of Suggested Provisions For State Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Laws. July 6, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/programs/laws/menu/social.htm (Accessed August 17, 2015).Google Scholar
Gostin, LO. Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint. 2nd ed. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2008.Google Scholar
WHO. The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future, Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. Geneva, 2007.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future, Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
CDC. Smallpox Response Plan. March 2003. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/response-plan/files/guide-c-part-2.pdf (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
Network for Public Health Law. The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, Summary Matrix. June 2012. http://www.networkforphl.org/_asset/80p3y7/Western-Region–MSEHPA-States-Table-8-10-12.pdf (Accessed December 18, 2009).Google Scholar
The Centers for Law and the Public's Health: A Collaborative at Johns Hopkins and Georgetown Universities. The Turning Point Model State Public Health Act. January 27, 2010. http://www.publichealthlaw.net/ModelLaws/MSPHA.php (Accessed December 18, 2012).Google Scholar
Koenig KL. Health Care Worker Quarantine for Ebola: To Eradicate the Virus or Alleviate Fear? Annals Emerg Med, March 2015; 65(3): 330331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CDC. Public Health Guidance of Community-Level Preparedness and Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Version 2, Supplement D: Community Containment Measures, Including Non-Hospital Isolation and Quarantine. January 8, 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/guidance/D/pdf/d.pdf (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
WHO. International Health Regulations (2005), Annex 2. http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/WHA58-en.pdf (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
WHO. The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future, Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. Geneva, WHO, 2007.Google Scholar
Fidler, DP, Gostin, LO. The New International Health Regulations: An historic development for international law and public health. J Law Med Ethics 2006; 33(4): 8594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO. Frequently asked questions about the International Health Regulations. 2005. http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/howtheywork/faq/en/index.html#whatis (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
WHO. The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future, Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. Geneva, WHO, 2007.Google Scholar
Barbera, J, Macintyre, A, Gostin, L, et al. Large-scale quarantine following biological terrorism in the United States: scientific examination, logistic and legal limits, and possible consequences. JAMA 2001; 286: 27112717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jew Ho v. Williamson, 103 F. 10 (C.C.N.D. Cal. 1900).Google Scholar
All-Clear Given for Plane Quarantined at Midway. April 26, 2002. http://www.nbcchicago.com/traffic/transit/ohare-international-airport-delta-flight-quarantine-149141115.html (Accessed August 20, 2015).Google Scholar
CDC. Have you Heard? CDC Response to Sick Passenger on Delta Plane in Chicago. April 26, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/media/haveyouheard/2012.html (Accessed August 20, 2015).Google Scholar
Gostin, LO, Bayer, R, Fairchild, AM. Ethical and legal challenges posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome: implications for the control of severe infectious disease threats. JAMA 2003; 290: 32293237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodge, JG. Global legal triage in response to the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Tech 2010; 11(2): 599628.Google Scholar
Pourbohloul, B, Meyers, LA, Skowronski, DM, Krajden, M, Patrick, DM, Brunham, R. Modeling control strategies of respiratory pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 12491256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kretzschmar, M, van den Hof, S, Wallinga, J, van Wijngaarden, J. Ring vaccination and smallpox control. Emerg Infect Dis; May 2004; 10(5): 832841. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/5/03-0419_article.htm (Accessed December 18, 2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Standing Together: An Emergency Planning Guide for America's Communities. Joint Commission. 2005. http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/planning_guide.pdf (Accessed August 20, 2015).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Pandemic Influenza Plan Supplement 4 Infection Control. http://www.hhs.gov/pandemicflu/plan/sup4.html (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
Nathawad, R, Roblin, P, Pruitt, D, Arquilla, B. Addressing the gaps for preparation in quarantine. Prehosp and Disaster Med 2013; 28(2): 132138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO. Weekly Epidemiological Record. May 30, 2003. http://www.who.int/docstore/wer/pdf/2003/wer7822.pdf (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
CDC. Public Health Guidance of Community-Level Prepared-ness and Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Version 2, Supplement D: Community Containment Measures, Including Non-Hospital Isolation and Quarantine. January 8, 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/sars/guidance/d-quarantine/lessons.pdf (Accessed August 20, 2015.)Google Scholar
Pandey, A, et al. Strategies for Containing Ebola in West Africa. Science 2014; 346(6212): 991995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Id. at 995.Google Scholar
CDC. Ebola Virus Disease, Signs and Symptoms. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/Ebola/symptoms/index.html (Accessed November 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Details of Duncan's Treatment Reveal a Wobbly First Response to Ebola. New York Times. October 25, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/10/25/us/ebola-dallas-timeline.html (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Sack, K, Healy, J, Robles, F. Life in Quarantine for Ebola Exposure: 21 Days of Fear and Loathing. New York Times. October 18, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/us/life-in-quarantine-for-ebola-exposure-21-days-of-fear-and-loathing.html (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Schmall, E. Ebola Victim's Fiancée Struggles to Rebuild Life. Associated Press. October 31, 2014. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cdccd2330e06495686f626621398a9a2/ebola-victims-fiancée-struggles-rebuild-life (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Gostin, LO. Global Health Law: International Law, Global Institutions, and World Health. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, March 2014. http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php–isbn=9780674728844 (Accessed August 19, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gostin, LO, Burris, S, and Lazzarini, Z. The Law and the Public's Health: A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States. Columbia Law Review 1999. https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=99+Colum.+L.+Rev.+59&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=95d4cbe647d743f96b2078d262aca3f0; January, 1999, 99 Colum, L. Rev. 59. Reich DS. Modernizing Local Responses to Public Health Emergencies: Bioterrorism. Epidemics, and the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 2003; 19: 379414.Google Scholar
Hodge, JG, Gostin, LO, Gebbie, K, Erickson, DL. Transforming public health law: The turning point model state public health act. J Law, Med & Ethics 2006; 33(4): 7784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Network for Public Health Law. The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, Summary Matrix. June 2012. http://www.networkforphl.org/_asset/80p3y7/Western-Region–MSEHPA-States-Table-8–10–12.pdf (Accessed December 18, 2009).Google Scholar
Quarantine Act, S.C. 2005, c. 20. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/Q-1.1.pdf (Accessed February 4, 2013).Google Scholar
Quarantine Act, S.C. 2005, c. 20, s. 26.Google Scholar
Quarantine Act, S.C. 2005, c. 20, s. 28.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 264 (2012).Google Scholar
An Act Granting Additional Quarantine Powers and Imposing Additional Duties upon the Marine Hospital Service. See Compagnie Francaise de Navigation a Vapeur v. State Board of Health, Louisiana, 186 U.S. 380, 395–96 (1902).Google Scholar
Hennington v. Georgia, 163 U.S. 299 (1896) (holding that state police power regulation affecting commerce is valid until superseded by Congress); see also Cowles, WH. State quarantine laws and the federal constitution. Am L Rev 1891; 25: 4573.Google Scholar
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1, 205–206 (1824) (“congress may control the state [quarantine] laws…for the regulation of commerce.”); Compagnie Francaise De Navigation a Vapeur v. Louisiana State Board of Health, 186 U.S. 380 (1902); United States v. Shinnick, 219 F. Supp. 789 (1963).Google Scholar
CDC. U.S. Quarantine Stations Fact Sheet. December 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/resources/Quarantine_Stations_Fact_Sheet.pdf (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
IOM. Quarantine Stations at Ports of Entry Protecting the Public's Health, Executive Summary. September 2005. http://www.iom.edu/CMS/3783/22845/29602.aspx (Accessed January 14, 2009).Google Scholar
Public Health Service Act §§361–368 (42 U.S.C. 264–271) (authorizing HHS secretary to make and enforce regulations to prevent the introduction or transmission of communicable diseases from foreign countries and from one state into another); U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Control of Communicable Diseases (Proposed Rule), 42 CFR Parts 70 and 71 (November 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Gostin, LO. Federal Executive Power and Communicable Disease Control: CDC Quarantine Regulations, Hastings Center Report 2006; 36(2): 1011.Google ScholarPubMed
Executive Order 13295 as amended, Revised List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3 (2003); Executive Order No. 13375 of April 1, 2005: Amendment to Executive Order No. 13295 Relating to Certain Influenza Viruses and Quarantinable Communicable Diseases. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3 (2005).Google Scholar
Executive Order No.13295, 68 Fed. Reg. 68 (April 4, 2003). http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2003–04–09/pdf/03–8832.pdf (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Barbisch, D, Shih, F, Koenig, KL. Is There a Case for Quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2015; 9(5): 547553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fidler, DP, Gostin, LO, Markel, H. Through the Quarantine Looking Glass: Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Public Health Governance, Law, and Ethics. J Law, Med & Ethics 2007; 35: 526533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidgood, J, Philipps, D. Judge in Maine Eases Restrictions on Nurse. New York Times. October 31, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/us/ebola-maine-nurse-kaci-hickox.html (Accessed August 19, 2015).Google Scholar
Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 491 (1980) (holding that an inmate was entitled to due process before transfer to mental institution); see Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 425 (1979) (holding that civil commitment is a “significant deprivation of liberty”).Google Scholar
Burris, S. Fear itself: AIDS, herpes and public health decisions. Yale Law and Policy Review 1985; 3: 479518. See Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407 (2002) (to commit repeat sex offenders, the state must demonstrate “proof of serious difficulty in controlling behavior” which can distinguish a committable offender from a typical recidivist).Google ScholarPubMed
WHO. The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future, Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. Geneva, WHO, 2007.Google Scholar

References

Inglesby, T, O'Toole, T, Henderson, D, et al. Consensus statement–anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002 update recommendations for management. JAMA 2002; 287(17): 22362252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clawson, A, Menachemi, N, Beitsch, L, Brooks, RG. Are community health centers prepared for bioterrorism? Biosecur Bioterror 2006; 4(1): 5563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sepkowitz, KA. The 1947 smallpox vaccination campaign in New York City, revisited. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10(5): 960961.Google Scholar
Fenner, F, Henderson, DA, Arita, I, Jezek, Z, Ladnyi, ID. Smallpox and Its Eradication. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1988.Google Scholar
Sencer, DJ, Millar, JD. Reflections on the 1976 swine flu vaccination program. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(1): 2933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, PE, Anis, E, Leventhal, A. Preparation for an outbreak of smallpox in Israel. Israel Med Assoc J 2002; 4: 507512.Google ScholarPubMed
Harling, R, Morgan, D, Edmunds, WJ, Campbell, H. Interim Smallpox Guidance for the United Kingdom. BMJ 2002; 325(7377): 13711372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Kingdom Department of Health. Smallpox vaccination: an operational planning framework. 2005. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/09/20160232/02340 (Accessed Sep-tember 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Public Health Agency of Canada. National Emergency Stockpile System. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ep-mu/ness-eng.php (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework for the Sharing of Influenza Viruses and Access to Vaccines and Other Benefits. 2011. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241503082_eng.pdf (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO Pandemic Influenza Draft Protocol for Rapid Response and Containment. 2006. ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/phlpprep/Legal%20Preparedness%20for%20Pandemic%20Flu/4.0%20-%20International/4.1.2%20WHO%20Pandemic%20Flu%20Protocol.pdf (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Wynia, MK. Ethics and public health emergencies: rationing vaccines. Am J Bioeth 2006; 6(6): 47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moodley, K, Hardie, K, Selgelid, MJ, Waldman, RJ, Strebel, P, Rees, H, Durrheim, DN. Ethical considerations for vaccination programmes in acute humanitarian emergencies. Bull World Health Organ April 1, 2013; 91(4): 290297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timbie, JW, Ringel, JS, Fox, DS, et al. Systematic review of strategies to manage and allocate scarce resources during mass casualty events. Ann Emerg Med 2013; 61(6): 677689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hick, JL, O'Laughlin, DT. Concept of operations for triage of mechanical ventilation in an epidemic. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13(2): 223229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hupert, N, Cuomo, J, Callahan, MA, Mushlin, AI. Community-based Mass Prophylaxis: A Planning Guide for Public Health Preparedness. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2004.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mass Antibiotic Dispensing: A Primer. Webcast. Atlanta, GA. June 24, 2004. http://www2a.cdc.gov/tceonline/registration/detailpage.asp?res_id=996 (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Heymann, DL, Aylward, RB. Mass vaccination: when and why. In: Plotkin, SA, ed. Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects–Progress and Obstacles. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 2006; 116.Google Scholar
Lane, JM. Mass vaccination and surveillance/containment in the eradication of smallpox. In: Plotkin, SA, ed. Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects–Progress and Obstacles. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 2006; 1729.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Receiving, Distributing, and Dispensing Strategic National Stockpile Assets: A Guide for Preparedness. Version 10. Atlanta, GA, CDC Division of Strategic National Stockpile, 2005.Google Scholar
Giovachino, M, Calhoun, T, Cary, N, et al. Optimizing a District of Columbia Strategic National Stockpile dispensing center. J Public Health Manage 2005; 11: 282290.Google ScholarPubMed
Lien, O, Maldin, B, Franco, C, Gronvall, GK. Getting medicine to millions: new strategies for mass distribution. Biosecur Bioterror 2006; 4: 176182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, H. Pandemic Flu and Medical Biodefense Countermeasure Liability Legislation: Division C of P.L. 109-148 (2005), 42 U.S.C. §§ 247d-6d, 247d-6e. Washington, DC. http://www.hrsa.gov/gethealthcare/conditions/countermeasurescomp/covered_countermeasures_and_prep_act.pdf (Accessed August 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Secretary. Amendment to extend the January 24, 2003 declaration regarding administration of smallpox countermeasures as amended on January 24, 2004, January 24, 2005, and January 24, 2006. Fed Reg 2007; 72(18): 40134014.Google Scholar
Hodge, JG. Assessing the legal environment concerning mass casualty event planning and response. In: Providing Mass Medical Care With Scarce Resources: A Community Planning Guide. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2006; 2437.Google Scholar
D'Heilly, SJ, Blade, MA, Nichol, KL. Safety of influenza vaccinations administered in non-traditional settings. Vaccine 2006; 24: 40244027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearings before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Testimony of Carlos A. Ruiz, Pharmacy Director, Navarro Discount Pharmacies. March 10, 2003. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108hhrg86053/html/CHRG-108hhrg86053.htm (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization programs in non-traditional settings: quality standards and guidance for program evaluation: a report of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. MMWR 2000; 49(RR-01): 113.Google Scholar
Baccam, P, Willauer, D, Krometis, J, Ma, Y, Sen, A, Boechler, M. Mass prophylaxis dispensing concerns: traffic and public access to PODs. Biosecur Bioterror 2011; 9(2): 139151.Google ScholarPubMed
May, L, Cote, T, Hardeman, B, et al. A model “go-kit” for use at Strategic National Stockpile points of dispensing. J Public Health Manage 2007; 13: 2330.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B, Wortley, P. Mass vaccination for annual and pandemic influenza. In: Plotkin, SA, ed. Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects–Progress and Obstacles. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 2006; 131152.Google Scholar
Phillips, FB, Williamson, JP. Local health department applies incident management system for successful mass influenza clinics. J Public Health Manage 2005; 11(4): 269273.Google ScholarPubMed
Karras, BT, Huq, S, Bliss, D, Lober, WB. National pharmaceutical stockpile drill analysis using XML data collection on wireless java phones. Proc AMIA Symposium 2002; 365391.Google ScholarPubMed
Mass dispensing authorization to pick up medicine form. http://www.madisonct.org/emergency/docs/forms/MASS%20DISPENSING%20AUTHORIZATION%20TO%20PICK%20UP%20MEDICINE.pdf (Accessed on September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Philadelphia Department of Public Health. Head of household form. Point of Dispensing (POD) Operations Manual 2006. http://www.naccho.org/toolbox/_toolbox/POD%20operations%20manual_1.pdf (Accessed on September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Missouri Strategic National Stockpile public health dispensing assessment form. http://health.mo.gov/emergencies/sns/pdf/DrugDispensingProtoco.pdf (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Stergachis, A, Wetmore, CM, Pennylegion, M, et al. Evaluation of a mass dispensing exercise in a Cities Readiness Initiative setting. Am J Health-Syst Ph 2007; 64(3): 285–93.Google Scholar
Zerwekh, T, McKnight, J, Hupert, N, Wattson, D, Hendrickson, L, Lane, D. Mass medication modeling in response to public health emergencies: outcomes of a drive-thru exercise. J Public Health Manage 2007; 13: 715.Google ScholarPubMed
U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Center for Animal Health Emergency Management. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/sa_emergency_management (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mass Antibiotic Dispensing: Using Public Information to Enhance POD Flow. Webcast. Atlanta, GA. December 1, 2005. http://www2a.cdc.gov/TCEOnline/registration/detailpage.asp?res_id=1981 (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mass Antibiotic Dispensing: Streamlining POD Design and Operations. Webcast. Atlanta, GA. April 14, 2005. http://www2a.cdc.gov/TCEOnline/registration/detailpage.asp?res_id=1863 (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Beaton, RD, Stevermer, A, Wicklund, J, Owens, D, Boase, J, Oberle, MW. Evaluation of the Washington state National Pharmaceutical Stockpile dispensing exercise, part II: dispensary site worker findings. J Public Health Manage 2004; 10(1): 7785.Google ScholarPubMed
Blank, S, Moskin, LC, Zucker, JR. An ounce of prevention is a ton of work: mass antibiotic prophylaxis for anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 615622.Google ScholarPubMed
Andress, K. A postevent smallpox mass vaccination clinic exercise. Disaster Manage Response 2003; 1(2): 5448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Office of the Surgeon General. Medical Reserve Corps. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/mrc (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Banner, G. The Rhode Island medical emergency distribution system (MEDS). Disaster Manage Response 2004; 2: 5357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durante, A, Melchreit, R, Sullivan, K, Degutis, L. Connecticut competency-based point of dispensing worker training needs assessment. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2010; 4(4): 306311.Google ScholarPubMed
Young, D. Pharmacist's software design aids mass dispensing clinics. Am J Health-Syst Ph 2006; 63: 400402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hupert, N, Mushlin, AI, Callahan, MA. Modeling the public health response to bioterrorism: using discrete event simulation to design antibiotic distribution centers. Med Decis Making 2002; 22(Suppl.): S17S25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Washington, ML, Mason, J, Meltzer, MI. Maxi-vac: planning smallpox vaccination clinics. J Public Health Manage 2005; 11(6): 542549.Google ScholarPubMed
Aaby, K, Abbey, RL, Herrmann, JW, Treadwell, M, Jordan, CS, Wood, K. Embracing computer modeling to address pandemic influenza in the 21st century. J Public Health Manage 2006; 12(4): 365372.Google Scholar
Lee, EK, Maheshwary, S, Mason, J, Glisson, W. Decision support system for mass dispensing of medications for infectious disease outbreaks and bioterrorist attacks. Ann Oper Res 2006; 148(1): 2553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smallpox Vaccination Clinic Guide Template. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/response-plan/files/annex-3.pdf (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mass Antibiotic Dispensing-Managing Volunteer Staffing. Webcast. Atlanta, GA. December 2, 2004. http://www.naccho.org/toolbox/tool.cfm?id=81&program_id=18 (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Young, D. Iowa pharmacists dispense from Strategic National Stockpile during drill. Am J Health-Syst Ph 2003; 60: 13041306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Partridge, R, Alexander, J, Lawrence, T, Suner, S. Medical counterbioterrorism: the response to provide anthrax prophylaxis to New York City US Postal Service employees. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: 441446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pine, AE. Vaccination ventures: explanation and outcomes of a mass smallpox vaccination clinic exercise held June 17, 2003. San Francisco Department of Public Health Communicable Disease Prevention Unit, 2005.Google Scholar
Beaton, RD, Oberle, MW, Wicklund, J, Stevermer, A, Boase, J, Owens, D. Evaluation of the Washington state National Pharmaceutical Stockpile dispensing exercise. Part I: patient volunteer findings. J Public Health Manage 2003; 9: 368376.Google ScholarPubMed
Taylor, L, Tan, CG, Liu, S, Miro, S, Genese, CA, Bresnitz, EA. New Jersey's smallpox vaccination clinic experiences, 2003. J Public Health Manage 2005; 11(3): 216221.Google ScholarPubMed
Osterholm, MT. How to vaccinate 30,000 people in three days: realities of outbreak management. Public Health Rep 2002; 116(Suppl. 2): 7478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, WA. Mass smallpox immunization program in a deployed military setting. Am J Emerg Med 2004; 22: 267269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poland, GA, Grabenstein, JD, Neff, JM. The U.S. smallpox vaccination program: a review of a large modern era smallpox vaccination implementation program. Vaccine 2005; 23: 20782081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folio, LR, Lahti, RL, Cockrum, DS, Bills, S, Younker, MR. Initial experience with mass immunization as a bioterrorism counter-measure. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2004; 104(6): 240243.Google Scholar
Fontanesi, J, Hill, L, Olson, R, Bennett, NM, Kopald, D. Mass vaccination clinics versus appointments. J Med Practice Manage March/April 2006; 288294.Google ScholarPubMed
Rinchiuso-Hasselmann, A, Starr, DT, McKay, RL, Medina, E, Raphael, M. Public compliance with mass prophylaxis guidance. Biosecur Bioterror 2010; 8(3):255–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steelfisher, G, Blendon, R, Ross, LJ, Collins, BC, Ben-Porath, EN, Bekheit, MM, Mailhot, JR. Public response to an anthrax attack: reactions to mass prophylaxis in a scenario involving inhalation anthrax from an unidentified source. Biosecur Bioterror 2011; 9(3): 239250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism. Recommendations to the Secretary. 2003. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=437514 (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Walz, BJ, Bissell, RA, Maguire, B, Judge, JA. Vaccine administration by paramedics: a model for bioterrorism and disaster response preparation. Prehosp Disast Med 2003; 18(4): 321326.Google Scholar
The White House. President details Project BioShield. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030203.html (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
The White House. Fact sheet: progress in the war on terror. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/07/print/20040721–9.html (Accessed September 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Courtney, B, Sherman, S, Penn, M. Federal legal preparedness tools for facilitating medical countermeasure use during public health emergencies. J Law Med Ethics 2013; 41 (Suppl. 1): 2227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hupert, N, Wattson, D, Cuomo, J, Benson, S. Anticipating demand for emergency health services due to medication-related adverse events after rapid mass prophylaxis campaigns. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14: 268274.Google ScholarPubMed
Trust for America's Health. Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health from Diseases, Disasters, and Bioterrorism. Washington, DC, Trust for America's Health, 2006.Google Scholar
Glenn, GM, Kenney, RT. Mass vaccination: solutions in the skin. In: Plotkin, SA, ed. Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects–Progress and Obstacles. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 2006; 247268.Google Scholar

References

Stratton, SJ. Violent sabotage of mass-gathering events. Prehosp and Disaster Medicine. August 2013; 28(4): 313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bluman, EM. Boston marathon bombing. Foot Ankle Int August 2013; 34(8): 10531054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, EL. Finish line becomes front line at Boston marathon. Ann Emerg Med November 2013; 62(5): 543544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hupp, JR. Important take-aways from the Boston marathon bombing. J Oral Maxillofac Surg October 2013; 71(10): 16371638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caterson, EJ, Carty, MJ, Weaver, MJ, Holt, EF. Boston bombings: a surgical view of lessons learned from combat casualty care and the applicability to Boston's terrorist attack. J Craniofac Surg July 2013; 24(4): 10611067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The role of the emergency physician in mass casualty/disaster management. ACEP position paper. Jacep November 1, 1976; 5(11): 901902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manifesto for emergency medicine in Europe. Council of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. Eur J Emerg Med December 1, 1998; 5(4): 389390.Google Scholar
Lund, A, Gutman, SJ, Turris, SA. Mass gathering medicine: a practical means of enhancing disaster preparedness in Canada. CJEM/JCMU July 2011; 13(4): 231236.Google ScholarPubMed
Hsu, E, Jenckes, M, Catlett, C, Robinson, K, Feuerstein, C, Cosgrove, S, et al. Effectiveness of hospital staff mass-casualty incident training methods: a systematic literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med July 1, 2004; 19(3): 191199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenough, PG. The Kumbh Mela stampede: disaster preparedness must bridge jurisdictions. BMJ 2013; 346: f3254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Memish, ZA, Stephens, GM, Steffen, R, Ahmed, QA. Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj. Lancet Infect Dis January 2012; 12(1): 5665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abubakar, I, Gautret, P, Brunette, GW, Blumberg, L, Johnson, D, Poumerol, G, et al. Global perspectives for prevention of infectious diseases associated with mass gatherings. Lancet Infect Dis January 2012; 12(1): 6674. http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=22192131&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks (Accessed August 25, 2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levett, J. A new opportunity for public health development: Athens 2004. Prehosp Disaster Med April 1, 2004; 19(2): 130132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcdonald, R. Career Focus: Event Medicine. BMJ Classified 2001; 323(7324).Google Scholar
Kerr, GW, Wilkie, SC, McGuffie, CA. Medical cover at Scottish football matches: have the recommendations of the Gibson Report been met? Br J Sports Med August 1999; 33(4): 274275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bashir El, H, Rashid, H, Memish, Z, Shafi, S. Meningococcal vaccine coverage in Hajj pilgrims. Lancet April 21, 2007; 369(9570): 1343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, D. Heatstroke on the Hajj. Lancet April 26, 1980; 1(8174): 935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avery, J, Chitnis, J, Daly, P, Pollock, G. Medical planning for a major event: the Pope's visit to Coventry Airport, 30 May 1982. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) July 3, 1982; 285(6334): 5153.Google Scholar
Federman, JH, Giordano, LM. How to cope with a visit from the Pope. Prehosp and Disaster Med April 1997; 12(2): 8691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulte, D, Meade, DM. The papal chase. The Pope's visit: a ‘mass’ gathering. Emerg Med Serv November 1993; 22(11): 4649, 65, 7579.Google ScholarPubMed
Ahmed, Q, Arabi, Y, Memish, Z. Health risks at the Hajj. Lancet March 25, 2006; 367(9515): 10081015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madani, T, Ghabrah, T, Al-Hedaithy, M, Alhazmi, M, Alazraqi, T, Albarrak, A, et al. Causes of hospitalization of pilgrims in the Hajj season of the Islamic year 1423 (2003). Ann Saudi Med September 1, 2006; 26(5): 346351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Ghamdi, S, Akbar, H, Qari, Y, Fathaldin, O, Al-Rashed, R. Pattern of admission to hospitals during Muslim pilgrimage (Hajj). Saudi Med J October 1, 2003; 24(10): 10731076.Google ScholarPubMed
Steffen, R, Bouchama, A, Johansson, A, Dvorak, J, Isla, N, Smallwood, C, et al. Non-communicable health risks during mass gatherings. Lancet Infect Dis February 2012; 12(2): 142149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordinance pertaining to mass gatherings. The Union County Board of Commissioners, State of North Carolina. September 1, 1974; (224): 224–227, Docket 12. Accessed August 26, 2015. http://www.co.union.nc.us/Portals/0/Ordinances/Volume1/Vol1_Ord01.pdfGoogle Scholar
An Ordinance for the regulation of mass gatherings in Alleghany County. Ordinances of Alleghany County, North Carolina, 1975; 1–29. http://alleghanycounty-nc.gov/ordinances/1–29.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Mass gathering regulations. Arkansas State Board of Health, Arkansas, 1973.Google Scholar
Arnold, J, Levine, B, Manmatha, R, Lee, F, Shenoy, P, Tsai, M, et al. Information-sharing in out-of-hospital disaster response: the future role of information technology. Prehosp Disaster Med July 1, 2004; 19(3): 201207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbon, P, Bridgewater, FH, Smith, C. Mass gathering medicine: a predictive model for patient presentation and transport rates. Prehosp Disaster Med July 2001; 16(3): 150158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaslow, D, Drake, M, Lewis, J. Characteristics of state legislation governing medical care at mass gatherings. Prehosp Emerg Care October 1999; 3(4): 316320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tam, JS, Barbeschi, M, Shapovalova, N, Briand, S, Memish, ZA, Kieny, M-P. Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action. Lancet Infect Dis March 2012; 12(3): 231239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, J, McIntosh, A, Savage, T. Rugby World Cup 2003 injury surveillance project. Br J Sports Med November 1, 2005; 39(11): 812817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, D, Yakobi-shvili, R, Fernandez, J. Major sport championship influence on ED sex census. Am J Emerg Med May 1, 2005; 23(3): 408409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, D, Blackwell, T, Marx, J. Emergency medical care for spectators attending National Football League games. Prehosp Emerg Care July 1, 1997; 1(3): 149155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno Millan, E, Bonilla, F, Alonso, J, Casado, F. Medical care at the 7th International Amateur Athletics Federation World Championships in Athletics ‘Sevilla ‘99’. Eur J Emerg Med February 1, 2004; 11(1): 3943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, HC, Cordell, WH, Hawk, AC, Bowdish, GE. Demographics of emergency medical care at the Indianapolis 500 mile race (1983–1990). Ann Emerg Med October 1992; 21(10): 12041207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, O, Millward, L, Schwab, R. EMS medical coverage at PGA tour events. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002; 6(1): 1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morimura, N, Katsumi, A, Koido, Y, Sugimoto, K, Fuse, A, Asai, Y, et al. Analysis of patient load data from the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan. Prehosp Disaster Med July 2004; 19(3): 278284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, DM, Chiampas, GT, Malik, S, Cole, K, Lindeman, P, Adams, JG. Enhancing Community Disaster Resilience through Mass Sporting Events. Disaster Med Public Health Prep December 1, 2011; 5(4): 310315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The price of pop. Lancet September 25, 1971; 2(7726): 696697.Google Scholar
Carveth, S. Eight-year experience with a stadium- based mobile coronary-care unit. Heart Lung September 1, 1974; 3(5): 770774.Google ScholarPubMed
Fisher, J. The British Association for Immediate Care (BASICS). Its experience in major disasters, with special reference to the role of the medical incident officer. Injury 1990; 21(1): 4548, discussion 55–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, D. Hillsborough television drama. BMJ March 22, 1997; 314(7084): 901902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wardrope, J, Hockey, M, Crosby, A. The hospital response to the Hillsborough tragedy. Injury 1990; 21(1): 5354, discussion 55–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, T. Personal and medical memories from Hillsborough. BMJ December 23, 1989; 299(6715): 15961598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, E. Not all those who died after Hillsborough did so by 3 15 pm. BMJ April 26, 1997; 314(7089): 1283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeAngeles, D, Schurr, M, Birnbaum, M, Harms, B. Traumatic asphyxia following stadium crowd surge: stadium factors affecting outcome. WMJ October 1, 1998; 97(9): 4245.Google ScholarPubMed
Sivaloganathan, S, Green, M. The Bradford Fire Disaster. Part 1. The initial investigations: who died, where and how? Med Sci Law October 1, 1989; 29(4): 279283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivaloganathan, S, Green, M. The Bradford Fire Disaster. Part 2. Accident reconstruction: who died, when and why? Med Sci Law Oct 1, 1989; 29(4): 284286.Google ScholarPubMed
Ayton, F, Hill, C, Parfitt, H. The dental role in the identification of the victims of the Bradford City Football Ground fire. Br Dent J October 19, 1985; 159(8): 262264.Google ScholarPubMed
Sharpe, D, Roberts, A, Barclay, T, Dickson, W, Settle, J, Crockett, D, et al. Treatment of burns casualties after fire at Bradford City football ground. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) October 5, 1985; 291(6500): 945948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpe, D, Foo, I. Management of burns in major disasters. Injury 1990; 21(1): 4144, discussion 55–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, RB. Medical support for mass gatherings. Emerg Med Clin North Am May 1996; 14(2): 383397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlicht, J, Mitcheson, M, Henry, M. Medical aspects of large outdoor festivals. Lancet April 29, 1972; 1(7757): 948952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brock, S, Schlicht, J. Medical aspects of large outdoor festivals. Lancet May 27, 1972; 1(7761): 1178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ounanian, L, Salinas, C, Shear, C, Rodney, W. Medical care at the 1982 US Festival. Ann Emerg Med May 1, 1986; 15(5): 520527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nix, C, Khan, I, Hoban, M, Little, G, Keye, G, O'Connor, H. Oxegen 2004: the impact of a major music festival on the workload of a local hospital. Ir Med J June 1, 2006; 99(6): 167169.Google Scholar
Grange, J, Green, S, Downs, W. Concert medicine: spectrum of medical problems encountered at 405 major concerts. Acad Emerg Med March 1, 1999; 6(3): 202207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keefe, J, Kheir, J, Martin, M, Leslie, L, Neal, J, Edlich, R. Balcony collapse at the University of Virginia graduation: what hath Jefferson wrought? J Emerg Med March 1, 1999; 17(2): 293297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, J. Medical coverage of cycling events. Curr Sports Med Rep May 1, 2006; 5(3): 125130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grange, JT. Planning for large events. Curr Sports Med Rep June 2002; 1(3): 156161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortelmans, L, Van Rossom, P, Bois Du, M, Jutten, G. Carbon monoxide load in indoor carting. Eur J Emerg Med June 1, 2003; 10(2): 105107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Lorenzo, R, Gray, B, Bennett, P, Lamparella, V. Effect of crowd size on patient volume at a large, multipurpose, indoor stadium. J Emerg Med July 1, 1989; 7(4): 379384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, WM, Simone, BM, Niemann, JT, Daly, A. Special event medical care: the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics experience. Ann Emerg Med February 1986; 15(2): 185190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thackway, S, Delpech, V, Jorm, L, McAnulty, J, Visotina, M. Monitoring acute diseases during the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Med J Aust September 18, 2000; 173(6): 318321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wetterhall, S, Coulombier, D, Herndon, J, Zaza, S, Cantwell, J. Medical care delivery at the 1996 Olympic Games. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Olympics Surveillance Unit. JAMA May 13, 1998; 279(18): 14631468.Google ScholarPubMed
Larkin, M. Medical teams geared up for winter Olympics. Lancet February 2, 2002; 359(9304): 412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morimura, N, Takahashi, K, Katsumi, A, Koido, Y, Sugimoto, K, Fuse, A, et al. Mass gathering medicine for the First East Asian Football Championship and the 24th European/South American Cup in Japan. Eur J Emerg Med April 2007; 14(2): 115117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madzimbamuto, F. A hospital response to a soccer stadium stampede in Zimbabwe. Emerg Med J November 1, 2003; 20(6): 556559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, N, Kraus, C, Brill, J, Shahan, J, Ness, C, Scheulen, J. Hospital-based event medical support for the Baltimore marathon, 2002–2005. Prehosp Emerg Care July 1, 2008; 12(3): 320326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajabali, A, Caton, H. A tale of two physicians: reflections on the Boston Marathon bombing. BMJ 2013;346:f2993. http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2993.full.pdf+html (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Guermazi, A, Hayashi, D, Smith, SE, Palmer, W, Katz, JN. Imaging of blast injuries to the lower extremities sustained in the Boston Marathon bombing. Arthritis Care Res 2013; 65(12): 18931898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Shaqsi, S, McBride, D, Gauld, R, Al-Kashmiri, A, Al-Harthy, A. Are we ready? Preparedness of acute care providers for the Rugby World Cup 2011 in New Zealand. Emerg Med J 2011; 200293. http://emj.bmj.com/content/early/2011/10/31/emermed-2011-200293.full.pdf+html (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Moody, WE, Hendry, RG, Muscatello, D. Were attendances to accident and emergency departments in England and Australia influenced by the Rugby World Cup Final 2003? Eur J Emerg Med April 1, 2007; 14(2): 6871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boisson, EV, Imana, M, Roberts, P. Cricket World Cup: a stress test for the surveillance system in the Caribbean. West Indian Med J January 2012; 61(1): 8489.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowdish, GE, Cordell, WH, Bock, HC, Vukov, LF. Using regression analysis to predict emergency patient volume at the Indianapolis 500 mile race. Ann Emerg Med October 1992; 21(10): 12001203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nardi, R, Bettini, M, Bozzoli, C, Cenni, P, Ferroni, F, Grimaldi, R, et al. Emergency medical services in mass gatherings: the experience of the Formula 1 Grand Prix “San Marino” in Imola. Eur J Emerg Med December 1997; 4(4): 217223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auerbach, P, Gelb, A, Turns, J. Emergency medical services at the 1984 Democratic National Convention. Ann Emerg Med July 1, 1985; 14(7): 709711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kade, KA, Brinsfield, KH, Serino, RA, Savoia, E, Koh, HK. Emergency medical consequence planning and management for national special security events after September 11: Boston 2004. Disaster Med Public Health Prep October 2008; 2(3): 166173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yi, HH, Zheng'an, YY, Fan, WW, Xiang, GG, Chen, DD, Yongchao, HH, et al. Public Health Preparedness for the World's Largest Mass Gathering: 2010 World Exposition in Shanghai, China. Prehosp Disaster Med December 1, 2012; 27(6): 589594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Football Association of Ireland – Club Licensing Manual. 2004; 118.Google Scholar
Murphy, D, Jabbar, N, Eldin, M, Gillen, P. Audit of the impact of a major pop concert on the workload of two regional hospitals. Ir Med J 2001; 94(1): 15.Google Scholar
Zeitz, KM, Schneider, DPA, Jarrett, D, Zeitz, CJ. Mass gathering events: retrospective analysis of patient presentations over seven years. Prehosp Disaster Med July 2002; 17(03): 147150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambers, J, Guly, H. The impact of a music festival on local health services. Health Trends 1991; 23(3): 122123.Google ScholarPubMed
Grange, JT, Baumann, GW, Vaezazizi, R. On-site physicians reduce ambulance transports at mass gatherings. Prehosp Emerg Care July 2003; 7(3): 322326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bacon, J. The Event Safety Guide: A Guide to Health, Safety and Welfare at Music and Similar Events. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Norwich, United Kingdom, 1999. http://www.sportandrecreation.org.uk/sites/sportandrecreation.org.uk/files/Event-Safety-Guide.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Calabro, J, Krohmer, J, Rivera-Rivera, E, Balcombe, D, Reich, J. Provision of Emergency Medical Care for Crowds. American College of Emergency Physicians EMS Committee 1995-96, American College of Emergency Physicians, 1996. http://www.acep.org/workarea/downloadasset.aspx?id=4846 (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Jaslow, D, Yancy, A, Milsten, A. Mass gathering medical care. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4(4): 359360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaslow, D, Yancy, A, Milsten, A. Mass Gathering Medical Care: The Medical Director's Checklist. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee, National Association of EMS Physicians, Lenexa, Kansas, 2000.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Communicable disease alert and response for mass gatherings: key considerations. Geneva, WHO, 2008, pp. 32–33. http://www.who.int/csr/Mass_gatherings2.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Ryan, J, Noone, E, Plunkett, P. Review of a mobile accident and emergency unit at a rock concert. Ir Med J September 1, 1994; 87(5): 148149.Google Scholar
Milsten, AM, Seaman, KG, Liu, P, Bissell, RA, Maguire, BJ. Variables influencing medical usage rates, injury patterns, and levels of care for mass gatherings. Prehosp Disaster Med October 2003; 18(4): 334346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milsten, AM, Maguire, BJ, Bissell, RA, Seaman, KG. Mass-gathering medical care: a review of the literature. Prehosp Disaster Med July 2002; 17(3): 151162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, J. Emergency use of the Airtraq laryngoscope in traumatic asphyxia: case report. Emerg Med J July 1, 2007; 24(7): 509510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maharaj, CH, Costello, JF, Higgins, BD, Harte, BH, Laffey, JG. Learning and performance of tracheal intubation by novice personnel: a comparison of the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anaesthesia July 1, 2006; 61(7): 671677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timmermann, A, Russo, S, Rosenblatt, W, Eich, C, Barwing, J, Roessler, M, et al. Intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult out-of-hospital airway management: a prospective evaluation. Br J Anaesth August 1, 2007; 99(2): 286291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turris, SA, Lund, A. Triage during mass gatherings. Prehosp Disaster Med December 2012; 27(6): 531535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Code of Practice for Safety at Indoor Concerts. Government of Ireland, The Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland,1998. http://www.ssi.ie/docs/Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Safety%20at%20Indoor%20Concerts.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Code of Practice for Safety at Outdoor Pop Concerts and other Outdoor Musical Events. Government of Ireland, The Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland, 1996. http://www.ahg.gov.ie/en/Publications/ArtsPublications/safety%20at%20outdoor%20pop%20concerts%20and%20other%20outdoor%20musical%20events.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Code of Practice for Safety at Sports Grounds. Government of Ireland, The Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland,1996. http://www.dttas.ie/sites/default/files/publications/sport/english/safety-sports-grounds/safety-sports-grounds.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Ranse, JJ, Hutton, AA. Minimum data set for mass-gathering health research and evaluation: a discussion paper. Prehosp Disaster Med December 1, 2012; 27(6): 543550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crocco, TJ, Sayre, MR, Liu, T, Davis, SM, Cannon, C, Potluri, J. Mathematical determination of external defibrillators needed at mass gatherings. Prehosp Emerg Care July 2004; 8(3): 292297.Google ScholarPubMed
Motyka, TM, Winslow, JE, Newton, K, Brice, JH. Method for determining automatic external defibrillator need at mass gatherings. Resuscitation June 2005; 65(3): 309314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valesky, W, Silverberg, M, Gillett, B, Roblin, P, Adelaine, J, Wallis, LA, et al. Assessment of hospital disaster preparedness for the 2010 FIFA World Cup using an Internet-based, long-distance tabletop drill. Prehosp Disaster Med June 2011; 26(3): 192195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, A, Wong, D, Lewis, K, Turris, SA, Vaisler, S, Gutman, S. Text Messaging as a Strategy to Address the Limits of Audio-Based Communication During Mass-Gathering Events with High Ambient Noise. Prehosp Disaster Med 2013; 28(1): 27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adini, B, Goldberg, A, Laor, D, Cohen, R, Zadok, R, Bar-Dayan, Y. Assessing levels of hospital emergency preparedness. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006; 21(6): 451457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, TC, Killeen, J, Griswold, W, Lenert, L. Information technology and emergency medical care during disasters. Acad Emerg Med November 1, 2004; 11(11): 12291236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffin, C. Glastonbury: mud, sweat and tears. Emerg Nurse July 1, 2007; 15(4): 1015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Britten, S, Whiteley, M, Fox, P, Goodwin, M, Horrocks, M. Medical treatment at Glastonbury Festival. BMJ October 16, 1993; 307(6910): 10091010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackway-Jones, KK, Carley, SS. An international expert delphi study to determine research needs in major incident management. Prehosp Disaster Med July 31, 2012; 27(4): 351358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, AA, Turris, SAS, Amiri, NN, Lewis, KK, Carson, MM. Mass-gathering medicine: creation of an online event and patient registry. Prehosp Disaster Med December 1, 2012; 27(6): 601611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galante, J, Jacoby, R, Anderson, J. Are surgical residents prepared for mass casualty incidents? J Surg Res May 1, 2006; 132(1): 8591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, B. Spectator events: medical preparation a must. CMAJ January 15, 1988; 138(2): 164165.Google Scholar
Madge, S, Kersey, J, Murray, G, Murray, J. Are we training junior doctors to respond to major incidents? A survey of doctors in the Wessex region. Emerg Med J September 1, 2004; 21(5): 577579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, N, MacKenzie, E, Anderson, C. Public health preparedness for mass-casualty events: a 2002 state-by-state assessment. Prehosp Disaster Med July 1, 2004; 19(3): 245255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, A. Safety, security, and preparing for disaster at sporting events. Curr Sports Med Rep June 1, 2004; 3(3): 141145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutherford, W. The place of exercises in disaster management. Injury 1990; 21(1): 5860, discussion 63–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeitz, KM, Zeitz, CJ, Arbon, P. Forecasting medical work at mass-gathering events: predictive model versus retrospective review. Prehosp Disaster Med May 2005; 20(3): 164168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michael, JA, Barbera, JA. Mass gathering medical care: a twenty-five year review. Prehosp Disaster Med October 1997; 12(4): 305312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbon, P. Mass-gathering medicine: a review of the evidence and future directions for research. Prehosp Disaster Med March 2007; 22(2): 131135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

World Disasters Report 2003. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Socieities, Geneva, 2003. https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/WDR/43800-WDR2003_En.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Injury: A leading cause of the global burden of disease. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/66160/1/WHO_HSC_PVI_99.11.pdf (Accessed August 26, 2015).Google Scholar
Fatal Accident Reporting System. 2007. www.fars.nhtsa.dot.gov (Accessed July 15, 2007).Google Scholar
Haddon, W. A logical framework for categorizing highway safety phenomena and activity. J Trauma 1972; 12: 193207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Advanced Life Support Group. Major Incident Medical Management and Support. 4th ed. Bristol, British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2000.Google Scholar
Levinson, J, Granot, H. Transportation Disaster Response. 1st ed. San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Accident database. http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/database.cgi (Accessed July 15, 2007).Google Scholar
List of disasters. http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters (Accessed June 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Aviation Safety Network. www.aviation-safety.net/database (Accessed June 26, 2013).Google Scholar
Final report on the accident on June 1, 2009 to the Airbus A330–203 Air France Flight 447. Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile; Government of France, 2012. http://www.bea.aero/en/enquetes/flight.af.447/rapport.final.en.php (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Wikipedia. September 11, 2001 attacks. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_2001_attacks (Accessed June 23, 2013).Google Scholar
NTSB. Aviation, accident database. http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm (Accessed July 15, 2007).Google Scholar
Aviation Safety Network. Amsterdam. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20090225–0 (Accessed June 23, 2013).Google Scholar
SHK. Final report: ACCIDENT INVOLVED AIRCRAFT BOEING MD-87, registration SE-DMA and CESSNA 525-A, registration D-IEVX Milano Linate airport October 8, 2001. http://www.havkom.se/virtupload/reports/FINALREPORTA-1–04Linate.pdf (Accessed June 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Laurell, L, Lorin, H, Lundin, T, Dammström, B-G. Air traffic accident at Gottröra, Sweden December 27, 1991 (in Swedish with English abstract). KAMEDO Report 63. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 1994.Google Scholar
Fries, H. The aeroplane fire in Manchester August 22, 1985 (in Swedish with English abstract). KAMEDO Report 58. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 1991.Google Scholar
Brandsjö, K. Katastrofer och räddningsinsatser (in Swedish). 1st ed. Stockholm, Informationsförlaget, 1996.Google Scholar
Hooke, . Norman: Maritime Casualties, 1963–1996. London, Lloyd's of London Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Map Report. World Sea Disasters. httm://www.mapreport.com/century/subtopics/d/n.htlm (Accessed July 15, 2007).Google Scholar
KAMEDO. The Estonia Disaster - The loss of MS Estonia in the Baltic on September 28, 1994. KAMEDO Report 68. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 1997.Google Scholar
Wikipedia. Costa Concordia disaster. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Concordia_disaster (Accessed June 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Wikipedia. M/V Al – Salam Boccatio 98. The sinking. http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_salam_Boccatio_98 (Accessed July 15, 2007).Google Scholar
Brandstrom, H, Sedig, K. Sinking of the MS Sleipner on 26 November, 1999. KAMEDO Report 77. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 2003.Google Scholar
KAMEDO. The fire on the passenger liner Scandinavian Star April 7, 1990. KAMEDO Report 60. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 1993.Google Scholar
SOLAS. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). http://www.imo.org/Conventions/contents.asp?topic_id=257&doc_id=647 (Accessed July 15, 2007).Google Scholar
Hayward, JS, Eckerson, J, Collis, ML. Termal balance and survival time prediction of man in cold water. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1975; 53: 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsberg, R. Train Crashes – Consequences for Passengers. Umeå, Umeå University, 2012.Google Scholar
Forsberg, R, Björnstig, U. One Hundred Years of Railway Disasters and Recent Trends. Prehosp Disaster Med 2011; 26(5): 367373.Google ScholarPubMed
Strandberg, V. Rail bound traffic – a prime target for contemporary terrorist attacks? J Transp Secur 2013; 6(3): 271286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambeck, W, Pueschel, K. Death by railway accident: incidence of traumatic asphyxia. J Trauma 1981; 21: 2831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, OJ. Moorgate tube disaster. Part 2. Clinico – pathological review. British Medical Journal 1975; 3: 729731.Google Scholar
Shackelford, S, Nguyen, L, Noguchi, T, Sathyavagiswaran, L, Inaba, K, Demetriades, D. Fatalities of the 2008 Los Angeles train crash: autopsy findings. Am J Disaster Med 2011; 6(2): 127131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagata, T, Rosborough, SN, VanRooyen, MJ, Kozawa, S, Ukai, T, Nakayama, S. Express Railway Disaster in Amagasaki: A Review of Urban Disaster Response Capacity in Japan. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006; 21: 345352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, R, Ward, NJ. A systems analysis of the Ladbroke Grove rail crash. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2005; 37(2): 235244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chatterjee, S. Train engineer was texting just before California crash. Reuters, October 2, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/02/us-usa-train-crash-idUSN0152835520081002 (Accessed June 24, 2013).Google Scholar
Evans, AW. Fatal train accidents on Europe's railways: 1980–2009. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2011; 43(1): 391401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oestern, HJ, Huels, B, Quirini, W, Pohlemann, T. Facts About the Disaster at Eschede. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2000; 13(4): 287290.Google Scholar
Thurfjell, K. Spricka i hjul orsaken bakom tågolyckan. [Crack in the wheels cause of train crash]. SvD nyheter; 2010. http://www.svd.se/nyheter/utrikes/spricka-ihjul-orsaken-bakom-tagolyckan_5437381.svd (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Edkins, GD, Pollock, CM. The influence of sustained attention on Railway accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention 1997; 29(4): 533539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, RB. A history of railroad accidents, safety precautions and operating practices. Binghamton, NY, Vail-Ballou Press Inc., 1978.Google Scholar
Semmens, P. Railway disasters of the world. Sparkford, Patrick Stephens Limited, 1994.Google Scholar
Kichenside, G. Great Train Disasters: The World's Worst Railway Accidents. Bath, UK, Parragon Plus Publisher, 1997.Google Scholar
Steele, J. One train, more than 1700 dead. The Guardian, December 29, 2004. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/29/tsunami2004.srilanka (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Millegan, H, Yan, X, Richards, S, Han, L. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Stop-Sign Treatment at Highway–Railroad Grade Crossings. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 2009; 1(1): 4660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, X, Han, LD, Richards, S, Millegan, H. Train–Vehicle Crash Risk Comparison Between Before and After Stop Signs Installed at Highway–Rail Grade Crossings. Traffic Injury Prevention 2010; 11(5): 535542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kecklund, L, Ingre, M, Kecklund, G, et al. The TRAIN-project: railway safety and the train driver information environment and work situation – A summary of the main results. Presented at 2. Signaling Safety 2001, London, February 26–27, 2001. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/242388701_Railway_safety_and_the_train_driver_information_environment_and_work_situation (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Evans, AW. Rail safety and rail privatisation in Britain. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2007; 39(3): 510523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, AW. Rail safety and rail privatisation in Japan. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2010; 42(4): 12961301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, S. Train fires – Special Topic Report. Railway Safety Controller, Safety Strategy & Risk, Railway Safety, London, 2001. http://archive.uktra.in/rssb/rssb-Train_fires_-_Special_Topic_Report.pdf (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Gao, GJ, Tian, HQ. Train's crashworthiness design and collision analysis. International Journal of Crashworthiness 2007; 12(1): 2128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xue, X, Smith, RA, Schmid, F. Analysis of crush behaviours of a rail cab car and structural modifications for improved crashworthiness. International Journal of Crashworthiness 2005; 10(2): 125136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsberg, R, Holgersson, A, Bodén, I, Björnstig, U. A study of a mass casualty train crash, focusing on the cause of injuries Journal of Transportation Safety & Security In press.Google Scholar
CNN. Investigator: D.C. Metro crash ‘a scene of real devastation.’ http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/06/23/washington.metro.crash/index.html (Accessed June 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Holgersson, A, Forsberg, R, Saveman, B-I. Inre säkerheten i tåg eftersatt – Fallstudie efter tågkraschen i Kimstad [Interior safety in trains is neglected – a case study from the rail crash in Kimstad]. Läkartidningen 2012; 109(1–2): 2426.Google ScholarPubMed
Fothergill, NJ, Ebbs, SR, Reese, A, et al. The Purely train crash mechanism: injuries and prevention. Archives in Emergency Medicine 1992; 9: 125129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilkjaer, LB, Lind, T. Passengers injuries reflected carriage interior at the railway accident in Mundelsturp, Denmark Accident Analysis and Prevention 2001; 33: 285288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eriksson, A, Ericsson, D, Lundström, NG, Thorson, J. Personskador vid tågurspårningar – förslag till riskbegränsande åtgärder. Läkartidningen 1984; 81(5): 352354.Google Scholar
Parent, D, Tyrell, D, Perlman, AB. Crashworthiness analysis of the Placentia, CA rail collision. International Journal of Crashworthiness 2004; 9(5): 527534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braden, G. Application of Commercial Aircraft Accident Investigation Techniques to a Railroad Derailment Aero Med 1974; 7: 772779.Google Scholar
Cugnoni, HL, Fincham, C, Skinner, DV. Cannon Street rail disaster – lessons to be learned. Injury 1994; 25: 1113.Google ScholarPubMed
Derailment at Grayrigg, February 23, 2007. Rail Accident Investigation Branch Report, Rail Accident Investigation Branch, Government of the United Kingdom, 2014. https://www.gov.uk/raib-reports/derailment-at-grayrigg (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Design flaws and poor management caused Wenzhou collision, report confirms. International Railway Gazette, January 9, 2012. http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/design-flaws-and-poor-management-caused-wenzhou-collision-report-confirms.html (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Forsberg, R, Saveman, B-I. Survivors’ experiences from a train crash. Int J Qualitative Stud Health Well-being 2011; 6: 8401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224231/pdf/QHW-6-8401.pdf (Accessed August 28, 2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englund, L, Forsberg, R, Saveman, B-I. Survivors’ Experiences of Media Coverage after Traumatic injury events. International Emergency Nursing 2014; 22: 2530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weyman, A, O'Hara, R, Jackson, A. Investigation into issues of passenger egress in Ladbroke Grove rail disaster. Applied Ergonomics 2005; 36(6): 739748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iselius, L. Train Accident in Germany 1998 (in Swedish with English abstract). KAMEDO Report 79. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 2004.Google Scholar
Bolling, R, Brändström, H, Ehrlin, Y, et al. The terror attacks in Madrid, Spain, 2004 (in Swedish with English summary). KAMEDO Report 90. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 2007.Google ScholarPubMed
Calland, V. A brief overview of personal safety at incident sites. Emerg Med J 2007; 23: 878882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braden, GE. Aircraft – type crash injury investigation of commuter train collision. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 1975; 46: 11571160.Google ScholarPubMed
Ebbs, SR, Fothergill, NJ, Hashemi, K. The Purely train crash: procedural difficulties. Archives of Emergency Medicine 1992; 9: 130133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ukai, T, Takahashi, Y, Aono, M. Disaster Medicine Learned from Cases. Tokyo, Nankodo Co., 1995.Google Scholar
Assa, A, Landau, DA, Barenboim, E, Goldstein, L. Role of airmedical evacuation in mass-casualty incidents – A train collision experience. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009; 24: 271276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, E. Villagers Rushed to Help in Frigid Russian Crash. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/world/europe/29scene.html?_r=0 (Accessed June 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Wikipedia. Road disasters. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters#Road_disasters (Accessed June 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Björnstig, U, Albertsson, P, Lundälv, J, Bergh-Johannesson, K, Lundin, T. Major Bus Crashes in Sweden 1997–2007. KAMEDO Report 94. Stockholm, National Board for Health and Welfare, 2011. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/18492/2011-11-19.pdf (Accessed August 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Wikipedia. Carrollton bus disaster. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton_bus_disaster (Accessed June 17, 2007).Google Scholar
Albertsson, P. Occupant casualties in bus and coach traffic. Thesis. Umeå University, 2005.Google Scholar
Petzäll, J, Albertsson, P, Falkmer, T, Björnstig, U. Wind forces and aerodynamics, contributing factors to compromise bus and coach safety? International Journal of Crashworthiness 2005; 10: 435444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wikipedia. Sierre Coach Crash. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierre_coach_crash (Accessed June 23, 2013).Google Scholar

References

Community Emergency Response Teams. https://www.citizencorps.gov/cert (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar
National Incident Management System. http://www.fema.gov/national-incident-management-system (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar
ICS Forms. http://www.firescope.org/ics-forms.htm (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar
Multi-Casualty Branch Worksheet. http://www.firescope.org/ics-multi-casual/forms/ICS-MC-305.pdf (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rapid assessment of injuries among survivors of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center – New York City, September 2001. MMWR 2002; 51(1): 15.Google Scholar
Hogan, DE, Waeckerle, JF, Dire, DJ, Lillibridge, SR. Emergency department impact of the Oklahoma City terrorist bombing. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2): 160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okumura, T, Takasu, N, Ishimatsu, S, et al. Report on 640 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 28(2): 129135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinal Assessment Protocol, Maine EMS 2002. http://www.maine.gov/ems/documents/2011MaineEMSProtocols.pdf (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar
Domeier, RM, Frederiksen, SM, Welch, K. Prospective performance assessment of an out-of-hospital protocol for selective spine immobilization using clinical spine clearance criteria. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46(2): 123131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubick, MA, Atkins, JL. Small-volume fluid resuscitation for the far-forward combat environment: current concepts. J Trauma 2003; 54(5 Suppl.): S43.Google ScholarPubMed
Ashkenazi, I, Isakovich, B, Kluger, Y, Alfici, R, Kessel, B, Better, OS. Prehospital management of earthquake casualties buried under rubble. Prehosp Disaster Med 2005; 20(2): 122133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US EPA letter to US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, September 1999. http://cryptome.org/runoff.htm (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar
Bushberg, JT, Kroger, LA, Hartman, MB, et al. Nuclear/radiological terrorism: emergency department management of radiation casualties. J Emerg Med 2007; 32(1): 7185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, KL, Hatchett, RJ, Mettler, FA, et al. Medical treatment of radiologic casualties: current concepts. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45(6): 643652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emergency Management Assistance Compact. http://www.emacweb.org (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar
Koenig, KL, Majestic, C, Burns, MJ. Ebola Virus Disease: Essential Public Health Principles for Clinicians, WestJEM, 2014. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1bh1352j#page-1 (Accessed August 8, 2015).Google Scholar
Koenig, KL. Ebola Triage Screening and Public Health: The New “Vital Sign Zero”. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9587810&fulltextType=AC&fileId=S1935789314001207 (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Koenig, KL. Identify, Isolate, Inform: A 3-pronged Approach to Management of Public Health Emergencies. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9587816&fulltextType=RA&fileId&S1935789314001256 (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Ambulance Strike Teams. http://www.fema.gov/txt/emergency/nims/508_3_emergency_medica_%20services.txt (Accessed June 9, 2013).Google Scholar

References

Dunn, CL. Medical History of the Second World War. The Emergency Medical Services. Vol. 1. London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952.Google Scholar
Mitchester, PH, Cowell, EM. Medical Organization and Surgical Practice in Air Raids. London, Churchill Ltd., 1939.Google Scholar
Shirlaw, GB. Casualty: Training, Organization and Administration of Civil Defence Casualty Services. London, Martin Secker and Warburg, 1940.Google Scholar
Wallace, AB. The Treatment of Burns. Oxford University Press, London, 1941.Google Scholar
U.S. Government Office of Civil Defense. Author's collection.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Public Health Service Historian. December 2006. www.uscadetnurse.org/node/4 (Accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Federal Civil Defense Administration. Civil Defense Medical Depot. Author's collection. n.d.Google Scholar
Koenig, KL, Majestic, C, Burns, MJ. Ebola Virus Disease: Essential Public Health Principles for Clinicians, WestJEM, 2014. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1bh1352j#page-1 (Accessed August 8, 2015).Google Scholar
American Medical Association. Educating Physicians on Controversies and Challenges in Health. Disaster Preparedness: Are Physicians Ready? http://disasterlit.nlm.nih.gov/record/1866 (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Presidential Decision Directive 39. U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism. June 21, 1995. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/pdd39/pdd39-synopsis.htm. Also see: www.whitehouse.gov/issues/homeland-security (both accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar
104th Congress. Public Law 104–201 Title XIV, Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction.Google Scholar
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Health Care at the Crossroads: Strategies for Creating and Sustaining Community-wide Emergency Preparedness Strategies. 2006. www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/emergency-preparedness.pdf (Accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Joint Commission. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals. 2006. Note: the reader should consult the latest standards and updates, available at: www.jointcommission.org.Google Scholar
The Joint Commission. Prepublication version of the 2009 Standards. The latest version of standards and updates are available at: www.jointcommission.org (Accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Best Practices for Hospital-based First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving the Release of Hazardous Substances. 2005. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/html/hospital_firstreceivers.html (Accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Medical Center Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis. Oakland, CA, Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., 2001. Used with permission.Google Scholar
Disaster Life Cycle: Four Phases of Comprehensive Emergency Management, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2002.Google Scholar
Koenig, KL, Boatright, CJ, Hancock, JA, et al. Healthcare Facility-based Decontamination of Victims Exposed to Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Material. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26(1): 7180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, KL, Boatright, CJ, Hancock, JA, et al. Health Care Facilities “War on Terrorism” A Deliberate Process for Recommending Personal Protective Equipment Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25(2): 185195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gum, RM, Hoyle, JD. CBRNE-Chemical Warfare Mass Casualty Management. Medscape eMedicine Reference. 2011. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/831375-overview (Accessed August 21, 2015.)Google Scholar
Downey, EL, Andress, K, Schultz, CH. External Factors Impacting Hospital Evacuations Caused by Hurricane Rita: The Role of Situational Investigation. Prehosp Disaster Med 2013; 28(3): 257263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, EL, Andress, K, Schultz, CH. External Factors Impacting Hospital Evacuations Caused by Hurricane Rita: The Role of Situational Awareness. Prehosp Disaster Med 2013; 28(3): 264271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Incident Command Resource Center. 2006. http://www.fema.gov/emergency/ims/index.shtm (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
California Emergency Medical Services Authority. Hospital Incident Command System – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), http://www.emsa.ca.gov/disaster_medical_services_division_hospital_incident_command_system_faq#faq1 (Accessed August 21, 2015).Google Scholar
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute. Fundamentals of Healthcare Emergency Management Course. Emmitsburg, MD, FEMA, 2006.Google Scholar
Federal Emergency Management Agency. NIMS Implementation Activities for Hospitals and Healthcare Systems. 2006. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/imp_act_hos-hlth.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Telephone Interview with John Ross, PE, former Vice President for Plant Operations, The Saint Luke Hospitals, July 2, 2013.Google Scholar
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne, Chemical, Biological or Radiological Attacks. 2002. www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002–139 (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Halpern, P, Goldberg, S, Koenig, KL, Goh, J. Principles of Emergency Department Facility Design for Optimal Management of Mass Casualty Incidents. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27(2): 204212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association of Healthcare Resource and Materials Management. Medical-Surgical Formulary by Disaster Scenario. 2002. http://www.ahrmm.org/ahrmm/news_and_issues/issues_and_initiatives/files/disaster_formularies.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Hick, JL. Sample Medical Surgical and PPE Supplies by Disaster Type and Category of Hospital Emergency Services. 2003. http://www.health.state.mn.us/oep/healthcare/disastersupplies.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Koenig, KL, Kelen, G. Executive Summary: The Science of Surge Conference. Acad Emerg Med November 2006; 12(11): 10871088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbisch, DF, Koenig, KL. Understanding Surge Capacity: Essential Elements. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13(11): 10981102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Target Capabilities: A Companion to the National Preparedness Guidelines. 2007. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/government/training/tcl.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2013). Note: In 2012 The Target Capabilities were consolidated and now are styled Core Capabilities. The Target Capabilities List is available at: http://www.fema.gov/PDF/government/training/TCL.pdf (Accessed Aug. 23, 2013).Google Scholar
American College of Healthcare Executives. Healthcare Executives' Role in Emergency Preparedness. 2006. Revised November 2009. www.ache.org/policy/emergency_preparedness.cfm (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Joint Commission. Surge Hospitals: Providing Safe Care in Emergencies. 2006. www.jointcommission.org/Surge_Hospital_Providing_Safe_Care_in_Emergencies (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assessment Tool for Evaluating Emergency and Disaster Shelters. 2008. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/shelterassessment (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Joint Commission. History Tracking Report: 2009–2008 Requirements. Chapter on Emergency Management EM02.01.01. Prepublication version, Oak Brook, IL, 2008. Note: The Joint Commission now has 2013 Standards in place and has announced New and Revised Requirements Address Emergency Management Oversight. www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/JCP0713_Emergency_Management_oversight.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2013). This new requirement is effective January 1, 2014. Also see Ambulatory Buzz. In Case of Emergency Read This. http://www.jointcommissin.org/ambulatory_buzz/emergency_read_this (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Schultz, CH, Stratton, SJ. Improving Hospital Surge Capacity: A New Concept for Emergency Credentialing of Volunteers. Annals of Emerg Med 2007; 49: 602609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanzilotti, SS, Galanis, D, Leoni, N, Craig, B Hawaii Medical Personnel Assessment: A Longitudinal Study of Hawaii Doctors and Nurses, their Knowledge, Skill and Willingness to Treat Victims Related to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Naturally Caused Casualty Incidents. Hawaii Medical Journal 2002; 61(8): 162173.Google Scholar
Barnett, D, et al, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Study of Public Health Personnel in three Maryland Counties and Willingness to Work During a Pandemic. BMC Public Health Journal 2006; 6: 99. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/99.Google Scholar
Phillips, SJ, Knebel, A, Mass Medical Care with Scarce Resources: A Community Planning Guide. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2007; Publication No. 05–0043; 2005. http://www.archive.ahrq.gov/research/mce (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Health Systems Research. Altered Standards of Care in Mass Casualty Events: Bioterrorism and other Public Health Emergencies. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research, 2005; Publication No. -5–0043. http://www.archive.ahrq.gov/alstand (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Hospital Surge Model. 2008. http://www.archive.ahrq.gov/prep (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Sternberg, EL, Lee, GC, Huard, D. Counting Crisis: U.S. Hospital Evacuations 1971–1999. Prehosp Disaster Med 19(2): 150157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, CH, Koenig, KL, Lewis, RJ. Implications of Hospital Evacuation after the Northridge California Earthquake. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 13491355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, CH, Koenig, KL, Auf der Heide, E, Olson, R. Benchmarking for Hospital Evacuation: A Critical Data Collection Tool. Prehosp Disaster Med July–August 2005; 20(5): 331341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matles, S. Author interview October 12, 2008; and Multi-Casualty Incident Plan: Mutual Aid Evacuation Annex. Washoe County, NV, District Board of Health, 2008. http://www.co.washoe.nv.us/repository/files/4/MCIPrevised1–24–08 (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Long, R. Required Elements for Evacuation Planning for Continuum Health Partner Hospitals. www.gnyha.org (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency website. www.noaa.gov.Google Scholar
Telephone interview with Doreen McSharry, MA, CIC, CHSP, June 10, 2013; www.nj.com/hudson.Google Scholar
Aviles, AD. New York City Health and Hospital Corporations, Public Reports and Testimonies, March 13, 2014. http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/html/about/city-council-testimony-20140313.shtml (Accessed August 22, 2015).Google Scholar
NYC Office of the Mayor After Action Report on Sandy. www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pdf/sandy_aar_5.2.13.pdf (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Robert, T. Stafford Disaster and Emergency Assistance Act (Public Law 93–288 as amended). www.fema.gov/pdf/stafford-act.pdf (Accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar

Additional Resources

California Hospital Association. http://calhospitalprepare.org/cha-tools (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects. Population Monitoring in Radiation Emergencies: A Guide for State and Local Public Health Planners. August 2007. http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation.pdf/population-monitoring-guide.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Courses IS-100.HCb and IS-200.HCa are found at: http://www.training.fema.gov/IS/crslist.aspx?all=true.asp (Accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Deynes, S, Kahn, C, Koenig, KL. Hospital Planning For Terrorist Disasters: A Community-Wide Program. Emergency Medicine Practice December 2009; Special Report 1–20.Google Scholar
FEMA Lessons Learned Information Sharing. Marathon Bombings Positive Effects of Preparedness. 2013. https://www.llis.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/BostonMarathonBombingsPositiveEffectsofPreparedness_0 (Accessed August 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Goralnick, E, Gates, J, We Fight Like We Train. N Engl J Med May 29, 2013; 368: 19601961. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NJEMp1305359 (Accessed May 30, 2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaji, AH, Koenig, KL, Lewis, RJ. Current Hospital Disaster Preparedness. JAMA November 14, 2007; 298(18). www.jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=209407 (Accessed August 22, 2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, KL. Preparedness for Terrorism: Managing Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC) Threats. Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore December 2009; 38(12): 10261030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minnesota Department of Health. Emergency Sheltering, Relocation, and Evacuation for Healthcare Facilities, V. 4.0, April 2012. http://www.health.state.mn.us/oep/healthcare/flood.html (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
National Alliance for Radiation Readiness. www.radiationready.org (Accessed August 21, 2015.)Google Scholar
National Security Staff. Planning Guidance for Response to a Nuclear Detonation. 2nd ed. June 2010. www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/er/planning-guidance-for-response-to-nuclear-detonation-2-edition-final.pdf (Accessed August 21, 2013).Google Scholar
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Ebola Information for Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings. http://www.phe.gov/preparedness/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed December 28, 2014).Google Scholar
Zolla-Pazner, S. Savings Specimens After Sandy. N Engl J Med May 8, 2013; 368(21): e27, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1303024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Reyes, M. El campo, lugar de la política moderna. In: Memoria de Auschwitz. Madrid, Editorial Trotta, 2003; 78.Google Scholar
Office of Justice Programs. Mass Fatality Incidents: A Guide for Human Forensic Identification. Washington, DC, United States Department of Justice, 2005.Google Scholar
Pan American Health Organization. Management of Dead Bodies in Disaster Situations. Disaster Manuals and Guidelines. Series No. 5. Washington, DC, PAHO, 2004.Google Scholar
Morgan, O, Tidball-Binz, M, van Alphen, D, eds. Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters: A Field Manual for First Responders. Washington, DC, PAHO, 2009.Google Scholar
Report of the 7 July Review Committee. London, Greater London Authority, 2006. http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/archives/assembly-reports-7july-report.pdf (Accessed June 13, 2013).Google Scholar
Weedn, VW. Postmortem identification of remains. Clin Lab Med 1998; 18: 115137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, GN, Froede, RC. Medico-legal investigation of mass disasters. In: Spitz, WU, ed. Spitz and Fisher's Medico-legal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1993; 567584.Google Scholar
Sumathipala, A, Siribaddana, S, Perera, C. Management of dead bodies as a component of psychosocial interventions after the tsunami: a view from Sri Lanka. Intl Rev Psychiatry 2006; 18(3): 249257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyre, A. Improving procedures and minimizing stress: issues in the identification of victims following disasters. Aust J Emerg Manage 2002; 17: 914.Google Scholar
Levin, BGL. Coping with traumatic loss: an interview with the parents of TWA 800 crash victims and implications for disaster mental health professionals. Intl J Emerg Mental Health 2004; 6: 2531.Google ScholarPubMed
International Civil Aviation Organization. ICAO Policy on Assistance to Aircraft Accident Victims and their Families. Doc 9998, AN/499. Montreal, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2013.Google Scholar
International Civil Aviation Organization. Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation. 9th ed. ICAO Annex 13. Montreal, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2001.Google Scholar
Morgan, OW, de Goyet., de Ville Dispelling disaster myths about dead bodies and disease: the role of scientific evidence and the media. Pan Am J Public Health 2005; 18: 3336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, JL. Disaster myths and Hurricane Katrina 2005: Can public officials and the media learn to provide responsible crisis communication during disasters? Prehosp Disaster Med 2005; 21: 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, OW. Infectious disease risks from dead bodies following natural disasters. Pan Am J Public Health 2004; 15: 307312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Emergencies preparedness, response, Frequently asked questions on Ebola virus disease. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/faq-ebola/en (Accessed August 22, 2015).Google Scholar
Health concerns associated with disaster victim identification after a tsunami – Thailand, December 26, 2004–March 31, 2005. MMWR 2005; 54: 349352.Google Scholar
Nolte, KB, Hanzlick, RL, Payne, DC, et al. Medical examiner, coroners, and biologic terrorism: a guidebook for surveillance and case management. MMWR 2004; 53(RR08): 127.Google ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, C, Hilton, J, Lain, R. Aspects of forensic responses to the Bali bombings. ADF Health: J Aust Defense Health Serv 2003; 4: 5055.Google Scholar
Li, G, Baker, SP. Injury patterns in aviation-related fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997; 18: 265270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lillehei, KO, Robinson, MN. A critical analysis of the fatal injuries resulting from the Continental flight 1713 airline disaster: evidence in favor of improved passenger restraint systems. J Trauma 1994; 37: 826830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vosswinkel, JA, McCormack, JE, Brathwaite, CEM, Geller, ER. Critical analysis of injuries sustained in the TWA Flight 800 midair disaster. J Trauma 1999; 47: 617621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, DL, Quenemoen, LE, Parrish, RG, Davis, JH. Assessing disaster-attributed mortality: development and application of a definition and classification matrix. Intl J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 11241129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logue, JN. Disasters, the environment, and public health: improving our response. Am J Public Health 1996; 86: 12071210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortality associated with Hurricane Katrina – Florida and Alabama, August–October 2005. MMWR 2006; 55: 239242.Google Scholar
Wood, CM, DePaolo, R, Whitaker, RD. Guidelines for Handling Decedents Contaminated with Radioactive Materials. Atlanta, GA, HHS, CDC, 2007. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/pdf/radiation-decedent-guidelines.pdf (Accessed June 13, 2013).Google Scholar
Office of Justice Programs. Mass Fatality Management for Incidents Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction. Washington, DC, U.S. Soldier Biological Chemical Command and U.S. Department of Justice, 2004.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for safe handling of human remains of Ebola patients in U. S. hospitals and mortuaries. 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/guidance-safe-handling-human-remains-ebola-patients-us-hospitals-mortuaries.html (Accessed December 29, 2014).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Interim infection prevention and control guidance for care of patients with suspected or confirmed filovirus haemorrhagic fever in health-care settings, with focus on Ebola. 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/filovirus_infection_control/en (Accessed December 29, 2014).Google Scholar
Gursky, E. A working group consensus statement on mass-fatality planning for pandemics and disasters. J Homeland Security July 2007.Google Scholar
Sledzik, PS, Willcox, AW. Corpi Aquaticus: the Hardin cemetery flood of 1993. In: Steadman, DW, ed. Hard Evidence: Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 2003; 256265.Google Scholar
Morgan, OW, Sribanditmongkol, P, Perera, C, Sulasmi, Y, Alphen, DV, Sondorp, E. Mass fatality management following the South Asian tsunami disaster: Case studies in Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. PloS Med 2006; 3(e195): 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lain, R, Griffiths, C, Hilton, JMN. Forensic dental and medical response to the Bali bombing: A personal perspective. Med J Aust 2003; 179: 362365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tun, K, Butcher, B, Sribanditmongkol, P, et al. Forensic aspects of disaster fatality management. Prehosp Disaster Med 2005; 20: 455458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Office of Justice Programs. Lessons Learned from 9/11: DNA Identifications in Mass Fatality Incidents. Washington, DC, United States Department of Justice, 2006.Google Scholar
Auf der Heide, E. Common misconceptions about disasters: panic, the “Disaster Syndrome,” and looting. In: O'Leary, M, ed. The First 72 Hours: A Community Approach to Disaster Preparedness. Lincoln, NE, iUniverse, 2004; 340380.Google Scholar
Simpson, DM, Stehr, S. Victim management and identification after the World Trade Center collapse. In: Beyond September 11th: An Account of Post-Disaster Research. Program on Environment and Behavior Special Publication #39, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center. Boulder, University of Colorado, 2003; 109120.Google Scholar
Biesecker, LG, Bailey-Wilson, JE, Ballantyne, J, et al. DNA identifications after the 9/11 World Trade Center attack. Science 2005; 310: 11221123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleck, F. Tsunami body count is not a ghoulish numbers game. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 8889.Google Scholar
Thieren, M. Asian tsunami: death-toll addiction and its downside. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 82.Google ScholarPubMed
Sledzik, PS, Rodriguez, WC. Damnum fatale: The taphonomic fate of human remains in mass disasters. In: Haglund, WD, Sorg, MH, eds. Advances in Forensic Taphonomy. Methods, Theories and Archaeological Perspectives. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2002; 321330.Google Scholar
Alonso, A, Martín, P, Albarrán, C, et al. Challenges of DNA profiling in mass disaster investigations. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 540548.Google ScholarPubMed
Dirkmaat, DC. Forensic anthropology at the mass fatality incident (commercial airliner) crash scene. In: Dirkmaat, DC, ed. A Companion to Forensic Anthropology. West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012; 136156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kontanis, EJ, Sledzik, PS. Resolving commingling issues during the medicolegal investigation of mass fatality incidents. In: Adams, BJ, Byrd, JS, eds. Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of Commingled Human Remains. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, 2008; 317337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundorff, AZ. Anthropologist-directed triage: Three distinct mass fatality events involving fragmentation of human remains. In: Adams, BJ, Byrd, JS, eds. Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of Commingled Human Remains. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, 2008; 123144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, H, Chansue, N, Monticelli, F. Implantation of radio frequency identification device (RFID) microchip in disaster victim identification (DVI). Forensic Sci Int 2006; 157: 168171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fixott, RH, Arendt, D, Chrz, B, Filippi, J, McGivney, J, Warnick, A. Role of the dental team in mass fatality incidents. Dent Clin North Am 2001; 45: 271292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmons, T, Skinner, M. The accuracy of ante-mortem data and presumptive identification: Appropriate procedures, applications and ethics. Proc Am Acad Forensic Sci 2006; 12: 303304.Google Scholar
Brannon, RB Kessler, HP. Problems in mass disaster dental identification: a retrospective review. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44: 123127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals. Reuniting the Families of Katrina and Rita: Louisiana Family Assistance Center. Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, 2006.Google Scholar
Hennessey, M. Data management and commingled remains at mass fatality incidents (MFIs). In: Adams, BJ, Byrd, JS, eds. Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of Commingled Human Remains. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, 2008; 337356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclair, B, Shaler, R, Carmody, GR, et al. Bioinformatics and human identification in mass fatality incidents: The World Trade Center disaster. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52: 806819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, ED, Crews, JD. From dust to dust: Ethical and practical issues involved in the location, exhumation, and identification of bodies from mass graves. Croat Med J 2003; 44: 251258.Google ScholarPubMed
Knoppers, BM, Saginur, M, Cash, H. Ethical issues in secondary uses of human biological materials from mass disasters. J Law Med Ethics 2006; 34: 352355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakeney, RL. Providing Relief to Families after a Mass Fatality: Roles of the Medical Examiner's Office and the Family Assistance Center. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime Bulletin, November 2002.Google Scholar
Keough, ME, Kahn, S, Andrejevic, A. Disclosing the truth: Informed participation in the antemortem database project for survivors of Srebrenica. Health Hum Rights 2000; 5: 6887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keough, ME, Simmons, T, Samuels, M. Missing persons in post-conflict settings: Best practices for integrating psychosocial and scientific approaches. J Roy Soc Health 2004; 124: 271275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, DA, Sweet, D, Pretty, IA. The emotional and psychological impacts of mass casualty incidents on forensic odontologists. J Forensic Sci 2002; 47: 539541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarroll, JE, Ursano, RJ. Mental health support to operations involving death and the dead. In: Ritchey, EC, ed. Combat and Operational Behavioral Health. Washington, DC, Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, Textbook of Military Medicine Series, 2011; 717725.Google Scholar
Brondolo, E, Wellington, E, Brady, N, Libby, D, Brondolo, T. Mechanism and strategies for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder in forensic workers responding to mass fatality incidents. J Forensic Leg Med 2008; 15: 7888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ursano, RJ, McCarroll, JE. Exposure to traumatic death: the nature of the stressor. In: Ursano, RJ, McCaughery, BG, Fullerton, CS, eds. Individual and Community Responses to Trauma and Disaster: The Structure of Human Chaos. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1994; 4671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarroll, JE, Ursano, RJ, Fullerton, CS, Liu, X, Lundy, A. Somatic symptoms in Gulf War mortuary workers. Psychosomatic Med 2002; 64: 2933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, N. The ontology of disaster. Death Studies 1995; 19: 501510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, KM, Ursano, RJ, Bartone, PT, Ingraham, LH. The shared experience of catastrophe: an expanded classification of the disaster community. Am J Orthopsych 1990; 60: 3542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Task Force on Assistance to Families of Aviation Disasters. Final Report. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Transportation and National Transportation Safety Board, 1997.Google Scholar
Doka, KJ. What makes a tragedy public? In: Lattanzi-Licht, M, Doka, KJ, eds. Living With Grief: Coping With Public Tragedy. New York, Brunner-Routledge, 2003; 314.Google Scholar
Corr, CA. Loss, grief and trauma in public tragedy. In: Lattanzi-Licht, M, Doka, KJ, eds. Living With Grief: Coping With Public Tragedy. New York, Brunner-Routledge, 2003; 6376.Google Scholar
Corr, CA, Nabe, CM, Corr, DM. Death and Dying, Life and Living. 4th ed. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2003.Google Scholar
Rando, TA. Treatment of Complicated Mourning. Champaign, IL, Research Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Corr, CA, Doka, KJ. Master concepts in the field of death, dying, and bereavement: coping versus adaptive strategies. Omega 2001; 43: 183199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janoff-Bulman, R. Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. New York, The Free Press, 2002; 175.Google Scholar
Scientific Working Group on Disaster Victim Identification. http://www.swgdvi.org (Accessed June 13, 2013).Google Scholar

References

Burkle, FM, Greenough, PG. Impact of public health emergencies on modern disaster taxonomy, planning, and response. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2008; 2: 192199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva, World Health Organization. 2001. http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
King, JC. Rehabilitation Team Function and Prescriptions, Referrals, and Order Writing. In: Frontera, W, DeLisa, J, eds. DeLisa's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010; 359385.Google Scholar
Eldar, R, Jelic, M. The association of rehabilitation and war. Disabil Rehabil 2003; 25: 10191023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, L. Trauma Rehabilitation: An Introduction. In: Robinson, L, ed. Trauma Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2006; 110.Google Scholar
Gosney, JE, Reinhardt, JD, von Groote, PM, Rathore, FA, Melvin, JL. Rehabilitation of spinal cord injury following earthquakes in rehabilitation resource-scarce settings: implications for disaster research. Spinal Cord 2013; 51(8): 603609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Priebe, MM. Spinal cord injuries as a result of earthquakes: lessons from Iran and Pakistan. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30(4): 367368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gautschi, OP, Cadosch, D, Rajan, G, Zellweger, R. Earthquakes and trauma: review of triage and injury-specific, immediate care. Prehosp Disaster Med March–April 2008; 23(2): 195201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinhardt, JD, Li, J, Gosney, J, Rathore, FA, Haig, AJ, Marx, M, DeLisa, JA. International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine's Sub-Committee on Rehabilitation Disaster Relief. Disability and health-related rehabilitation in international disaster relief. Glob Health Action 2011; 4: 7191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doocy, S, Daniels, A, Packer, C, Dick, A, Kirsch, TD. The human impact of earthquakes: a historical review of events 1980–2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Currents Disasters April 16, 2013; 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, DC, Brown, D, Hill, V, Balian, K, Araratian, A, Vartanian, C. The development of a spinal injuries unit in Armenia. Paraplegia 1993; 31: 168171.Google ScholarPubMed
Raissi, GR, Mokhtari, A, Mansouri, K. Reports from spinal cord injury patients eight months after the 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 86: 912917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rathore, FA, Gosney, JE, Reinhardt, JD, Haig, AJ, Li, J, DeLisa, JA. Medical Rehabilitation after natural disasters: why, when, and how? Arch Phys Med Rehabil October 2012; 93(10): 1875–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, M, Kohzuki, M, Hamamura, A, et al. How did rehabilitation professionals act when faced with the Great East Japan earthquake and disaster? Descriptive epidemiology of disability and an interim report of the relief activities of the ten Rehabilitation-Related Organizations. J Rehabil Med May 2012; 44(5): 421428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, J. Emergency on the Subcontinent. Harvard International Review. August 15, 2010. http://hir.harvard.edu/emergency-on-the-subcontinent?page=0,2 (Accessed September 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Bloodworth, DM, Kevorkian, CG, Rumbaut, E, Chiou-Tan, FY. Impairment and disability in the Astrodome after hurricane Katrina: lessons learned about the needs of the disabled after large population movements. Am J Phys Med Rehabil September 2007; 86(9): 770775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiou-Tan, FY, Bloodworth, DM, Kass, JS, Li, X, Gavagan, TF, Mattox, K, Rintala, DH. Physical medicine and rehabilitation conditions in the Astrodome clinic after hurricane Katrina. Am J Phys Med Rehabil September 2007; 86(9): 762769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rathore, FA, Farooq, F, Muzammil, S, New, PW, Ahmad, N, Haig, AJ. Spinal cord injury management and rehabilitation: highlights and shortcomings from the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. Arch Phys Med Rehabil March 2008; 89(3): 579585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X, Reinhardt, JD, Gosney, JE, Li, J. The NHV rehabilitation services program improves long-term physical functioning in survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake: a longitudinal quasi experiment. PLoS One 2013; 8(1): e53995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, AS, O'Connell, C. The challenge of spinal cord injury care in the developing world. J Spinal Cord Med January 2012; 35(1): 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled. 2013. http://www.icrc.org/fund-disabled (Accessed August 10, 2013).Google Scholar
WHO Guidelines for essential trauma care. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2004. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241546409.pdf (Accessed August 24, 2015).Google Scholar
WHO Community-based rehabilitation: CBR guidelines. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2010. http://www.who.int/disabilities/cbr/guidelines/en/index.html (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
ISPO/WHO Statement: The Relationship Between Prosthetics and Orthotics Services and Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR). 2003. http://www.ispoint.org/resources (Accessed August, 23, 2013).Google Scholar
United Nations Enable. Disability, Natural Disasters and Emergency Situations. http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=1546 (Accessed August 23, 2013).Google Scholar
WRC. Programs/Disabilities/Women's Refugee Commission's Work with Displaced Persons with Disabilities. New York, NY, Women's Refugee Commission. c2013. http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/programs/disabilities (Accessed Sept-ember 13, 2013).Google Scholar
WHO Guidance Note on Disability and Emergency Risk Management for Health. Malta, World Health Organization, 2013. http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/disability/en (Accessed October 14, 2013).Google Scholar
Pfeifer, E, Blijkers, J, Ottacher, F, Lassmann, D, Nausner, B, Scherrer, V. Humanitarian Aid All Inclusive! How to include people with disabilities in humanitarian action. Vienna, Light for the World/Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe, 2013. http://www.light-for-the-world.org/uploads/media/HA_all_inclusive_web_02.pdf (Accessed August 24, 2015).Google Scholar
Coping with Natural Disasters: The Role of Local Health Personnel and the Community Working Guide. World Health Organization, 1989. http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Jwho07e (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Ardalan, A, Mowafi, H, Burkle, FM. Iran's disaster risk: now is the time for community-based public health preparedness. Prehosp Disaster Med 2013; 28(5): 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremer, R. Policy development in disaster preparedness and management: lessons learned from the January 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India. Prehosp Disaster Med October–December 2003; 18(4): 372384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eldar, R. Preparedness for rehabilitation of casualties in disaster situations. Disabil Rehabil December 1997; 19(12): 547551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handicap International/Nepal Red Cross Society. User friendly protocol/guidelines on post-trauma care in a large scale disaster scenario (amputation, open fracture, and spinal cord injury) (‘Enhancing emergency health and rehabilitation response readiness capacity of the health system in event of high intensity earthquake’ Project). European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO), 2013, unpublished.Google Scholar
Thomas, K, Sinclair, K. Disaster Preparedness and Response Information Package [CD-ROM]. Perth, Australia, World Federation of Occupational Therapists, 2006. http://www.wfot.org/Store/tabid/61/CategoryID/2/ProductID/10/Default.aspx (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Burns, AS, O'Connell, C, Rathore, F. Meeting the challenges of spinal cord injury care following sudden onset disaster: lessons learned. J Rehabil Med May 2012; 44(5): 414420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WFOT. Disaster Preparedness and Response (DP&R). Australia, World Federation of Occupational Therapists. c2011. http://www.wfot.org/Practice/DisasterPreparednessandResponseDPR.aspx (Accessed August 23, 2013).Google Scholar
ISCoS. eLearning: www.elearnsci.org: a global educational initiative of ISCoS. UK, International Spinal Cord Society. c 2013. http://www.iscos.org.uk/resources/elearning (Accessed September 14, 2013).Google Scholar
ISPRM Rehabilitation Disaster Relief/Resources. Geneva, Kenes Associations Worldwide. c2013. http://www.isprm.org/collaborate/who-isprm/rehabilitation-disaster-relief (Accessed August, 23, 2013).Google Scholar
WCPT. Disaster Management. London, World Confederation for Physical Therapy. c2013. http://www.wcpt.org/disaster-management (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
. WHO World Report on Disability. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2011. http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en/index.html (Accessed September 16, 2013).Google Scholar
Haig, AJ, Im, J, Adewole, A, Nelson, VS, Krabek, B. The practice of physical medicine and rehabilitation in sub-Saharan Africa and Antarctica: a white paper or a black mark? Disabil Rehabil 2009; 31(13): 10311037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gutenbrunner, C, Ward, A, Chamberlain, M White book on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine in Europe (revised November 2009) J Rehabil Med 2007; 39(45): 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkle, FM. The development of multidisciplinary core competencies: the first step in the professionalization of disaster medicine and public health preparedness on a global scale. Disaster Med Public Health Prep March 2012; 6(1): 1012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AAOS. Disaster Preparedness and Response Training. Rosemont, IL, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. c1995–2013. http://www.aaos.org/member/humanitarianprograms/disasterprep/dpr_trainingcourse.asp (Accessed September 14, 2013).Google Scholar
ACS. Operation Giving Back: International Disasters: Disaster Management and Emergency Preparedness (DMEP) Course. Chicago, IL, American College of Surgeons. c2004–2013. http://www.operationgivingback.facs.org/content2276.html (Accessed September 14, 2013).Google Scholar
WHO FMT Working Group. Technical criteria for classification and minimum standards for Foreign Medical Teams (FMTs). Geneva, World Health Organization, forthcoming.Google Scholar
IASC. IASC Principals Transformative Agenda. Inter Agency Standing Committee. c2013. http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx?page=content-template-default&bd=87 (Accessed September 13, 2103).Google Scholar
WHO. Humanitarian Health Action/Global Health Cluster. World Health Organization. c2013. http://www.who.int/hac/global_health_cluster/en (Accessed September 13, 2103).Google Scholar
Nickerson, JW, Chackungal, S, Knowlton, L, McQueen, K, Burkle, FM. Surgical care during humanitarian crises: a systematic review of published surgical caseload data from foreign medical teams. Prehosp Disaster Med April2012; 27(2): 184189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minimum Standards in Health Services. Sphere Project. Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, 2011. Oxford, Oxfam Publishing, 2011; 331333. http://www.spherehandbook.org (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Eldar, R, Marincek, C. WHO/EURO Consultation on Guidelines for Physical Rehabilitation of Wounded in Disaster Situations. Ljubljana Slovenia, 1996. http://www.worldcat.org/title/whoeuro-consultation-on-guidelines-forrehabiliation-of-physically-wounded-in-disaster-situations-19–20-february-1996/oclc/182919614&referer=brief_results (Accessed August 24, 2015).Google Scholar
Gutenbrunner, C, Lemoine, F, Yelnik, A, Joseph, PA, de Korvin, G, Neumann, V, Delarque, A. The field of competence of the specialist in physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM). Ann Phys Rehabil Med July 2011; 54(5): 298318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosney, JE. Physical medicine and rehabilitation: critical role in disaster response. Disaster Med Public Health Prep June 2010; 4(2): 110112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, RM. Preliminary investigation into the role of physiotherapists in disaster response. Prehosp Disaster Med September–October 2007; 22(5): 462465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scaffa, ME, Gerardi, S, Herzberg, G, McColl, MA. The role of occupational therapy in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Am J Occup Ther November–December 2006; 60(6): 642649.Google ScholarPubMed
Swiss Agency for Development & Cooperation/Landmine Survivors Network. Prosthetics and Orthotics Project Guide: Supporting P&O Services in Low-Income Settings. 2006. http://www.ispoint.org/resources (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Brown, LM, Hickling, EJ, Frahm, K. Emergencies, disasters, and catastrophic events: the role of rehabilitation nurses in preparedness, response, and recovery. Rehabil Nurs November–December 2010; 35(6): 236241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO Taskshifting: global recommendations and guidelines. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2008. http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/taskshifting_guidelines/en/index.html (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Dawad, S, Jobson, G. Community-based rehabilitation programme as a model for task-shifting. Disabil Rehabil 2011; 33(21–22): 19972005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Ville de Goyet, C, Pablo Sarmiento, J, Grünewald, F. Health response to the earthquake in Haiti January 2010: Lessons to be learned for the next massive sudden-onset disaster. Washington, DC, PAHO. 2011. http://new.paho.org/disasters/dmdocuments/HealthResponseHaitiEarthq.pdf (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Demey, D, Nielsen, S, Weerts, E. Early Rehabilitation Protocols for Victims of Natural Disaster: Capitalization Training Manual. Handicap International. 2010. Post-emergency project capitalization DVD. Handicap International. 2010. http://fr.scribd.com/doc/176227752/Early-Rehabilitation-Protocols-Eng-light (Accessed October 24, 2013).Google Scholar
O'Connell, C, Shivji, A, Calvot, T. Preliminary findings about persons with injuries. Haiti Earthquake 12 January 2010: Handicap International Report. 2010. http://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/handicap-international-report-preliminary-findings-about-persons-injuries-ha%C3%AFti (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
WHO International Perspectives on Spinal Cord Injury (IPSCI). Geneva, World Health Organization, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Knowlton, LM, Gosney, JE, Chackungal, S, Altschuler, E, Black, L, Burkle, FM, et al. Consensus statements regarding the multidisciplinary care of limb amputation patients in disasters or humanitarian emergencies: Report of the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit Surgical Working Group on amputations following disasters or conflict. Prehosp Disaster Med 2011; 26: 438448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirshblum, SC, Waring, W, Biering-Sorensen, F, et al. Reference for the 2011 revision of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. J Spinal Cord Med November 2011; 34(6): 547554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Early acute management in adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals. J Spinal Cord Med 2008; 31(4): 403479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catz, A, Itzkovich, M. Spinal Cord Independence Measure: comprehensive ability rating scale for the spinal cord lesion patient. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007; 44(1): 6568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sayer, NA, Chiros, CE, Sigford, B, Scott, S, Clothier, B, Pickett, T, Lew, HL. Characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes among patients with blast and other injuries sustained during the Global War on Terror. Arch Phys Med Rehabil January 2008; 89(1): 163170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, N, Shah, H, Patel, V, Bagalkote, H. Surgical and psychosocial outcomes in the rural injured–a follow-up study of the 2001 earthquake victims. Injury August 2005; 36(8): 927934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Relief Web. Syrian crisis emergency response Lebanon – Bekaa valley: Disability and Vulnerability Focal Point project – Short project & activity report. January 30, 2013. http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/syrian-crisis-emergency-response-lebanon-bekaa-valley-disability-and-vulnerability (Accessed September 13, 2013).Google Scholar
Tharion, G, Nagarajan, G, Bhattacharji, S. Guidelines for care of persons with spinal cord injury in the community. Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Low Cost Effective Care Unit. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Government of India – World Health Organization Collaborative Programme 2008–2009. ftp://203.90.70.117/searoftp/WROIND/whoindia/linkfiles/NMH_Resources_Guidelines_for_care_of_persons_with_Spinal_Cord_injury_in_the_Community.pdf (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Loveday, M. The HELP Guide For Community Based Rehabilitation Workers: A Training Manual. Global HELP. 2006. http://www.global-help.org/publications/books/book_cbrehabilitation.html (Accessed October 14, 2013).Google Scholar
Werner, D. Disabled Village Children. 2nd ed. 5th printing. Palo Alto, CA, Hesperian Foundation, 1999. http://www.worldforumfoundation.org/disabled-village-children-book-and-pdf (Accessed August 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Stephenson, FJ. Simple wound care facilitates full healing in post-earthquake Haiti. J Wound Care January 2011; 20(1): 56, 8, 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ICRC. Prosthetics and Orthotics Manufacturing Guidelines. International Committee of the Red Cross. 2007. http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/publication/p0868.htm (Accessed August 10, 2013).Google Scholar
Haig, AJ, Jayarajan, S, Maslowski, E, et al. Development of a language-independent functional evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil December 2009; 90(12): 20742080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Operational Medicine Institute. The Haiti Information Technology Rescue Project: Electronic Medical Record and Patient Tracking Assessment. 2010. http://www.opmedinstitute.org/media/upl/file_repository/OMI_HIT_RESCUE_FINAL_UN_REPORT.pdf; http://www.opmedinstitute.org/haiti (Accessed September 5, 2013).Google Scholar
OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653 (Accessed August 10, 2013).Google Scholar
Hu, X, Zhang, X, Gosney, JE, Reinhardt, JD, Chen, S, Jin, H, Li, J. Analysis of functional status, quality of life and community integration in earthquake survivors with spinal cord injury at hospital discharge and one-year follow-up in the community. J Rehabil Med March 2012; 44(3): 200205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y, Reinhardt, JD, Gosney, JE, Zhang, X, Hu, X, Chen, S, Ding, M, Li, J. Evaluation of functional outcomes of physical rehabilitation and medical complications in spinal cord injury victims of the Sichuan earthquake. J Rehabil Med June 7, 2012; 44(7): 534540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osmani-Vllasolli, T, Hundozi, H, Bytyçi, C, Kalaveshi, A, Krasniqi, B. Rehabilitation of patients with war-related lower limb amputations. Niger J Med January–March 2011; 20(1): 3943.Google ScholarPubMed
Hettiaratchy, SP, Stiles, PJ. Rehabilitation of lower limb traumatic amputees: the Sandy Gall Afghanistan Appeal's experience. Injury September 1996; 27(7): 499501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergason, J, Keeling, JJ, Bluman, EM. Recent advances in lower extremity amputations and prosthetics for the combat injured patient. Foot Ankle Clin March 2010; 15(1): 151174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delauche, MC, Blackwell, N, Le Perff, H, Khallaf, N, Müller, J, Callens, S, Allafort Duverger, T. A Prospective Study of the Outcome of Patients with Limb Trauma following the Haitian Earthquake in 2010 at One- and Two- Year (The SuTra2 Study). PLOS Currents Disasters July 5, 2013 (last modified: July 11, 2013). Edition 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, V, Guerin, PJ, Legros, D, Paquet, C, Pe´coul, B, Moren, A. Research in complex humanitarian emergencies: the Me´decins Sans Frontie`res/Epicentre experience. PLoS Med 2008; 5: e89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killian, LM. An introduction to methodological problems of field studies in disasters. In: Stallings, RA, ed. Methods of disaster research. Philadelphia, PA, Xlibris, 2002; 2149.Google Scholar
Redmond, AD, Mardel, S, Taithe, B, Gosney, J, Duttine, A, Girois, S. A qualitative and quantitative study of the surgical and rehabilitation response to the earthquake in Haiti, January 2010. Prehosp Disaster Med 2011; 26: 449456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramson, D, Morse, S, Garrett, A, Redlener, I. Public health disaster research: surveying the field, defining its future. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2007; 1: 5762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkle, FM, Nickerson, JW, von Schreeb, J, Redmond, AD, McQueen, KA, Norton, I et al. Emergency surgery data and documentation reporting forms for sudden-onset humanitarian crises, natural disasters and the existing burden of surgical disease. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27: 577582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchet, K, Tataryn, M. Evaluation of post-earthquake physical rehabilitation response in Haiti, 2010 – a systems analysis: ICED Research Report. International Centre for Evidence on Disability (ICED), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). 2012. http://disabilitycentre.lshtm.ac.uk/research/disaster-response-haiti (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guidelines. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. July 10, 2013. http://www.healthquality.va.gov (Accessed September 13, 2013).Google Scholar
Paralyzed Veterans of America. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Clinical Practice and Consumer Guidelines for Management of Spinal Cord Injury. http://www.pva.org/site/c.ajIRK9NJLcJ2E/b.6431479/k.3D9E/Consortium_for_Spinal_Cord_Medicine.htm (Accessed August 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Evidence Aid/Resources: Providing resources for decision-makers before, during and after disasters and other humanitarian emergencies. Evidence Aid. c2013. http://www.evidenceaid.org/research (Accessed September 13, 2013).Google Scholar
CIRRIE. Database of International Rehabilitation Research. CIRRIE. January 3, 2013. http://www.cirrie.buffalo.edu/database/index.php (Accessed September 23, 2013).Google Scholar

References

Reynolds, B, Galdo, J, Sokler, L. Crisis and emergency risk communication. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.Google Scholar
Reynolds, B, Seeger, M. Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model. J Health Commun 2005; 10(1): 4355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeger, MW, Reynolds, B. Crisis Communication and the Public Health: Integrative Approaches and New Imperatives. In: Seeger, M, Sellnow, T, Ulmer, RR, eds. Crisis communication and the public health. Cresskill, NJ, Hampton, in press.Google Scholar
National Response Plan. Emergency Planning: National Response Plan. 2005. http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/editorial/editorial_0566.xml (Accessed August 16, 2005).Google Scholar
Seeger, MW, Sellnow, TL, Ulmer, RR. Communication and organizational crisis. Westport, CT, Praeger, 2003.Google Scholar
Fischer, HW III. Response to Disaster. Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 1998.Google Scholar
Clarke, L. The problem of panic in disaster response. 2003. http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/pages/events/peoplesrole/clarke/clarke.html (Accessed September 1, 2005.)Google Scholar
Seeger, MW. Best Practices in Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication. J Appl Commun Res 2006; 34: 232244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, RG, Covello, VT, McCallum, DB. The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: An empirical study. Risk Analysis 1997; 17(1): 4354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollard, WE. Public Perceptions of Information Sources Concerning Bioterrorism Before and After Anthrax Attacks: An Analysis of National Survey Data. Journal of Health Communication 2003; 8(1)93-103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomes, N. The making of a germ panic, then and now. Am J Public Health 2000; 90(2): 191198.Google ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, AR. Marketing social change: Changing behavior to promote health, social development, and the environment. San Francisco, CA, Jossey- Bass Publishers, 1995.Google Scholar
Brashers, DE. Communication and uncertainty management. Journal of Communications 2001; 51(3): 477497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navran, FJ, “If ‘Trust Leads to Loyalty’ What Leads to Trust?” Ethics Resource Center, 1996, http://www.ethics.org/resources (Accessed August 22, 2015).Google Scholar
Brehm, SS, Kassin, S, Fein, S. Social Psychology. 6th ed. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.Google Scholar
Reynolds, B. Crisis and emergency risk communication: By leaders for leaders. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004.Google Scholar
CDC, unpublished survey data. Personal conversation CDC and Red Cross Liaison. August 2005.Google Scholar
DiGiovanni, C. Domestic terrorism with chemical or biologic agents: psychiatric aspects. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 15001505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novac, A. Traumatic stress and human behavior. Psychiatric Times. 2001. http://www.mhsource.com (Accessed July 22, 2005).Google Scholar
Hill, D. Why they buy. Across the Board 2003; 40(6): 2733.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol 2004; 59(1): 2028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, F. 50,000 disaster victims speak: An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Atlanta, Georgia State University, 2001.Google Scholar
Young, BH, Ford, J, Ruzek, JI, Friedman, MJ, Gusman, FD. Disaster mental health services a guidebook for administrators and clinicians. n.d. http://www.ncptsd.org/publications/cq/v4/n2/masterdm.html (Accessed August 19, 2005).Google Scholar
Tierney, KJ. The public as an asset, not a problem: A summit on leadership during bioterrorism. Center for Biosecurity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. 2003. http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/pages/events/peoplesrole/tierney/tierney_trans.html (Accessed September 7, 2004).Google Scholar
Izard, CE. Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions. Psychol Bull 2002; 128(5): 796824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solso, RL. Cognitive Psychology. 6th ed. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 2001.Google Scholar
Hesselbein, F. Crisis management: A leadership imperative. Leader to Leader 2002; 26(Fall): 45.Google Scholar
Giuliani, R. Leadership. New York, Miramax, 2002.Google Scholar
Reynolds, B, Deitch, S, Schreiber, R. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: Pandemic Influenza. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006.Google Scholar
Reynolds, B. Response to best practices. Journal of Applied Communication Research 2006; 34(3): 249252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, TD, Allen, NJ, Klammer, JD, Kelly, EC. Group beliefs, ability and performance: The potency of group potency. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 2002; 6(2): 143152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J, Nuer, N. Do people need self-esteem? Comment on Pyszynski, et al. Psychol Bull 2004; 130(3): 469472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sturmer, S, Snyder, M, Omoto, AM. Prosocial emotions and helping: The moderating role of group membership. J Pers Soc Psychol 2005; 88(3): 532546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaltman, G. How customers think: Essential insights into the mind of the market. Boston, Harvard Business School Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Additional Resources

Reynolds, BJ, Earley, E. Principles to enable leaders to navigate the harsh realities of crisis and risk communication. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 2010; 4(3): 262273.Google ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, BJ. Building trust through social media. CDC's experience during the H1N1 influenza response. Mark Health Serv 2010; 30(2): 1821.Google ScholarPubMed

References

Health Care Resources and Services Administration. Telehealth. http://www.hrsa.gov/ruralhealth/about/telehealth (Accessed August 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Darkins, A, Cary, M. Telemedicine and Telehealth: Principles, Practice, Performance and Pitfalls. New York, Springer, 2000.Google Scholar
Access Morland, LA, Raab, M, Mackintosh, MA, et al. Telemedicine: A Cost-Reducing Means of Delivering Psychotherapy to Rural Combat Veterans with PTSD. Telemed J E Health 2013; 19(10): 754759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller-Barna, P, Schwamm, LH, Haberl, RL. Telestroke increases use of acute stroke therapy. Curr Opin Neurol February 2012; 25(1): 510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darkins, A, Ryan, P, Kobb, R, et al. Care Coordination/Home Telehealth: the systematic implementation of health informatics, home telehealth, and disease management to support the care of veteran patients with chronic conditions. Telemed J E Health December 2008; 14(10): 11181126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilley, E. Tele-ICU: Experience to Date. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine September 13, 2009; 1–7.Google Scholar
Grossmann, ZR, Sorondo, B, Holmberg, R, Bjorn, P. Telemedicine consultation for emergency trauma: the 130 million square foot trauma. Bull Am Coll Surg June 2011; 96(6): 1219.Google ScholarPubMed
de Lissovoy, G. Big data meets the electronic medical record: a commentary on “identifying patients at increased risk for unplanned readmission.” Med Care September 2013; 51(9): 759760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, FK Jr., Blackbourne, LH. Battlefield trauma care then and now: a decade of Tactical Combat Casualty Care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg December 2012; 73(6 Suppl. 5): S395S402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calcagni, DE, Clyburn, CA, Tomkins, G, et al. Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia: telemedicine systems and case reports. Telemed J Fall 1996; 2(3): 211224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blank, E, Lappan, C, Belmont, PJ Jr., et al. Early analysis of the United States Army's telemedicine orthopaedic consultation program. J Surg Orthop Adv Spring 2011; 20(1): 5055.Google ScholarPubMed
Khitrov, MY, Rutishauser, M, Montgomery, K, et al. A platform for testing and comparing of real-time decision-support algorithms in mobile environments. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009: 3417–3420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanaboni, P, Wootton, R. Adoption of telemedicine: from pilot stage to routine delivery. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak January 4, 2012; 12: 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Case, T, Morrison, C, Vuylsteke, A. The clinical application of mobile technology to disaster medicine. Prehosp Disaster Med October 2012; 27(5): 473480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, C, White, J, Dougherty, B, et al. Using Smartphones to Detect Car Accidents and Provide Situational Awareness to Emergency Responders. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering 2010; 48: 2942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, YG, Jeong, WS, Yoon, G. Smartphone-based mobile health monitoring. Telemed J E Health October 2012; 18(8): 585590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hee Hwang, J, Mun, GH. An evolution of communication in postoperative free flap monitoring: using a smartphone and mobile messenger application. Plast Reconstr Surg July 2012; 130(1): 125129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulling, P. The Terrorist Attack with Sarin in Tokyo on 20th March 1995. Kamedo Report 71. Stockholm, 1995.Google Scholar
Wade, V, Karnon, J, Elshaug, A, Hiller, J. A systematic review of economic analyses of telehealth services using real time video communication. BMC Health Services Research 2010; 10: 233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DelliFraine, JL, Dansky, KH. Home-based telehealth: a review and meta-analysis. J Telemed Telecare March 2008; 14(2): 6266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnardot, L, Rainis, R. Store-and-forward telemedicine for doctors working in remote areas. J Telemed Telecare January 2009; 15(1): 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Istepanian, RSH, Jovanov, E, Zhang, Y. Guest editorial introduction to the special section on m-health: Beyond seamless mobility and global wireless healthcare connectivity. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 2004; 8(4): 405–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boaz, T, McManus, J, Koenig, K. The Art and Science of Surge: Experience from Israel and the U.S. Military. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13(11): 11301134.Google Scholar
Hawes, C. Get rid of your stethoscope! Pract Neurol December 2010; 10(6): 344346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, W. Slit Lamp Adapters turn Smartphones into Clinical Cameras. http://www.ophthalmologyweb.com/Featured-Articles/136817-Slit-Lamp-Adapters-turn-Smartphones-into-Clinical-Cameras (Accessed August 25, 2015)Google Scholar
Hill, D. Now Your Smartphone Can Be Used to Diagnose Ear Infections at Home. http://singularityhub.com/2012/07/15/now-your-smartphone-can-be-used-to-diagnose-ear-infections-at-home (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Wojtczak, J, Bonadonna, P. Pocket mobile smartphone system for the point-of-care submandibular ultrasonography. Am J Emerg Med March 2013; 31(3): 573577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinatra, S. Is Your Smartphone the Latest ECG Machine? http://www.drsinatra.com/is-your-smartphone-the-latest-ecg-machine (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
US Food and Drug Administration. Mobile Medical Appli-cations. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/ConnectedHealth/MobileMedicalApplications/default.htm (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Balch, B. Developing a National Inventory of Telehealth Resources for Rapid and Effective Emergency Care: a white paper developed by the American Telemedicine Association Emergency Preparedness Response Special Interest Group. Telemed J E Health August 2008; 14(6): 606610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, BJ, Arn Womble, J, Ghosh, S, Friedland, C. Deployment of Remote Sensing Technology for Multi-hazard Post-Katrina Damage Assessment within a Spatially-Tiered Reconnaissance Framework. The 2nd International Conference on Urban Disaster Reduction, Taipei, Taiwan, November 27–29, 2007. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267833599_Deployment_of_Remote_Sensing_Technology_for_Multi-Hazard_Post-Katrina_Damage_Assessment (Accessed September 1, 2015).Google Scholar
Garshnek, V, Burkle, FJ. Applications of Telemedicine and Telecommunications to Disaster Medicine. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1999; 6: 2637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merrell, RC, Doarn, CR. Disasters-How Can Telemedicine Help? Telemed J E Health 2005; 11(2): 511512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United States–USSR. Telemedicine Consultation Spacebridge to Armenia and Ufa. Presented at the Third U.S.–USSR Joint Working Group on Space Biology and Medicine. Moscow and Kislovodsk, USSR, December 1–9, 1989. http://www.quasar.org/21698/nasa/spacebridgeq.htm (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Doarn, C, Merrell, R. Spacebridge to Armenia: a look back at its impact on telemedicine in disaster response. Telemed J E Health September 2011; 17(7): 546552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, E. Psychological factors affecting the adoption of PACS. Appl Radiol 2002; 31: 19.Google Scholar
Simmons, SC, Murphy, TA, Blanarovich, A, et al. Telehealth technologies and applications for terrorism response: a report of the 2002 coastal North Carolina domestic preparedness training exercise. J Am Med Inform Assoc March–April 2003; 10(2): 166176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garshnek, V, Burkle, F. Applications of telemedicine and telecommunications to disaster medicine – Historical and future perspectives. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1999; 6: 125127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. Crossing the Chasm and Inside the Tornado. Harper Business 1991.Google Scholar
Natis, YV, Schulte, WR. Introduction to Service-Oriented Architecture. Gartner Research, 2003. https://www.gartner.com/doc/391377?ref=ddisp (Accessed September 1, 2015).Google Scholar
RAND Center for Domestic and International Health Security. http://www.rand.org/news/press/2007/04/05.html (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Nelson, C, Lurie, N, Wasserman, J, Zakowski, S Conceptualizing and Defining Public Health Emergency Preparedness. American Journal of Public Health December 2006; 8(4): 449471.Google Scholar
Federal Telemedicine Update. September 19, 2005. http://www.federaltelemedicine.com/n091905.htm (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Raymond, C. Offenheiser, President, Oxfam America. Testimony before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. February 10, 2005.Google Scholar
American Red Cross. Red Cross Hurricane App. http://www.redcross.org/news/article/Its-Officially-Hurricane-Season–Are-You-Prepared (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21. 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/nstc/biosecurity (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Nelson, N, Lurie, N, Wasserman, J, Zakouski, S. Conceptualizing and Defining Public Health Emergency Preparedness. American Journal of Public Health 2007; 97 (Suppl. 1): S9S11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (S.3678). July 18, 2006.Google Scholar
Telemedicine & Health IT. American Telemedicine Association. Http://www.Americantelemed.Org/News/Policy_Issues/Hit_Paper.Pdf (Accessed December 7, 2007).Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Hurricane Katrina's Veteran Victims in the Nation's Capital. http://www.washingtondc.va.gov/news/katrina.asp (Accessed September 1, 2015).Google Scholar
Ceesay, I. Public Financial Accountability In Pakistan. The Impact of PIFRA on Capacity. World Bank. Pakistan Country Financial Accountability Assessment. Report Number 27551-PAK. December 2003.Google Scholar
Lessons From Katrina Health. http://www.markle.org/downloadable_assets/katrinahealth.final.pdf (Accessed July 29, 2007).Google Scholar
Written Testimony of Vincent D. Kelly, President and Chief Executive Officer, USA Mobility before the FCC's Independent Panel Reviewing the Impact of Hurricane Katrina. March 6, 2006. http://www.fcc.gov/eb/hkip/GSpeakers060306/ACT1010.pdf (Accessed July 6, 2007).Google Scholar
H.323 Protocol Definition. http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=H320&i=44036,00.asp (Accessed August 7, 2007).Google Scholar
http://www.h323forum.org (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Cisco Systems. Internet Protocols. http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/ip.htm (Accessed August 7, 2007).Google Scholar
Humanitarian Emergency Logistics & Preparedness. http://www.disasterlogistics.org (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Conference Report. Satellite Applications for Telehealth in the Developing World. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2006; 12: 321324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space http://www.oosa.unvienna.org (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Meade, KM, Lam, D. A deployable Telemedicine Capability in Support of Humanitarian Operations. Telemedicine and e-Health 2007; 13: 331340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
http://www.google.com/loon (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
PROACT – Preparedness & Response On Advanced Communications Technology. http://www.mc.uky.edu/kytelecare/proact.asp (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Southern Governors Homeland Security/Telemedicine Project. http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136&languageId=1&contentId=15759 (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Balch, D, West, V. Telemedicine used in a simulated disaster response. Stud Health Technol Inform 2001; 81: 4145.Google Scholar
Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC). http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/rimpac.htm (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Simmons, SC, Murphy, TA, Blanarovich, A, et al. Telehealth technologies and applications for terrorism response: a report of the 2002 coastal North Carolina domestic preparedness training exercise. J Am Med Inform Assoc March–April 2003; 10(2): 166176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balch, D, Taylor, C, Rosenthal, D, et al. Shadow Bowl 2003: a collaborative exercise in community readiness, agency cooperation, and medical response. Telemed J E Health Fall 2004; 10(3): 330342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swinfen Charitable Trust. http://www.swinfencharitabletrust.org (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Rolland, E, Moore, K, Robinson, V, McGuinness, D. Using Ontario's “Telehealth” health telephone helpline as an early-warning system: a study protocol. BMC Health Serv Res 2006; 6: 10. Published online February 15, 2006. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1431529 (Accessed August 25, 2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES). http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/pscm/sec1-ch1.html (Accessed August 10, 2007).Google Scholar
The U.S. Joint Pathology Center. http://www.jpc.capmed.mil (Accessed September 16, 2014).Google Scholar
Center for Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Medicine (CDHAM). http://www.cdham.org (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Kovacs, G, Spens, S. Humanitarian logistics in disaster relief operations. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 2007; 37(2): 99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookings. Trends in Natural Disaster Response and the Role of Regional Organizations. Http://Www.Brookings.Edu/Events/2013/04/22-Natural-Disaster-Trends (Accessed September 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) – Telemedicine for the Medicare Population – Update. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK37953 (Accessed August 25, 2013).Google Scholar
Grigsby, J, Bennett, RE. Alternatives to randomized controlled trials in telemedicine. J Telemed Telecare 2006; 12 (Suppl. 2): S77S84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comfort, K. Risk, Security, and Disaster Management. Annual Review of Political Science 2005; 8: 335356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, G, Spens, S. Humanitarian logistics in disaster relief operations. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 2007; 37(2): 99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Stephens, KU, Grew, D, Chin, K, et al. Excess mortality in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: A preliminary report. Disaster Med Public Health Prepare 2007; 1(1): 1620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkle, FM. Complex humanitarian emergencies: A review of epidemiological and response models. J Postgrad Med 2006; 52(2): 109114.Google ScholarPubMed
Zwi, A, Ugalde, A. Towards an epidemiology of political violence in the Third World. Soc Sci Med 1989; 28(7): 633642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkholder, BT, Toole, MJ. Evolution of complex disasters. Lancet 1995; 346: 10121015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clapp, J. Hunger and the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development, and Environment. http://triplecrisis.com/hunger-and-the-post-2015-development-agenda (Accessed June 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century. Human Security Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005; 123–144.Google Scholar
Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva, The Sphere Project/Oxfam, UK, 2004 (Revised).Google Scholar
Ghobarth, H, Huth, P, Russett, B. The long-term consequences of civil war on public health. Soc Sci Med 2004; 59: 869884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobarth, H, Huth, P, Russett, B. Civil wars kill and maim people long after the shooting stops. Am Pol Sci Rev 2003; 97(2): 189202.Google Scholar
UN Office for the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs. Gender-based violence: a silent, vicious epidemic. IRIN In-Depth. www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=20&ReportId=62814 (Accessed November 20, 2008).Google Scholar
UNICEF. Water and Sanitation. http://www.unicefusa.org/work/water (Accessed June 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Dengue fever, a man-made disease. The Economist. May 2, 1998; 21(U.S. print edition).Google Scholar
Save the Children. State of the world's mothers: 2006. Saving the lives of mothers and newborns. http://www.savethechildren.org/publications/mothers/2006/SOWM_2006_final.pdf (Accessed November 20, 2008).Google Scholar
Roberts, L, Hoffman, CA. Assessing the impact of humanitarian assistance in the health sector. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2004; 1: 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VanRooyen, MJ, Eliades, MJ, Grabowski, JG, et al. Medical relief personnel in complex emergencies: Perceptions of effectiveness in the former Yugoslavia. Prehosp Disaster Med 2001; 16(3): 145149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiegel, PB, Salama, P. War and mortality in Kosovo, 1998–99: an epidemiological testimony. Lancet 2000; 355(9222): 22042209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, MA, Gayer, M, Ryan, MJ, et al. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: Impact and challenges. Lancet 2004; 364(9449): 19741983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, KL, Burns, MJ, Alassaf, W. Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial Detection and Management of Measles Patients in the Emergency Department. WestJEM 2015. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sz9b7kp (Accessed August 8, 2015).Google Scholar
Curioso, WH, Miranda, JJ, Kimball, AM. Learning from low income countries: What are the lessons? Community oral rehydration units can contain cholera epidemics. Br Med J 2004; 329(7475): 11831184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Ommeren, M, Saxena, S, Saraceno, B. Mental and social health during and after acute emergencies: emerging consensus? Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 7176.Google Scholar
Silove, D, Ekblad, S, Mollica, R. The rights of the severely mentally ill in post-conflict societies. Lancet 2000; 355: 15481549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silove, D. The psychological effects of torture, mass human rights violations, and refugee trauma: Toward an integrated conceptual framework. J Nerv Mental Dis 1999; 187: 200207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mollica, RF, Lopes-Cardoza, B, Osofsky, HJ, et al. Mental health in complex emergencies. Lancet 2004; 364: 20582067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mental health in emergencies: Psychological and social aspects of health of populations exposed to extreme stressors. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2003. www.who.int/_mental_health/media/en/640.pdf (Accessed November 20, 2008).Google Scholar
Burkle, FM, Chatterjee, P, Bass, J, Bolton, P. Guidelines for the psycho-social and mental health assessment and management of displaced populations in humanitarian crises. In: Public Health Guide for Emergencies. Geneva and Baltimore, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, 2008.Google Scholar
United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Psychological First Aid: Field Operations Guide. www.medicalreservecorps.gov/file/mrc_resources/mrc_pfa.doc (Accessed December 2, 2008).Google Scholar
Aid Worker Security Database. 2012. https://aidworkersecurity.org (Accessed June 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Charter of the United Nations. www.un.org/aboutun/charter/unflag.htm (Accessed November 20, 2008).Google Scholar
Burkle, FM. Globalization and disaster management: public health, state capacity and political action. J Intl Affairs 2006; 59(2): 241265.Google Scholar
Bello, W. The rise of the relief-and-reconstruction complex. J Intl Affairs 2006; 59(2): 281297.Google Scholar
Judt, T. Is the UN Doomed? The New York Review of Books. February 15, 2007; 54(2). www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=19876 (Accessed November 20, 2008).Google Scholar
Spiegel, PB, Le, P, Ververs, MT, Salama, P. Occurrence and overlap of natural disasters, complex emergencies and epidemics during the past decade (1995–2004). Confl Health 2007; 1(1): 2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solow, AR. A call for peace on climate and conflict. Comment. Nature May 9, 2013; 497: 179180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Callaway, DW, Peabody, CR, Hoffman, A, Cote, E, Moulton, S, Baez, AA, Nathanson, L. Disaster mobile health technology: lessons from Haiti. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27(2): 148152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pate, BL, Identifying and Tracking Disaster Victims, State-of-the-Art Technology Review. Fam Community Health 2008; 31(1): 2334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Recommendations for a National Mass Patient and Evacuee Movement, Regulating, and Tracking System. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, January 2009. http://archive.ahrq.gov/prep/natlsystem (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Matsumoto, H, Motomura, T, Hara, Y, Masuda, Y, Mashiko, K, Yokota, H, Koido, Y. Lessons learned from the aeromedical disaster relief activities during the Great East Japan Earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med 2013; 28(2): 166169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marres, GMH, Taal, L, Bemelman, M, Bouman, J, Leenen, LPH. Online Victim Tracking and Tracing System (ViTTS) for major incident casualties. Prehosp Disaster Med 2013; 28(5): 445453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juffermans, J, Bierens, JJLM: Recurrent medical response problems during five recent disasters in the Netherlands. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010; 25(2): 127136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, J. Automated MCI Patient Tracking: Managing Mass Casualty Chaos Via the Internet. JEMS 2003; 28(4): 5256.Google ScholarPubMed
Massey, T, Gao, T, Welsh, M. The Design of a Decentralized Elec-tronic Triage System. AMIA 2006 Symposium Proceedings; 544.Google Scholar
Gao, T, White, D. A Next Generation Electronic Triage to Aid Mass Casualty Emergency Medical Response. Proceedings of the 28th IEEE 2006; 6501.Google Scholar
Howitt, AM, Leonard, HB. Beyond Katrina: improving disaster response capabilities Working papers. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/taubmancenter/emergencyprep/downioads/beyondkatrina.pdf (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Gao, T, Massey, T, Selavo, L, et al. The advanced health and disaster aid network: a light-weight wireless medical system for triage. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst September 2007; 1(3): 203216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howitt, AM, Leonard, HB. Improving response capabilities. Crisis Response Journal 2006; 2(4): 14.Google Scholar
Chan, TC, Killeen, J, Griswold, W, Lenert, L. Information technology and emergency medical care during disasters. Acad Emerg Med November 2004; 11(11): 12291236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ukai, T. The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the problems with emergency medical care. Ren Fail September 1997; 19(5): 633645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, S, Mario, Christoudias C, Darrell, T, Ziniel, SI, Kalish, LA. A novel image-based tool to reunite children with their families after disasters. Acad Emerg Med November 2012; 19(11): 12271234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlton, M. Surge Capacity Management and Patient Identification in Disaster Preparedness. Access Management Journal.Google Scholar
Jokela, J, Rådestad, M, Gryth, D, et al. Increased situation awareness in major incidents-radio frequency identification (RFID) technique: a promising tool. Prehosp Disaster Med February 2012; 27(1): 8187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fry, EA, Lenert, LA. MASCAL: RFID Tracking of Patients, Staff and Equipment to Enhance Hospital Response to Mass Casualty Events. AMIA 2005 Symposium Proceedings; 261.Google Scholar
Noordergraaf, GJ, Bouman, JH, van den Brink, EJ, van de Pompe, C, Savelkoul, TJ. Development of computer-assisted patient control for use in the hospital setting during mass casualty incidents. Am J Emerg Med 1996; 14(3): 257261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagin, R, Cohen, M, Peled-Avram, M. Family support and victim identification in mass casualty terrorist attacks: An integrative approach. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2005; 7(2): 125131.Google ScholarPubMed
Adini, B, Peleg, K, Cohen, R, Laor, D. A national system for disseminating information on victims during mass casualty incidents. Disasters 2010; 34(2): 542−551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoskins, JD, Graham, RF, Robinson, DR, Lutz, CC, Folio, LR. Mass casualty tracking with air traffic control methodologies. J Am Coll Surg June 2009; 208(6): 10011008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouman, J, Schouwerwou, R, Van der Eijk, K, van Leusden, A, Savelkoul, T. Computerization of Patient Tracking and Tracing During Mass Casualty Incidents. Eur J Emerg Med 2000; 7(3): 211216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Unaccompanied and Separated Children in the Tsunami-Affected Countries – Guiding Principles. 2005. http://www.unicef.org/protection/Separated-20Children-20Guiding-20Principles-20Tsunami%281%29.pdf (Accessed August 23, 2015).Google Scholar
Abramson, D, Garfield, R. On the Edge: Children and Families Displaced by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita Face a Looming Medical and Mental Health Crisis. National Center for Disaster Preparedness & Operation Assist. 2006. http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=2958 (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Barthel, ER, Pierce, JR, Speer, AL, et al. Delayed family reunification of pediatric disaster survivors increases mortality and inpatient hospital costs: a simulation study. J Surg Res September 2013; 184(1): 430437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Commission on Children and Disasters. Report to the President and Congress. 2010. http://archive.ahrq.gov/prep/nccdreport/nccdreport.pdf (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Markenson, D, Redlener, I. Pediatric terrorism preparedness national guidelines and recommendations: findings of an evidenced-based consensus process. Biosecur Bioterror 2004; 2(4): 301319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism. Recommendations to the Secretary. June 12, 2003. http://health.mo.gov/emergencies/pediatrictoolkit/CommunityPlanningforChildren/NationalAdvisoryCommitteeonChildrenandTerrorismRecomm.pdf (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Lenert, LA, Kirsh, D, Griswold, WG, Buono, C, Lyon, J, Rao, R, Chan, TC. Design and evaluation of a wireless electronic health records system for field care in mass casualty settings. J Am Med Inform Assoc November–December 2011; 18(6): 842852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackway-Jones, K, Carley, S. An international expert Delphi study to determine research needs in major incident management. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012; 27(4): 351358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauraent, C, Beaucourt, L. Instant Electronic Patient Data Input During Emergency Response in Major Disaster Setting. Stud Health Technol Inform 2005; 111: 290293.Google Scholar
Cole, SL, Siddiqui, J, Harry, DJ, Sandrock, CE. WiFi RFID demonstration for resource tracking in a statewide disaster drill. Am J Disaster Med May–June 2011; 6(3): 155162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branas, CC, Sing, RF, Perron, AD: A case series analysis of mass casualty incidents. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4: 299304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, G. Common errors in mass casualty management. JEMS 1986; 11(2): 34.Google ScholarPubMed
Plischke, M, Wolf, KH, Lison, T, Pretschner, DP. Telemedical support of prehospital emergency care in mass casualty incidents. Eur J Med Res September 9, 1999; 4(9): 394398.Google ScholarPubMed
Demers, G, Kahn, C, Johansson, P, Buono, C, Chipara, O, Griswold, W, Chan, T. Secure scalable disaster electronic medical record and tracking system. Prehosp Disaster Med October 2013; 28(5): 498501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briggs, S. Triage in mass casualty incidents challenges and controversies. Am J Disaster Med March–April 2007; 2(2): 57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okumura, T, Kondo, H, Nagayama, H, Makino, T, Yoshioka, T, Yamamoto, Y. Simple triage and rapid decontamination of mass casualties with colored clothes pegs (STARDOM-CCP) system against chemical releases. Prehosp Disaster Med May–June 2007; 22(3): 233236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buono, CJ, Chan, TC, Killeen, J, Huang, R, Brown, S, Liu, F, Palmer, D, Griswold, W, Lenert, L. Comparison of the effectiveness of wireless electronic tracking devices versus traditional paper systems to track victims in a large scale disaster. AMIA Annu Symp Proc October 2007; 11: 886.Google Scholar
Ganz, A, Yu, X, Schafer, J, D'Hauwe, S, Nathanson, LA, Burstein, J, Ciottone, GR, Lord, G. DIORAMA: Dynamic Information Collection and Resource Tracking Architecture. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010: 386389.Google ScholarPubMed
Ingrassia, PL, Carenzo, L, Barra, FL, et al. Data collection in a live mass casualty incident simulation: automated RFID technology versus manually recorded system. Eur J Emerg Med February 2012; 19(1): 3539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MIPT (National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism) und DHS. National Technology Plan for Emergency Response to Catastrophic Terrorism. 2004. www.riskintel.com/library/34 (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Hamilton, J. Automated MCI Patient Tracking: Managing Mass Casualty Chaos Via the Internet. JEMS 2003; 28(4): 5256.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Z, Qi, Q. An Efficient RFID Authentication Protocol to Enhance Patient Medication Safety Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography. J Med Syst May 2014; 38(5): 47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, S. Tagging along. RFID helps hospitals track assets and people. Health Facil Manag 2004; 17(12): 2024.Google ScholarPubMed
Ganz, A, Yu, X. Scalable Patients Tracking Framework for Mass Casualty Incidents. 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS.Google Scholar
Red Cross Germany. SOGRO (SOfortrettung bei GROßunfall) [Immediate Rescue in MCIs]. 2014. http://www.sogro.de (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Lenert, L, Palmer, DA, Chan, TC, Rao, R. An Intelligent 802.11 Triage Tag For Medical Response to Disasters. AMIA 2005 Symposium Proceedings; 440.Google Scholar
Maltz, J, Ng, TC, Li, D, Wang, J, Wang, K, Bergeron, W, Martin, R, Budinger, T. The Trauma Patient Tracking System: implementing a wireless monitoring infrastructure for emergency response. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2005; 3: 24412446.Google Scholar
Tollefsen, W, Pepe, M, Myung, D, Gaynor, M, Welsh, M, Moulton, S. iRevive, a Pre-hospital Mobile Database for Emergency Medical Services. IJHTM Summer 2004.Google Scholar
Lorincz, K, Malan, DJ, Fulford-Jones, TRF, et al. Sensor networks for emergency response: challenges and opportunities. Pervasive Computing IEEE 2004; 3: 1623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. 2005. http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/summary (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Blake, N, Stevenson, K. Reunification: keeping families together in crisis. J Trauma August 2009; 67(2 Suppl.): S147S151.Google ScholarPubMed
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Attachment F: mass care. In: Guide for All-hazard Emergency Operations Planning. 1996. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf (Accessed July 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Graham, RF, Hoskins, JD, Cortijo, MP, Barbee, GA, Folio, LR, Lutz, CC. A Casualty Tracking System Modeled After Air Traffic Control Methodology Employed in a Combat Support Hospital in Iraq. Military Medicine 2011; 176(3): 244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×