Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-5xszh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T11:22:30.917Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

31 - Hazardous Material, Toxic, and Industrial Events

from SECTION A - CBRNE AND HAZMAT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2011

Kristi L. Koenig
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Carl H. Schultz
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Get access

Summary

OVERVIEW

Hazardous material (HazMat) incidents are increasingly prevalent due to the continuing rapid growth and globalization of the chemical industry. In a previous report, the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that 100,000 industrial chemicals exist in the workplace. This number is increasing by an estimated 1,000 per year. In the United States alone, there are approximately 13,500 chemical manufacturing facilities, owned by more than 9,000 companies. When it comes to transportation of HazMats, the nation has nearly 1 million daily shipments by land, sea, and air. Globally, chemical production and use has also increased nearly 10-fold over the last 30 years, and this is particularly true in developing countries. The presence of such large quantities of toxic chemicals and hazardous substances among populations poses a significant threat to global health and the environment.

This chapter will focus on industrial HazMat events. Hazards of a biological nature or those with radioactive properties are discussed in Chapters 29 and 30. Harm can also result from deliberate release of hazardous materials from terrorism. Chemical emergencies related to the use of entities such as nerve agents are described further in a Chapter 28.

Type
Chapter
Information
Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine
Comprehensive Principles and Practices
, pp. 511 - 526
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnold, JL. Disaster medicine in the 21st century: future hazards, vulnerabilities, and risk. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2002;17(1):3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Environmental Protection Agency. Sector Strategies Program – Chemical manufacturing. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ispd/chemical/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, PHMSA. Homepage. U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, PHMSA. Available at: http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/home. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD. Environmental outlook for the chemical industry. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/45/2375538.pdf. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system – Annual report 2004. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/HSEES/annual2004.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,The Environmental Health and Risk Assessment Unit of the Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division (ChaPD), chemical surveillance system (CISS). Chemical Incidents Surveillance Review: January 2006–December 2007. Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1211184033548. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Prentice, T, Reinders, LT, World Health Report team. The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. 2007.
Olowokure, B, Pooransingh, S, Tempowski, J, Palmer, S, Meredith, T. Global surveillance for chemical incidents of international public health concern. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(12):928–934.Google Scholar
,Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system – Cumulative Report 1998 – 2001. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/HSEES/Cum1998_2001.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Keim, ME. Industrial chemical disasters. In: Ciottone, GR, Anderson, PD, Auf der Heide, E, et al., eds. Disaster Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2006:556–562.
Mehta, PS, Mehta, AS, Mehta, SJ, Makhijani, AB. Bhopal tragedy's health effects. A review of methyl isocyanate toxicity. JAMA. 1990;264(21):2781–2787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system – Cumulative Report 1993 – 1997. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HS/HSEES/Cum1993-1997.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,World Health Organization. Chemical Incidents – Technical Hazard Sheet – Technological Disaster Profiles. Available at: http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/chemical_insidents/en/index.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Noll, GG, Hildebrand, MS, Yvorra, JG. Hazardous Materials, Managing the Incident. Fire Protection Publications; 1988.
Eckerman, I. Chemical Industry and Public Health – Bhopal as an Example. 2001. Available at: http://www.dnsy.se/_upload/lfm/2006/bhopal%20gas%20disaster.pdf. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Sharma, DC. Bhopal: 20 years on. Lancet. 2005;365(9454):111–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, JP. The Bhopal gas tragedy: could it have happened in a developed country? J Loss Prevent Process Industries. 2002(15):1–4.Google Scholar
Willey, RJ, Crowl, DA, Lepkowski, W. The Bhopal tragedy: its influence on process and community safety as practiced in the United States. J Loss Prevent Process Industries. 2005;(18):365–374.Google Scholar
Eckerman, I. The Bhopal gas leak: Analyses of causes and consequences by three different models. J Loss Prevent Process Industries. 2005;(18):213–217.Google Scholar
Broughton, E. The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. 2005;4(1):6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. Documents – Agenda 21. Available at: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD. Health and the environment – Policy Brief Feb 2008. Available at: http://www.oecd.org. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,American University, The School of International Service. Trade and Environment Database Case Studies – Minamata Disaster. Available at: http://www.american.edu/TED/MINAMATA.HTM. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Elliott, MR, Wang, Y, Lowe, RA, Kleindorfer, PR. Environmental justice: frequency and severity of US chemical industry accidents and the socioeconomic status of surrounding communities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(1):24–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environment Justice. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaljustice/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Environment Protection Agency. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) requirements. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/oem/content/epcra/index.htm. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Levitin, HW, Siegelson, HJ. Hazardous materials emergencies. In: Hogan, , Burstein, JL, eds. Disaster Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007:311–325.
Walter, FG. Hazmat incident response. In: Flomenbaum, NE, Goldfrank, LR, Hoffman, RS, Howland, MA, Lewin, NA, Nelson, LS, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
,Chemical Abstracts Service. Chemical abstracts service. Available at: http://www.cas.org/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Available at: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html. Accessed February 4, 2009.
,United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS): Second revised edition. Available at: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev02/02files_e.html. Accessed February 4, 2009.
,Organisation for economic co-operation and development, OECD. Health aspects of chemical accidents, guidance on chemical accident awareness, preparedness and response for health professionals and emergency responders 1994. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/findDocument/0,3354,en_2649_34369_1_119820_1_1_1,00.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,National institute for occupational safety and health, NIOSH. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs): International Programme on Chemical Safety. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/ipcs/icstart.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,European Chemical Industry Council, CEFIC. European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC). Available at: http://www.cefic.be/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,National Chemical Emergency Centre, NCEC. Hazchem guide. Available at: http://the-ncec.com/hazchem/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Emergency Response Guidebook – ERG 2008. Available at: http://hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/gydebook.htm. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. 2007th ed.; 2007.
Kreutzer, KA. Three-point Hazmat size-up. Fire Engineering. Nov 2007:119–124.Google Scholar
,Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD. Guidance concerning health aspects of chemical accidents. 1996. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/findDocument/0,3354,en_2649_34369_1_119820_1_1_1,00.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Garatwa, W, Bollin, C. Disaster Risk Management – Working Concept. Available at: http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/uebergreifende-themen/krisenpraevention/21657.htm. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Gougelet, RM. Disaster mitigation. In: Ciottone, GR, Anderson, PD, Auf der Heide, E, et al, eds. Disaster Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2006:139–144.
,Scenarios of sustainable hazards mitigation. In: Mileti, DS, ed. Disasters by Design. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press; 1999:41–64.
Crawford, IW, Mackway-Jones, K, Russell, DR, Carley, SD. Planning for chemical incidents by implementing a Delphi based consensus study. Emerg Med J. 2004;21(1):20–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molino, LN EMS beyond the barricade. In: Ciottone, GR, Anderson, PD, Auf Der Heide, E, et al, eds. Disaster Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2006:278–282.
Barbisch, DF, Koenig, KL. Understanding surge capacity: essential elements. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(11):1098–1102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keim, ME, Pesik, N, Twum-Danso, NA. Lack of hospital preparedness for chemical terrorism in a major US city: 1996–2000. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;18(3):193–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Occupational Safety and Health Administration – OSHA. Available at: http://www.osha.gov/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. EMTALA overview. Available at: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/emtala/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,The Joint Commission. Available at: http://www.jointcommission.org/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Cox, RD. Hazmat. Available at: http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic228.htm. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Tur-Kaspa, I, Lev, EI, Hendler, I, Siebner, R, Shapira, Y, Shemer, J. Preparing hospitals for toxicological mass casualties events. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(5):1004–1008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Northington, WE, Mahoney, GM, Hahn, ME, Suyama, J, Hostler, D. Training retention of Level C personal protective equipment use by emergency medical services personnel. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(10):846–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, JT, Yeung, RS, Tang, SY. Hospital preparedness for chemical and biological incidents in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2002;8(6):440–446.Google Scholar
Han, KH, Walker, R, Kuhri, M. An integrated response to chemical incidents–the UK perspective. Resuscitation. 1999;42(2):133–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milsten, A. Hospital responses to acute-onset disasters: a review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2000;15(1):32–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barelli, A, Biondi, I, Soave, M, Tafani, C, Bononi, F. The comprehensive medical preparedness in chemical emergencies: ‘the chain of chemical survival.’ Eur J Emerg Med. 2008;15(2):110–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henretig, FM, Cieslak, TJ, Eitzen, EM. Biological and chemical terrorism. J Pediatr. 2002;141(3):311–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, TW, Brennan, RJ, Keim, M, Williams, RJ, Eitzen, E, Lillibridge, S. Medical preparedness for a terrorist incident involving chemical or biological agents during the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32(2):214–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Decontamination. In: Briggs, SM, Brinsfield, KH, eds. Advanced Disaster Medical Response – Manual for Providers. Harvard Medical International, Inc.; 2003:35–38.
Kenar, L, Karayilanoglu, T. Prehospital management and medical intervention after a chemical attack. Emerg Med J. 2004;21(1):84–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,CBRNE-LINK.com Incident management portal. Available at: http://www.cbrnelink.com/. Accessed February 5, 2009.
Moles, TM, Baker, DJ. Clinical analogies for the management of toxic trauma. Resuscitation. 1999;42(2):117–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, D. Medical management of HAZMAT victims in civilian practice. Curr Anaesth Crit Care. 1998;9(2):52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgetts, TJ, Mackway-Jones, K. Major Incident Medical Management and Support: The Practical Approach. London: BMJ Publishing; 1995.
Garner, A, Lee, A, Harrison, K, Schultz, CH. Comparative analysis of multiple-casualty incident triage algorithms. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(5):541–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cone, DC, Koenig, KL. Mass casualty triage in the chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear environment. Eur J Emerg Med. 2005;12(6):287–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, RJ, Waeckerle, JF, Sharp, TW, Lillibridge, R. Chemical warfare agents: emergency medical and emergency public health issues. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(2):191–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holstege, CP, Kirk, M, Sidell, FR. Chemical warfare. Nerve agent poisoning. Crit Care Clin. 1997;13(4):923–942.Google Scholar
Nozaki, H, Hori, S, Shinozawa, Y, Fujishima, S, Takuma, K, Sagoh, M, et al. Secondary exposure of medical staff to sarin vapor in the emergency room. Intens Care Med. 1995;21(12):1032–1035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, DK, Berkowitz, Z, Kaye, WE. Secondary contamination of ED personnel from hazardous materials events, 1995–2001. Am J Emerg Med. 2003;21(3):199–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,OSHA. Best practices for hospital-based first receivers of victims from mass casualty incidents involving the release of hazardous substances. 2005; Available at: http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/bestpractices/html/hospital_firstreceivers.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nosocomial poisoning associated with emergency department treatment of organophosphate toxicity – Georgia, 2000. MMWR. 2001;49(51):1156–1158.Google Scholar
Leikin, JB, Thomas, RG, Walter, FG, Klein, R, Meislin, HW. A review of nerve agent exposure for the critical care physician. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(10):2346–2354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okumura, T, Suzuki, K, Fukuda, A, et al. The Tokyo subway sarin attack: disaster management, Part 1: Community emergency response. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(6):613–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Advanced Hazmat Life Support. 3rd ed. Tucson: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and University of Arizona Emergency Research Center; 2003.
,Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry – ATSDR. Medical Management Guidelines for Phosgene. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mhmi/mmg176.html. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,Emergency Medical Services Authority, California. External scenario six – chemical attack – toxic industrial chemicals. Available at: http://www.emsa.ca.gov/HICS/files/Ext_06.pdf. Accessed February 5, 2009.
,United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Convention on the transboundary effects of industrial accidents 1992. Available at: http://www.unece.org/env/teia/welcome.htm. Accessed February 5, 2009.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×