Anonymous. (1700), The Acts for Annuities Reviewed and Compared, London.

Anonymous. (1730), A List of the Surviving Nominees on the Fund of Survivorship at Midsummer 1730 and Their Descriptions to That Time, printed by Henry King at the Three Crowns in Grace-Church-Street, London.

Anonymous. (1749), A List of the Names of the Several Nominees with Their Ages Subscribed, England Laws and Statutes, VIII.

Anonymous. (1885), Papers Relating to Tontine Insurance Issued by Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co. 1885–1886, Lockwood & Brainard Company Printers, Hartford, CT.

British History Online, available at www.british-history.ac.uk.

London Gazette, July 30, 1700, “His Highness the Duke of Gloucester was taken ill on Thursday last. And his distemper proved to be a violent fever with a rash. All proper remedies were applied but without success. And about one this morning this young Prince departed this life to the unexpected grief of their Royal Highness and sensible sorrow of the whole Kingdom.”

National Archives [catalogue # 30/8/277], Chatham Papers.

Alter, G. (1983), “Estimating Mortality from Annuities, Insurance and other Life Contingent Contracts.” Historical Methods 16 (2): 45–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alter, G. (1986), “How to Bet on Lives: A Guide to Life Contingent Contracts in Early Modern Europe.” Research in Economic History 10: 1–53.Google Scholar

Baker, T., and Siegelman, P. (2010), “Tontines for the Invincible: Enticing Low Risks into the Health-Insurance Pool with an Idea from Insurance History and Behavioral Economics.” Wisconsin Law Review 79: 80–120.Google Scholar

Bearman, R. (2002), “Was William Shakespeare William Shakeshafte? Revisited.” Shakespeare Quarterly 52 (1): 83–95.Google Scholar

Belenkiy, A. (2013), “The Master of the Royal Mint: How Much Money Did Isaac Newton Save Britain?” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 176 (2): 481–498.Google Scholar

Bellhouse, D. R. (2011), Abraham De Moivre: Setting the Stage for Classical Probability and Its Applications. New York: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernstein, P. L. (1992), Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Benartzi, S., Previtero, A., and Thaler, R. H. (2011), “Annuitization Puzzles.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 25 (4): 143–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bengen, W.P. (1994), “Determining Withdrawal Rates Using Historical Data.” Journal of Financial Planning, October: 171–180.Google Scholar

Biggs, J. H. (1969), “Alternatives in Variable Annuity Benefit Designs.” Transactions of Society of Actuaries 21 (61): 495–517.Google Scholar

Blake, D. (1999), “Annuity Markets: Problems and Solutions.” Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 24: 358–375.Google Scholar

Bowers, T. (2012), “American's Addiction to Tontines.” Business Horizons 55 (3): 313–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bravo, J. M., Real, P. C., and Silva, C. P. (2009), “Participating Annuities Incorporating Risk Sharing Arrangements.” Working paper.

Briton, A. (1808), Annuities to Fools or Madmen: Plain Statements to Convince Those Persons of Credulity Who Are Willing to Surrender Hundreds and Purchase Tens by Way of Annuities. London.Google Scholar

Cannon, E., and Tonks, I. (2008), Annuity Markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capie, F., Fischer, S., Goodhart, C., and Schnadt, N. (1994), The Future of Central Banking: The Tercentenary Symposium of the Bank of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Carlos, A. M., Fletcher, E., and Neal, L. (2014), “Share Portfolios in the Early Years of Financial Capitalism: London, 1690–1730.” Economic History Review 67: 1–26.Google Scholar

Carswell, J. (1960), The South Sea Bubble. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Castle, S. (2014), “The Debt from 1720? Britain's Payment is Coming.” New York Times, December 28, 12.

Chancellor, E. (2001), “Live Long and Prosper.” Spectator, March 24.

Chung, J., and Tett, G.. (2007), “Death and the Salesmen: As People Live Longer, Pension Funds Struggle to Keep Up, which Is Where a New, Highly Profitable Market Will Come In – One That Bets on Matters of Life and Death.” Financial Times, February 24, 26.

Ciecka, J. E. (2008a), “Edmond Halley's Life Table and Its Uses.”Journal of Legal Economics 15 (1): 65–74.Google Scholar

Ciecka, J. E. (2008b), “The First Mathematically Correct Life Annuity Valuation Formula.” Journal of Legal Economics 15 (1): 59–63.Google Scholar

Clapham, J. (1945), The Bank of England: A History (Vol. I & II). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Macmillan Company.Google Scholar

Clark, G. (1999), Betting on Lives: The Culture of Life Insurance in England: 1695–1775. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Claydon, T. (2002), William III. Edinburgh: Pearson Education.Google Scholar

Compton, C. (1833), A Treatise on Tontine: In which the Evils of the Old System Are Exhibited and an Equitable Plan Suggested for Rendering the Valuable Principle of Tontine More Beneficially Applicable to Life Annuities: With an Account of the Successful Operation of the General Annuity Endowment Association. London: J. Powell.Google Scholar

Cooper, R. (1972), An Historical Analysis of the Tontine Principle with Emphasis on Tontine and Semi-Tontine Life Insurance Policies. Philadelphia: S. S. Huebner Foundation for Insurance Education, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

Costain, T. B. (1955), The Tontine. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Christie, A. (2011), 4:50 from Paddington: A Miss Marple Mystery. New York: William Morrow Paperbacks.Google Scholar

Dale, R. (2004), The First Crash: Lessons from the South Sea Bubble. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Deaton, A. (2005), “Franco Modigliani and the Life-Cycle Theory of Consumption.” Banco Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review (Italian version in Moneta e Credito). 58: 91–107.Google Scholar

Dellinger, J.K. (2006), The Handbook of Variable Income Annuities. Hoboken, New Jersey: John, Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Denuit, M., Haberman, S., and Renshaw, A. (2011), “Longevity Indexed Life Annuities.” North American Actuarial Journal. 15 (2): 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Moivre, A. (1725), Annuities upon Lives: The Valuation of Annuities upon any Number of Lives; as also of Reversions, to which is added an Appendix concerning the Expectation of Life and Probabilities of Survivorship. London: William Pearson.

Deparcieux, A. (1746), Essai sur les probabilités de la durée de la vie humaine. Paris: Les Fréres Guérin.Google Scholar

Dickson, P. G. M. (1967), The Financial Revolution in England A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688–1756. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar

Direr, A. (2010), “Flexible Life Annuities.” Journal of Public Economic Theory 12 (1): 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donnelly, C., Guillen, M., and Nielsen, J. P. (2013), “Exchanging Mortality for a Cost.”Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 52 (1): 65–76.Google Scholar

Donnelly, C., Guillen, M., and Nielsen, J. P.. (2014), “Bringing Cost Transparency to the Annuity Market.”Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 56 (1). 14–27.Google Scholar

Duncan, R. M. (1952), “A Retirement System Granting Unit Annuities and Investing in Equities.”Transactions of the Society of Actuaries 4 (9): 317–344.Google Scholar

Ezra, D., Collie, B. and Smith, M. X. (2009), The Retirement Plan Solution: The Reinvention of Defined Contribution. Hoboken, New Jersey: John, Wiley and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finke, Michael S.Wade D., Pfau, and David, Blanchett, The 4 Percent Rule is Not Safe in a Low-Yield World (January 15, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2201323 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2201323CrossRef

Finkelstein, A., and Poterba, J. M. (2002), “Selection Effects in the United Kingdom Individual Annuities Market.” Economic Journal 112: 28–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finlaison, J. (1829), Report of John Finlaison, Actuary of the National Debt, on the Evidence and Elementary Facts on Which the Tables of Life Annuities Are Founded. London: House of Commons.Google Scholar

Forman, Jonathan Barry and Michael J, Sabin, Tontine Pensions: A Solution to the State and Local Pension Underfunding Crisis (March 1, 2014). University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 163. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2393152 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2393152CrossRef

Francis, J. (1847), History of the Bank of England: Its Times and Traditions (Vol. I & II). London, UK: Willoughby and Company, reprinted by Elibron Classics.

Gavrilov, L. A. and Gavrilova, N. S. (2011), “Mortality Measurement at Advanced Ages: A Study of the Social Security Administration Death Master File.” North American Actuarial Journal 15(3): 432–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Geisst, C. R. (2013), Beggar thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldsticker, R. (2007), “A Mutual Fund to Yield Annuity-Like Benefits.” Financial Analysts Journal 63 (1): 63–67.Google Scholar

Gompertz, B. (1825), “On the Nature of the Function Expressive of the Law of Human Mortality, and on a New Mode of Determining the Value of Life Contingencies.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 115: 513–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gregory, J. and Stevenson, J. (2007), Britain in the Eighteenth Century: 1688–1820. Milton Park, Oxon, UK:Routledge Companion to History.Google Scholar

Grellier, J. J. (1810), The History of the National Debt from the Revolution in 1688 to the Beginning of 1800: With a Preliminary Account of the Debts Contracted Previous to That Era. New York: Burt Franklin.Google Scholar

Haberman, S. and Sibbett, T. A., eds. (1995), History of Actuarial Science: Volume I to X. London: William Pickering.Google Scholar

Hald, A. (2003), History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications Before 1750, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Halley, E. (1693), “An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from the Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw.” Philosophical Transactions 17: 596–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamer, D. (1970), “Was William Shakespeare William Shakeshafte?”Review of English Studies 21 (81): 41–48.Google Scholar

Hargreaves, E. L. (1966), The National Debt (1st edition, 1930). London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Hart, M.T. (1991), “‘The Devil or the Dutch’: Holland's Impact on the Financial Revolution in England, 1643–1694.” Parliaments, Estates and Representation 11 (1): 39–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayashi, F., Altonji, J., and Kotlikoff, L. (1996), “Risk-Sharing between and within Families.” Econometrica 64 (2): 261–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hendriks, F. (1861), “Notes on the Early History of Tontines.”Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1861–1863) 10: 205–219.

Heyrick, R. (1694), Accompt of the Moneys Paid into the Receipt of the Exchequer upon the Late Million Act for the Benefit of Survivorship: Containing the Names of Several Nominees, Their Ages, Places of Abode, the Sums Paid upon Each Nominee's Life: As Also, the Deaths of Such Nominees as Were Certified into the Office of the Receipt of Exchequer before the 24th of December, 1693. Examined by Sir Robert Howard in London. Printed at Grays-Inn-Gate in Holbourn, 54 pages. [514.k.2.23] British Library, London.Google Scholar

Heyrick, R. (1695), Accompt of the Moneys Paid into the Receipt of the Exchequer Upon the Late Million Act for the Benefit of Survivorship: Containing the Names of the Several Nominees, Their Ages, Places of Abode, the Sums Paid upon Each Nominee's Life: As Also, the Deaths of Such Nominees as Were Certified into the Office of the Receipt of Exchequer before the 24th of December, 1694. Examined by Sir Robert Howard in London. Printed at Grays-Inn-Gate in Holbourn, 54 pages. [RKN: 40006] Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, London.Google Scholar

Holmes, G. E. F. and Holmes, F. F. (2008), “William Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1689–1700), Son of Queen Anne (1665–1714), Could Have Ruled Great Britain.” Journal of Medical Biography 16: 44–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Homer, S. and Sylla, R. (2005), A History of Interest Rates, 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Horsefield, J. K. (1982), “The Stop of the Exchequer Revisited.” Economic History Review 35: 511–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hu, H. T. C. and Odean, T. (2011), “Paying for Old Age.” The New York Times. February 25, 15.

Hume, D. (1778), The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688 (11 volumes). Reprint 1983; Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar

Huntington, (1792), A List of the Nominees Appointed by the Contributors to the Tontine of the Year 1789, in Pursuance of an Act of Parliament Made and Passed in the Twenty-Ninth Year of the Reign of Our Most Gracious Sovereign King George the Third. Gale ECCO, Print Editions (November 20, 2010), Hampshire, UK, reproduction of the original published in London, UK, by the Offices of Exchequer.Google Scholar

Holmes, G. E. F. and Holmes, F. F. (2008), William Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1689–1700), son of Queen Anne (1665–1714), could have ruled Great Britain, Journal of Medical Biography 16: 44–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Impavido, G., Thorburn, C., and Wadsworth, M. (2004), “A Conceptual Framework for Retirement Products: Risk Sharing Arrangements between Providers and Retirees.” World Bank policy research working paper #3208.CrossRef

Jordan, D. and Walsh, M. (2013), The King's Revenge, UK: Abacus Press.Google Scholar

Jennings, R. M, Swanson, D. F., and Trout, A. P. (1988), “Alexander Hamilton's Tontine Proposal.” William and Mary Quarterly 45 (1): 107–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jennings, R. M. and Trout, A. P. (1982), The Tontine: From the Reign of Louis XIV to the French Revolutionary Era. Philadelphia: S. S. Huebner Foundation for Insurance Education, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

JHC. (1803). “An Account Shewing the Total Number of Nominees of Life Rents Dying Annually Since 1693.” Journals of the House of Commons 25. Reprinted by Order of the House of Commons, page 91.

Jordan, D. and Walsh, M. (2013), The King's Revenge. London, UK: Abacus Press.Google Scholar

Keynes, M. (2008), “Balancing Newton's Mind: His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692–1693.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 62 (3): 289–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kindleberger, C. P. and Aliber, R. (2005), Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, 5th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John, Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King. (1730). A List of the Surviving Nominees on the Fund of Survivorship at Midsummer 1730 and Their Descriptions to that Time, Printed by Henry King at the Three Crowns in Grace-Church-Street, London 1730. The British Library reference # 8285.ee.48.

Kiste, J. (2003). William and Mary: Heroes of the Glorious Revolution. Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing.Google Scholar

Kopczuk, W. and Slemrod, J. (2005), “Dying to Save Taxes: Evidence from Estate-Tax Returns on the Death Elasticity.” Review of Economics and Statistics May 85 (2): 256–265.Google Scholar

Kopf, E. W. (1927), “The Early History of the Annuity.” Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society 13 (28): 225–266.Google Scholar

Lange, A., List, J. A., and Price, M. K. (2007), “A Fundraising Mechanism Inspired by Historical Tontines: Theory and Experimental Evidence.” Journal of Public Economics 91 (9): 1750–1782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, F. (1968), A Guide to the Records of the British State Tontines and Life Annuities of the 17th & 18th Centuries. Isle of Wight: Pinhorns, Shalfleet Manor.Google Scholar

Levenson, F. (2009), Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist. London, UK: Faber and Faber LimitedGoogle Scholar

Lewin, C. G. (2003), Pensions and Insurance before 1800: A Social History. East Lothian: Tuckwell Press.Google Scholar

Liss, D. (2000), A Conspiracy of Paper. New York:Ballantine Books.Google Scholar

Louge, L. M. and Blanck, P. (2011), “There Is Nothing That Promotes Longevity Like a Pension: Disability Policy and Mortality of Civil War Union Army Veterans.” Wake Forest Law Review 39: 101–118.Google Scholar

Macleod, C. (1986), “The 1690s Patents Boom: Invention or Stock-Jobbing?” Economic History Review 39: 549–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mackenzie, G. A. (2006), Annuity Markets and Pension Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marjolein, T. H. (1991), “‘The Devil or the Dutch’: Holland's Impact on the Financial Revolution in England, 1643–1694.” Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 11 (1): 39–52.Google Scholar

McKeever, K. (2009), “A Short History of Tontines.” Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law 15 (2): 491–521.Google Scholar

Milevsky, M. A. (2006), The Calculus of Retirement Income: Financial Models for Pension Annuities and Life Insurance. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milevsky, M. A.Milevsky, M. A. (2012), The 7 Most Important Equations for Your Retirement: The Fascinating People and Ideas behind Planning Your Retirement Income. Toronto: Wiley.Google Scholar

Milevsky, M. A. (2013), “Want Financial Security? Look to the Renaissance,” Wall Street Journal, Monday, April 22nd, page R4.Google Scholar

Milevsky, M. A. (2014), “Portfolio Choice and Longevity Risk in the Late 17th Century: A Re-Examination of the First English Tontine.” Financial History Review 21 (3): 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milevsky, M. A. and Salisbury, T. S. (2014), “Optimal Retirement Income Tontines.” http://ssrn.com/abstract=2271259.

Milevsky, M. A. and Young, V. R. (2007), “Asset Allocation and Annuitization.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 31 (9): 3138–3177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milevsky, M. A., Young, V. R., and Promislow, S. D. (2006), “Killing the Law of Large Numbers: Mortality Risk Premiums and the Sharpe Ratio.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 73 (4): 673–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mitchell, O.S., Piggott, J., and Takayama, N. (2011), editors, Securing Lifelong Retirement Income: Global Annuity Markets and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murphy, A. L. (2005), “Lotteries in the 1690s: Investment or Tamble?” Financial History Review 12 (2): 227–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murphy, A. L. (2009), The Origins of English Financial Markets: Investment and Speculation before the South Sea Bubble. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Newfield, P. (2014), “The Tontine: An Improvement on the Conventional Annuity?”Journal of Retirement 1 (3) :37–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nichols, G. O. (1971), “English Government Borrowing: 1660–1688.” Journal of British Studies 10 (2): 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Donnell, T. (1936), History of Life Insurance in Its Formative Years; Compiled from Approved Sources. Chicago: American Conservation.Google Scholar

Pearson, E. S. (1978), The History of Statistics in the 17th and 18th Century: Against the Changing Background of Intellectual, Scientific and Religious Thought. London: Charles Griffin.Google Scholar

Pechter, K. (2007), “Possible Tontine Revival Raises Worries.” Annuity Market News, May 1.

Petram, L. (2014), The World's First Stock Exchange. New York: Columbia Business School Publishing.Google Scholar

Pfau, Wade D. (2012), An Efficient Frontier for Retirement Income (September 24, 2012). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2151259 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2151259CrossRef

Piggott, J., Valdez, E. A., and Detzel, B. (2005), “The Simple Analytics of a Pooled Annuity Fund.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 72 (3): 497–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pincus, S. (2009), 1688: The First Modern Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Pitacco, E., Denuit, M., Haberman, S., and Olivieri, A. (2009), Modeling Longevity Dynamics for Pensions and Annuity Business. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Plaidy, J. (1965), The Three Crowns: The Story of William and Mary. London: Robert Hale Limited.Google Scholar

Plaidy, J. (1992), William's Wife. London: Robert Hale Limited.Google Scholar

Poitras, G. (2000), The Early History of Financial Economics: 1478–1776. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Poterba, J. (2005), “Annuities in Early Modern Europe.” In The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets, 207–224, edited by Goetzmann, William N. and Rouwenhorst, K. Geert. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Promislow, S. D. (2011), Fundamentals of Actuarial Mathematics, 2nd ed. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Raithby, J. (1819). William and Mary, 1692: An Act for Granting to Their Majesties Certain Rates and Duties of Excise upon Beer Ale and Other Liquors for secureing Certain Recompences and Advantages in the Said Act Menc[I]Oned to Such Persons as Shall Voluntarily Advance the Su[m]me of Ten Hundred Thousand Pounds towards Carrying on the War against France [Chapter III Rot. Parl. pt. 2.nu. 2.]. Statutes of the Realm, volume 6: 1685–94: 372–378. British History Online.Google Scholar

Ransom, R. L. and Sutch, R. (1987), “Tontine Insurance and the Armstrong Investigation: A Case of Stifled Innovation, 1868–1905.” Journal of Economic History 47 (2): 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reinhart, C. M. and Rogoff, K.S. (2009), This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Richter, A. and Weber, F. (2011), “Mortality-Indexed Annuities Managing Longevity Risk via Product Design.” North American Actuarial Journal 15 (2): 212–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roseveare, H. (1991), The Financial Revolution: 1660–1760. Essex, UK: Longman Group.Google Scholar

Rotemberg, J. J. (2009), “Can a Continuously-Liquidating Tontine (or Mutual Inheritance Fund) Succeed Where Immediate Annuities Have Floundered?” Harvard Business School working paper, 9–121.CrossRef

Rothschild, C. G. (2003), “Adverse Selection in Public Finance: Life-Contingent Contracts in Early Modern Europe.” MIT working paper.

Rothschild, C. G. (2009), “Adverse Selection in Annuity Markets: Evidence from the British Life Annuity Act of 1808.” Journal of Public Economics 93 (5–6): 776–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubinstein, M. (2006), A History of the Theory of Investments: My Annotated Bibliography. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Sabin, M.J. (2010), “Fair Tontine Annuity.” SSRN abstract #1579932.CrossRef

Sandel, M.J. (2012), What Money Can't Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.Google Scholar

Scott, J. S., Watson, J. G., and Hu, W. (2011), “What Makes a Better Annuity?” Journal of Risk and Insurance 78 (1): 213–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sheshinski, E (2008), The Economic Theory of Annuities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sheynin, O. B. (1968), “On the Early History of the Law of Large Numbers.” BIOMETRICA 55 (3): 459–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, A. (2000), The Wealth of Nations: with Introduction and Notes by Robert Reich, New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Somerset, A. (2012), Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion. Hammersmith: Harper Press.Google Scholar

Stamos, M. A. (2008), “Optimal Consumption and Portfolio Choice for Pooled Annuity Funds.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 43:56–68.Google Scholar

Stevenson, R.L. and Osbourne, L. (1889), The Wrong Box. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.Google Scholar

Stoddert, B. (1805), Remarks on the Washington Tontine: Including the Constitution of the Washington Tontine Company. Georgetown: Early American Imprints.Google Scholar

Sussman, N. and Yafeh, Y. (2006), “Institutional Reform, Financial Development and Sovereign Debt: Britain 1690–1790.”Journal of Economic History 66 (5): 906–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Temin, P. and Voth, H. (2004), “Riding the South Sea Bubble.”American Economic Review 94 (5): 1654–1668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Temin, P., and Voth, H.. (2013), Prometheus Shackled: Goldsmith Banks and England's Financial Revolution after 1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tonti, L. (1654), Edict of the King for the Creation of the Society of the Royal Tontine. Translated by V. Gasseau-Dryer. Published in History of Actuarial Science, volume 5, edited by Haberman, S. and Sibbett, T. A.. London: William Pickering.Google Scholar

Trenerry, C. F. (1911), The Origin and Early History of Insurance: Including the Contract of Bottomry. Clark, New Jersey, Lawbook ExchangeGoogle Scholar

Valdez, E. A., Piggott, J., and Wang, L. (2006), “Demand and Adverse Selection in a Pooled Annuity Fund.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 39 (2): 251–266.Google Scholar

Vallance, E. (2006), The Glorious Revolution: 1688 & Britain's Fight for Liberty. Imprint of Little, Brown Book Group, London, UK: Abacus Press.Google Scholar

Vega, Josef de la (1688), Confusion de Confusiones. Portions Reprinted by Martino Publishing in 2013.Google Scholar

Warshawsky, M. J. (2012), Retirement Income: Risks and Strategies. Cambridge: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Wadsworth, M., Findlater, A., and Boardman, T. (2001), Reinventing Annuities. Presented at the Staple Inn Actuarial Society, London.

Wagstaffe, T. (1674), “Proposals for Subscription of Money.” In History of Actuarial Science, 19, edited by Haberman, S. and Sibbett, T. A., London, William Pickering.Google Scholar

Walford, C. (1871), The Insurance Cyclopaedia, Volume 1. London: Charles and Edwin Layton.Google Scholar

Webb, A. (2010), “The United States Longevity Insurance Market.” Pension Research Council working paper No. 2010–17. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1706899 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1706899.CrossRef

Weil, R. (2013), A Plague of Informers: Conspiracy and Political Trust in William III's England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Weir, D. R. (1989), “Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England.” Journal of Economic History 49 (1): 95–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wennerlind, C. (2011), Casualties of Credit: The English Financial Revolution 1620–1720. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R.S. (2002), The Population History of England from 1541–1871. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Yaari, M. E. (1965), “Uncertain Lifetime, Life Insurance and the Theory of the Consumer.” Review of Economic Studies 32 (2): 137–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zwecker, (2010), Retirement Portfolios: Theory, Construction and Management. Hoboken, New Jersey: John, Wiley and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar