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  • Cited by 22
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
March 2019
Print publication year:
2019
Online ISBN:
9781108558488

Book description

This Element explores the primary modes by which rulers have exercised power and shaped political relations in Timor-Leste across four distinct periods. The contrast between coercion under colonial rule and consent expressed through the 1999 referendum on independence exerted a powerful influence on scholarship on Timor-Leste's politics and future. Since the restoration of independence in 2002, however, politics in Timor-Leste are best understood in terms of powerful economic constraints during the first Fretilin government (2002–6), and thereafter, thanks to revenue from the country's petroleum reserves, a ruling strategy based on a wide range of inducements (rather than genuine consent).

Bibliography

Newspapers and Magazines

  • Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)

  • Independente

  • Suara Timor Lorosae (STL)

  • Sydney Morning Herald (SMH)

  • Talitakum

  • Timor Post

  • UNOTIL Daily Media Review

  • Vox Populi

Documents

Australian Federal Police (2008). Intelligence Advisory Report: Operation Oportet: Forensic ballistics examination results, document 5547919, dated November 27, 2008.
National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT) (1998). Magna Carta concerning Freedoms, Rights, Duties and Guarantees for the People of East Timor. English version available at www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2009/01/east-timors-magna-carta.html (accessed March 5, 2018).
National Council of Timorese Resistance (CNRT) (1999). Managing the Transitional Administration in East Timor, with cover letter signed by Xanana Gusmão, October 19, 1999.
Independent Evaluation Group (2011). Timor-Leste Country Program Evaluation, 2000–2010, Washington DC: Independent Evaluation Group, The World Bank. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22736/Timor0Leste0000valuation00200002010.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Ruak, Taur Matan (2016). Speech by his excellency the President of the Republic, Taur Matan Ruak, to national parliament, on the dismissal of Major-General Lere Anan Timur, February 25, posted at https://aitaraklaranlive.wordpress.com/2016/02/26/speech-by-his-excellency-the-president-of-the-republic-taur-matan-ruak-to-national-parliament-on-the-dismissal-of-major-general-lere-anan-timur/ (accessed May 25, 2018).
United Nations (1999). Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor, 5 May 1999, Annex I in United Nations, Question of East Timor: Report of the Secretary General, May 5, 1999, available at https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/sites/default/files/accords/East_Timor_Peace_Agreement-1999.pdf (accessed March 5, 2018).
United Nations Security Council (1999). Resolution No. 1272, October 25, available at http://dag.un.org/handle/11176/36759 (accessed March 5, 2018).

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Publications

Direcção Nacional de Estatística (2006). Censo da população e habitação 2004, Dili: Gráfica Pátria.
República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2002). Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor, available in English at http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Constitution_RDTL_ENG.pdf
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Planning Commission (2002). East Timor: State of the Nation Report. Dili.
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Governo (2003a). Timor-Leste: Ita iha nebe ona ohin loron, Dili: Grafica, Patria.
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Planning and External Assistance Management Division, Ministry of Planning and Finance (2003b). Timor-Leste: Poverty in a new nation: Analysis for action.
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Ministério da Administração Estatal (2003c). Local Government Options Study Draft Report.
República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2005). Prime Minister, media release “Timor-Leste established Petroleum Fund,” September 23, 2005, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/OilWeb/Finances/PetFund/PFEstablished.htm.
República Democrática de Timor-Leste (2008). “Integração dos ex-militares na vida civil,” Decree 12/2008, dated 11 June 2008; posted at www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/?q=node/1016 (accessed May 26, 2018).
República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Ministério das Finanças (2014). Briefing note to respond to “The resource curse in Timor-Leste” article authored by Charles Scheiner (La’o Hamutuk), National Directorate of Economic Policy, September 2.

Journal Articles and Books

Allard, T. (2016). “Discontent” about Xanana Gusmao, Mari Alkatiri families: East Timor President, Sydney Morning Herald, February 27, posted at www.smh.com.au/world/discontent-about-xanana-gusmao-mari-alkatiri-families-east-timor-president-20160226-gn4ck9.html (accessed May 25, 2018).
Amnesty International (2003). The Democratic Republic of Timor Leste: A new police service – a new beginning, London: Amnesty International.
Anderson, T. (2003). Self-determination after independence: East Timor and the World Bank, Portuguese Studies Review 11(1): 169185.
Anderson, T. (2010). Cuban health cooperation in Timor-Leste and the Pacific, South West, in South-south cooperation: A challenge to the aid system, Quezon City: IBON Books, 77–86.
Arnold, M. (2010). Timor-Leste: The window for a “normal” future?, Asian Survey 51(1): 215220.
Asia Foundation (2014). Timor-Leste public opinion poll. Posted at http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/PublicOpinionPollResultsMarch2014ENGLISH.pdf.
Aspinall, E., Hicken, A., Scambary, J., and Weiss, M. (2018). Timor-Leste votes: parties and patronage, Journal of Democracy 29(1): 153167.
Babo-Soares, D. (2003). Branching from the Trunk: East Timorese Perceptions of Nationalism in Transition, Ph.D. Dissertation, Australian National University.
Babo-Soares, D. (2004). Nahe Biti: the philosophy and process of grassroots reconciliation (and justice) in East Timor, Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5(1): 1533.
Ball, D. (2002). Defence of East Timor: A recipe for disaster? Global Change, Peace & Security 14(3): 175189.
Barma, N., Huybens, E., and Viñuela, L. (2014). Institutions taking root: Building state capacity in challenging contexts, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Beauvais, J. (2001). Benevolent despotism: A critique of U.N. state-building in East Timor, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 33(4): 11011178.
Beuman, L. (2016). Political institutions in East Timor: Semi-presidentialism and democratisation, London and New York: Routledge.
Blunt, P. (2009). The political-economy of accountability in Timor-Leste: Implications for public policy, Public Administration and Development, 29(2): 89100.
Boughton, B. (2008). Unraveling the East Timor Assassination Story: Republic’s rebel with friends in high places, The Australian, 16 February.
Bovensiepen, J. (2015). The land of gold: Post-conflict recovery and cultural revival in independent Timor-Leste, Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.
Bovensiepen, J., ed. (2018). The promise of progress: visions of the future in Timor-Leste, Canberra: ANU Press.
Centre for Defence Studies (2000). Independent study on security force options for East Timor, London: The Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College.
Chesterman, S. (2004). Building democracy through benevolent autocracy. In Newman, E. and Rich, R., eds., The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, pp. 86112.
Chomsky, N. (2006). Foreword, in Tanter, R., Ball, D., and van Klinken, G., Masters of Terror: Indonesia’s military and violence in East Timor, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. ixxiii.
Chopra, J. (2002). Building state failure in East Timor, Development and Change 33(5): 9791000.
Cohen, D. (2003). Intended to fail: The trials before the Ad Hoc Human Rights Court in Jakarta, New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.
Comissão de Acolhimento Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor-Leste (CAVR) (2013). Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation, Dili: CAVR.
Cotton, J. (2007). Timor-Leste and the discourse of state failure, Australian Journal of International Affairs 61(4): 455470.
Devereux, A. (2015). Timor-Leste’s bill of rights: A preliminary history. Canberra: ANU Press.
Drysdale, J. (2007). Sustainable development or resource cursed? An exploration of Timor-Leste’s institutional choices, PhD. thesis, The Australian National University.
Law, East Timor and Bulletin, Justice (2010). Timor police say a new coup plot from CPD-RDTL and Bua Malus, March 3, posted at www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2010/03/timor-police-say-new-coup-plot-from-cpd.html (accessed May 27, 2018).
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (2018). Democracy Index 2017: Free speech under attack, posted at www.eiu.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=Democracy_Index_2017.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2017 (accessed May 22, 2018).
Engel, R. (2015). The state, society and international interventions in Timor-Leste: creating conditions for violence, PhD. thesis, SOAS.
Feijó, R. (2013). Timor-Leste in 2013: Marching on its own feet, Asian Survey 54(1): 8388.
Feijó, R. (2016). Dynamics of democracy in Timor-Leste: The birth of a democratic nation, 1999–2012, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.
Feijó, R. (2018). Timor-Leste in 2017: Between a diplomatic victory and the return of “belligerent democracy,” Asian Survey 58(1): 206212.
Fitzpatrick, D. (2000). Re-establishing land titles and administration in East Timor, Pacific Economic Bulletin 15(2): 152160.
Fitzpatrick, D., McWilliam, A., and Barnes, S. (2012). Property and social resilience in times of conflict: Land, custom and law in East Timor, London and New York: Routledge.
Goldstone, A. (2004). UNTAET with Hindsight: The peculiarities of politics in an incomplete state, Global Governance 10: 8398.
Goldstone, A. (2013). Building a state and “state-building”: East Timor and the UN, 1999–2012. In Berdal, M. and Zaum, D., eds., Political economy of state-building: power after peace, London and New York: Routledge.
Gorjão, P. (2002). The legacy and lessons of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, Contemporary Southeast Asia 24(2): 313336.
Gorjão, P., and Monteiro, A. (2009). Is Timor-Leste a failed state? Portuguese Journal of International Affairs 1: 1221.
Grenfell, L. (2009). Promoting the rule of law in Timor-Leste, Conflict, Security and Development 9(2): 213238.
Gunn, G. C. (2007). The state of East Timor studies after 1999, Journal of Contemporary Asia 37(1): 95114.
Gunn, G. C. (2010). Timor-Leste in 2009: Cup half full or half empty? Asian Survey 50(1): 235240.
Gusmão, X. (1982). Message to the 37th United Nations General Assembly. In S. Niner, ed. 2000, pp. 7484.
Gusmão, X. (1986). A history that beats in the Maubere Soul. In S. Niner, ed. 2000, pp. 85126.
Gusmão, X. (1998). New Year Message for 1999. In S. Niner, ed. 2000, pp. 224235.
Gusmão, X. (2003). Address by H. E. President Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, Xanana on the occasion of the International Conference on Traditional Conflict Resolution and Traditional Justice in Timor-Leste, Dili, June 27.
Gusmão, X. (2005). Timor Lives! Speeches of freedom and independence, Alexandria, New South Wales: Longueville Media.
Guterres, J. C. (2008). Timor-Leste: A year of democratic elections, Southeast Asian Affairs: 359372.
Hill, H., and Saldanha, J. (2001). East Timor: Development Challenges for the World’s Newest Nation, Singapore: ISEAS.
Hohe, T. (2002). The clash of paradigms: International administration and local political legitimacy in East Timor, Contemporary Southeast Asia 24(3): 569589.
Hohe, T., and Nixon, R. (2003). Reconciling justice: “Traditional” law and state judiciary in Timor-Leste, Dili: United States Institute of Peace.
Hughes, C. (2009). Dependent Communities: Aid and Politics in Cambodia and East Timor, Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.
Hunt, Janet (2004). Building a new society: NGOs in East Timor. New Community Quarterly 2(1): 1623.
Hyland, T., and Murdoch, L. (2002). East Timor celebrates as a nation is born, The Age, May 20.
Ingram, S., Kent, L., and McWilliam, A. (2015). A new era? Timor-Leste after the UN, Canberra: ANU Press.
Independente (2018). “Timor-Leste’s veterans stand by Alkatiri,” October 25, posted at www.independente.tl/tl/nasional/timor-leste-s-veterans-stand-by-alkatiri-government (accessed January 13, 2018).
International Crisis Group (2006). Resolving Timor-Leste’s crisis, Dili/Brussels: Asia Report No. 120.
International Crisis Group (2007). Timor-Leste’s parliamentary elections, Dili/Brussels: Update briefing No. 65.
International Crisis Group (2009). Timor-Leste: No time for complacency, Dili/Brussels: Asia Briefing No. 97.
International Crisis Group (2011). Timor-Leste’s veterans: An unfinished struggle, Dili/Brussels: Asia Briefing No. 129.
Kammen, D. (2009). A tape-recorder and a wink? Transcript of the May 29, 1983 Meeting Between Governor Carrascalão and Xanana Gusmão, Indonesia 87: 73102.
Kammen, D. (2010). Subordinating Timor: Central authority and the origin of communal identities in East Timor, Bijdragen tot de Tal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 166 (2/3): 244269.
Kammen, D. (2011a). The armed forces in Timor-Leste: Politicization through elite conflict, in Mietzner, M., ed., The political resurgence of the military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and leadership, London and NY: Routledge, pp. 107125.
Kammen, D. (2011b). Sovereignty and food politics in East Timor, Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 26 (1–2): 264273.
Kammen, D. (2012). Between violence and negotiation: Rethinking the Indonesian occupation and East Timorese resistance, in Miller, M., ed., Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 93112.
Kammen, D., and Hayati, S. (2007). Crisis and Rice in East Timor, CounterPunch, March 5.
Katzenstein, S. (2003). Hybrid tribunals: Searching for justice in East Timor, Harvard Human Rights Journal 16: 245278.
Kent, L. (2012). The dynamics of transitional justice: International models and local realities in East Timor, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Kent, L., and Kinsella, N. (2015). The veterans’ valorisation scheme: Marginalising women’s contributions to the resistance. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 213223.
Kent, L., and Wallis, J. (2014). Timor-Leste’s veterans’ pension scheme: Who are the beneficiaries and who is missing out? The State, Society and Governance Programme in Melanesia, In Brief 2014/13, https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/143160/1/SSGM_IB_2014_13_KentWallis_Print&Web.pdf (accessed May 26, 2018).
King, D. (2003). East Timor’s founding elections and emerging party system, Asian Survey 43(5): 745757.
Kingsbury, D. (2009). East Timor: The price of freedom, New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Kingsbury, D. (2010). National identity in Timor-Leste: Challenges and opportunities, South East Asia Research 18(1): 133159.
Kingsbury, D. (2017). Is East Timor run by a “stable” govt or conspiratorial oligarchy, dated January 27, 2017, posted at https://blogs.deakin.edu.au/deakin-speaking/2017/01/27/is-east-timor-run-by-a-stable-govt-or-conspiratorial-oligarchy/ (accessed February 11, 2017).
Hamutuk, La’o (2002). Excerpts from East Timor’s combined sources budget 2002–2003, presented at May 2002 donor’s conference, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/OilWeb/Finances/budget%202002–3.htm (accessed May 28, 2018).
Hamutuk, La’o (2009). How much money have international donors spent on and in Timor-Leste, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/reports/09bgnd/HowMuchAidEn.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).
Hamutuk, La’o (2013). The national impact of benefits for former combatants, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/econ/pension/VetPension6Mar2013en.pps (accessed May 26, 2018).
Leach, M. (2009). The 2007 presidential and parliamentary elections in Timor-Leste, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 55(2): 219232.
Leach, M. (2013). Timor-Leste in 2012 beyond international statebuilding? Asian Survey 53(1): 156161.
Leach, M. (2014). Concerns over judicial independence in Timor-Leste, EastAsiaForum, October 31. Posted at www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/10/31/concerns-over-judicial-independence-in-timor-leste/ (accessed May 28, 2018).
Martin, I., and Mayer-Reickh, A. (2005). The United Nations and East Timor: From self-determination to state-building, International Peacekeeping 12(1): 125145.
McWilliam, A. (2005). Houses of resistance in East Timor: Structuring sociality in the new nation, Anthropological Forum 15(1): 2744.
McWilliam, A. (2007). Introduction: Restorative custom: Ethnographic perspectives on conflict and local justice in Timor, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 8(1): 18.
McWilliam, A. (2015). Rural-urban inequalities and migration in Timor-Leste. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 225234.
Meitzner Yoder, L. (2015). The development eraser: Fantastical schemes, aspirational distractions and high modern mega-events in the Oecusse enclave, Timor-Leste, Journal of Political Ecology 22: 299321.
Mendes, P. (2008). Timor-Leste: The unsustainable island, Publico, 25 November, posted at http://jornal.publico.clix.pt/main.asp?dt=20081125&id.
Moxham, B. (2008). State-making and the post-conflict city: Integration in Dili, disintegration in Timor-Leste, London: Crisis States Working Papers, no. 2, Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics.
Mubyarto, S., Hudiyanto, L., Djatmiko, E., Setiawati, I., and Mawarni, A. (1991). East Timor: The Impact of Integration, Australia: Gadjah Mada University Research Centre for Village and Regional Development and Indonesian Resources and Information Program.
Murdoch, L. (2008) “Timor collides with its future,” The Sydney Morning Herald, November 22.
Neves, G. (2011). Timor: Where Has All the Aid Gone?, Foreign Policy in Focus, June 20, posted at http://fpif.org/timor_where_has_all_the_aid_gone/ (accessed April 30, 2018).
Neves, G. (2013). Timor-Leste: The political economy of a rentier state, presented at Timor-Leste Studies Association, 2013, posted at www.laohamutuk.org/econ/model/NevesPoliticalRentierTLSA2013.pdf.
Niner, S. (2000). To Resist is to Win: The autobiography of Xanana Gusmão, Richmond, Victoria: Aurora Books.
Nolan, C. (2015). After Xanana: Challenges for stability. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 155168.
Nygaard-Christensen, M. (2016). Timor-Leste in 2015: Petro-politics or sustainable growth, Southeast Asian Affairs 2016, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 347359.
Pereira, A. (2009). The Dreams of Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, posted at www.etan.org/et2009/02february/22/19dreams.htm (accessed May 25, 2018).
Pushkina, D., and Maier, P. (2012). United Nations Peace-keeping in Timor-Leste, Civil Wars 14(3): 324343.
Rees, E. (2002). Security sector reform and transitional administrations, Conflict, Security and Development 2(1): 151156.
Rees, E. (2004). Under pressure: Falintil – Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste: Three decades of defence force development in Timor Leste, 1975–2004, Geneva: Working Paper No. 139, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.
Robinson, G. (2010). “If you leave us here we will die”: How genocide was stopped in East Timor, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Robinson, G. (2011). East Timor ten years on: Legacies of violence, Journal of Asian Studies 70(4): 10071021.
Rohland, K., and Cliffe, S. (2002). The East Timor reconstruction program: Successes, problems and tradeoffs, World Bank Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit Working Paper Series no. 2, November.
Roosa, J. (2007). How does a truth commission find out what the truth is? The case of East Timor’s CAVR, Pacific Affairs 80(4): 569–80.
Sahe Institute for Liberation (2003). “Memerdekakan rakyat setelah memperoleh tanah air,” Libertasan 2.
Scambary, J. (2007). Disaffected groups and social movements in East Timor, unpublished research paper for AusAID.
Scambary, J. (2009). Anatomy of a conflict: the 2006–2007 communal violence in East Timor, Conflict, Security & Development, 9(2): 265288.
Scambary, J. (2015). In search of white elephants: The political economy of resource income expenditure in East Timor, Critical Asian Studies, 47(2): 283308.
Scheiner, C. (2015). Can the petroleum fund exorcise the resource curse from Timor-Leste. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 73101.
Schofield, C. (2007). Minding the gap: The Australia-East Timor treaty on certain maritime arrangements in the Timor Sea (CMATS), The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22(2); 189234.
Shoesmith, D. (2003). Timor-Leste: Divided leadership in a semi-presidential system, Asian Survey, 43(2): 231252.
Shoesmith, D. (2011). Timor-Leste: On the path to peace and prosperity? In Southeast Asian Affairs 2011, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 332335.
Shoesmith, D. (2017). Timor-Leste in 2016: Redefining democracy. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2017, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 387404.
Sidel, J. (2015). Sojourn symposium review essay, Sojourn 30(1): 256261.
Simonsen, S. (2006). The authoritarian temptation in East Timor: Nationbuilding and the need for inclusive governance, Asian Survey, 46(4): 575596.
Smith, A. (2004). Timor-Leste: Strong government, weak state. In Southeast Asian Affairs 2004, Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 279294.
Soares, A. (2015). A social movement as an antidote to corruption. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 203212.
Soares, A. (2004). Peranan gerakan bawah tanah dalam proses perjuangan pembebasan nasional Timor-Leste (studi kasus di sub-region Viquque wilayah Baucau dan Viqueque dari tahun 1979–1994), BA thesis, Universitas Nasional Timor-Leste.
Sousa, I. (2001). The Portuguese colonization and the problem of East Timorese nationalism, Lusotropie 2001: 183194.
Suhrke, A. (2001). Peacekeepers as nation-builders: Dilemmas of the UN in East Timor, International Peacekeeping 8(4): 120.
Timor-Leste Armed Violence Assessment 1 (2008), Dealing with the Kilat.
Traube, E. (2007). Unpaid wages: Local narratives and the imagination of the nation, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 8(1): 925.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2006). Report of the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste, Geneva: UNHCHR.
Van der Auweraert, P. (2012). Dealing with the 2006 internal displacement crisis in Timor-Leste: Between reparations and humanitarian policymaking, International Center for Transitional Justice and Brookings-LSE Project on Internal Displacement, posted at www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Brookings-Displacement-Timor-Leste-CaseStudy-2012-English.pdf.
Wallis, J. (2012). A liberal-local hybrid peace project in action? The increasing engagement between the local and the liberal in Timor-Leste, Review of International Studies 38(4): 735761.
Wallis, J. (2015). Assessing the implementation and impact of Timor-Leste’s cash payment schemes. In S. Ingram et al. 2015, pp. 235249.
Wigglesworth, A. (2017). Youth in search of a future: Urban drift, education and work in Timor-Leste, Development Bulletin 78, ANU Development Studies Network. Posted at http://ssgm.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2017–09/development_bulletin_78_web_version.pdf#page=103
Wilson, B. (2012). To 2012 and beyond: international assistance to police and security sector development, Asia Politics and Policy 4(1): 7388.

History

The major Portuguese histories of Timor-Leste are A. Faria de Morias, Subsídios para a História de Timor, Goa: Tipografia Rangel-Bastorá, 1934; Luna de Oliveira, Timor na Historia de Portugal, Vol. 1–4, Lisbon: Agencia Geral das Colonias, 1949; and A. Matos, Timor Português 1515–1769: Contribuição para a sua História, Lisbon: Instituto Histórico Infante Dom Henrique, 1974. There are a several important challenges to the imperial historiography. For the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, see H. Hägerdal, Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and adaption in early colonial Timor, 1600–1800, Leiden: KITLV Press, 2012. For the period 1850 to 1912, see Katharine G. Davidson, “The Portuguese Colonisation of Timor: The Final Stage, 1850–1912,” PhD. Dissertation, University of Western Australia, 1994, and R. Pélissier, Timor en guerre: Le crocodile et les Portugais (1847–1913), Orgeval, France: 1996. The only comprehensive English-language histories are G. Gunn’s encyclopedic Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years. Macau: 1999, and F. Durand, History of Timor-Leste, Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2016.

The best accounts of the aborted decolonization in 1974–75 and the Indonesian invasion are J. Dunn, East Timor: A rough passage to independence, Australia: Longueville Media, 2003; J. Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and colonialism, St. Lucia: University of Queensland, 1978; B. Nicol, The stillborn nation, Melbourne: Visa Books, 1978; and H. Hill, Stirrings of Nationalism in East Timor: Fretilin 1974–1978: The Origins, Ideologies and Strategies of a Nationalist Movement, Otford, New South Wales: Otford Press, 2002. The most complete Indonesian account of the period is Soekanto, ed., Integrasi: Kebulatan tekad rakyat Timor Timur, Jakarta: Yayasan Parikesit, 1976.

The major studies of the Indonesian occupation are C. Budiardjo and S. L. Liem, The War Against East Timor, London: Zed Books, 1984, and J. Taylor, Indonesia’s Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor, London: Zed Books, 1991, both with an emphasis on human rights abuses. By far the best work on the violence in 1999 is G. Robinson’s “If you leave us here we will die”: How genocide was stopped in East Timor, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. See also Ian Martin, Self-determination in East Timor: The United Nations, the ballot, and international intervention, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001, and R. Tanter, D. Ball, and G. van Klinken, Masters of Terror: Indonesia’s military and violence in East Timor, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006. The most sophisticated account by an Indonesian military officer is K. Syahnakri’s Timor Timur: The untold story, Jakarta: Kompas, 2013.

Biographies and Autobiographies

For an English translation of part of Xanana Gusmão’s autobiography and other selected writings, see To Resist Is to Win! The Autobiography of Xanana Gusmão, Niner, S., ed., Richmond, Victoria: Aurora Books, 2000.For a biography of Gusmão up to 1999, Niner, S., Xanana: Leader of the Struggle for Independent Timor-Leste, Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2009.
On the life of Mario Viegas Carrascalão, who was a founding member of UDT in 1975 and served as governor of occupied East Timor from 1982 until 1992, see his heartfelt autobiography Timor: Antes do Futuro, Dili: Livraria Mau Huran, 2006.
For the winners of the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize, see Ramos-Horta’s, José autobiographical Funu: The unfinished saga of East Timor, Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1987,and Kohen, A., From the place of the dead: Bishop Belo and the struggle for East Timor, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

Films

Dalan ba Damai [Road to Peace] (2005), a powerful 144-minute documentary, produced by filmmaker Ian White for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconcilation, in Tetum with subtitles available in English, Portuguese, and Indonesian.
The Diplomat (2000), an 84-minute documentary about José Ramos-Horta’s diplomatic efforts for a free East Timor. www.emeraldfilms.com.au/?portfolio=diplomat
Answered by Fire (2006), a two-part television film based on Australian Federal police officer David Savage’s book Dancing with the Devil about policing the 1999 referendum.
Balibo (2009), a dramatic account of the deaths of five Australian-based journalists covering the Indonesian invasion of Portuguese Timor in 1975, based on the book of the same title by journalist Jill Jolliffe.
A Guerra da Beatriz [Beatriz’ War] (2013), feature-length film produced in Timor-Leste.

Reference and Electronic Resources

Durand, F. (2006). East Timor: A country at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific: A geo-historical atlas. Bangkok: Silkworm Books.
Gunn, G. (2011). Historical dictionary of East Timor. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.

The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation’s final report and a variety of other documentation are available at www.cavr-timorleste.org/.

East Timor Action Network (ETAN) includes archival and current information on human rights and justice, political affairs, the United Nations missions and presence, economic development, the environment, and other issues. Available at www.etan.org/.

Clearing House for Archival Records on Timor (Chart) hosts valuable historical documents and photographs. Available at https://timorarchives.wordpress.com/.

La’o Hamutuk, a nongovernmental organization based in Dili, has an extensive archive on its website, including annual state budgets, government documents, and media reports. Available at www.laohamutuk.org/.

The Timor Leste Studies Association runs an active mailing list that includes periodic bibliographical listings of new scholarship on Timor-Leste. Available at http://mailman.anu.edu.au/mailman/listinfo/easttimorstudies.

The Timor-Leste government website http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?lang=en (also available in Tetum and Portuguese) includes a variety of information on the country, government structures, current policies, and audiovisual presentations. For the ambitious Timor-Leste Special Zone for Social Market Economy (ZEESM), see www.zeesm.tl/en/zeesm-tl-front-page-english/. On the national oil company and the south coast Tasi Mane project, official information is available at www.timorgap.com/databases/website.nsf/vwAll/FAQs.

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