Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:43:38.784Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 11 - Disorders of Amniotic Fluid (Content last reviewed: 15th March 2020)

from Section 3 - Late Prenatal – Fetal Problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2017

By
George A. Macones
Edited by
David James ,
Philip Steer ,
Carl Weiner ,
Bernard Gonik  and
Stephen Robson
David James
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Philip Steer
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Carl Weiner
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Bernard Gonik
Affiliation:
Wayne State University, Detroit
Stephen Robson
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle
Get access

Summary

Amniotic fluid is present from early in pregnancy and is produced almost exclusively by the fetus. It plays an important role in growth, development, and ultimately a good pregnancy outcome.

Type
Chapter
Information
High-Risk Pregnancy
Management Options
 , pp. 268 - 279
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
First published in: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brace, RA. Physiology of amniotic fluid volume regulation. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1997; 40: 280–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gulbis, B, Jauniaux, E, Cotton, F, Stordeur, P. Protein and enzyme patterns in the fluid cavities of the first trimester gestational sac: relevance to the absorptive role of secondary yolk sac. Mol Hum Reprod 1998; 4: 857–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J, Wathen, N, Perry, G, et al. The coelomic cavity: an important site of materno-fetal nutrient exchange in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 765–7.Google Scholar
Campbell, J, Wathen, N, Macintosh, M, et al. Biochemical composition of amniotic fluid and extraembryonic coelomic fluid in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 563–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Brace, RA, Ross, MG. Amniotic fluid volume regulation. In Brace, RA, Hanson, MA, Rodeck, CH (eds), Fetus and Neonate, Volume 4: Body Fluids and Kidney Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 88.Google Scholar
Jang, PR, Brace, RA. Amniotic fluid composition changes during urine drainage and tracheoesophageal occlusion in fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 1732–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, UM, Abuhamad, AZ, Levine, D, et al. Fetal imaging: executive summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Radiology, Society for Pediatric Radiology, and Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Fetal Imaging workshop. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 1070–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dildy, GA, Lira, N, Moise, KJ, Riddle, GD, Deter, RL. Amniotic fluid assessment: comparison of ultrasonographic estimates versus direct measurements with a dye dilution technique in human pregnancy. Am J Obset Gynecol 1992; 167: 986–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magann, EF, Perry, KG, Chauhan, SP, et al. The accuracy of ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid volume in singleton pregnancies: the effect of operator experience and ultrasound interpretative technique. J Clin Ultrasound 1997; 25: 249–53.Google Scholar
Nabhan, AF, Abdelmoula, YA. Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (3): CD006593.Google Scholar
Moore, TR, Cayle, JE. The amniotic fluid index in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 1168–73.Google Scholar
Magann, EF, Whitworth, NS, Klausen, JH, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography in evaluating amniotic fluid volume at less than 24 weeks’ gestation. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14: 895–7.Google Scholar
Ippolito, DL, Bergstrom, JE, Lutgendorf, MA, Flood-Nichols, SK, Magann, EF. A systematic review of amniotic fluid assessments in twin pregnancies. J Ultrasound Med 2014; 33: 1353–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Locatelli, A, Zagarella, A, Toso, L, et al. Serial assessment of amniotic fluid index in uncomplicated term pregnancies: prognostic value of amniotic fluid reduction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2004; 15: 233–6.Google Scholar
Bromley, B, Harlow, BL, Laboda, LA, Benacerraf, BR. Small sac size in the first trimester: a predictor of poor fetal outcome. Radiology 1991; 178: 375–7.Google Scholar
Tadmor, OP, Achiron, R, Rabinowiz, R, et al. Predicting first-trimester spontaneous abortion. Ratio of mean sac diameter to crown–rump length compared to embryonic heart rate. J Reprod Med 1994; 39: 459–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Nazari, A, Check, JH, Epstein, RH, Dietterich, C, Farzanfar, S. Relationship of small-for-dates sac size to crown–rump length and spontaneous abortion in patients with a known date of ovulation. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 369–73.Google Scholar
Dickey, RP, Olar, TT, Taylor, SN, Curole, DN, Matulich, EM. Relationship of small gestational sac-crown-rump length differences to abortion and abortus karyotypes. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 554–7.Google Scholar
Rowling, SE, Coleman, BG, Langer, JE, et al. First-trimester US parameters of failed pregnancy. Radiology 1997; 203: 211–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shipp, TD, Bromley, B, Pauker, S, Frigoletto, FD, Benacerraf, BR. Outcome of singleton pregnancies with severe oligohydramnios in the second and third trimesters. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996; 7: 108–13.Google Scholar
Mercer, LJ, Brown, LG, Petres, RE, Messer, RH. A survey of pregnancies complicated by decreased amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 149: 355–61.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, PF, Manning, FA, Morrison, I, Harman, CR, Lange, IR. Ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid volume. I. The relationship of marginal and decreased amniotic fluid volumes to perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150: 245–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Petrozella, LN, Dashe, JS, McIntire, DD, Leveno, KJ. Clinical significance of borderline amniotic fluid index and oligohydramnios in preterm pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 338–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutherford, SE, Phelan, JP, Smith, CV, Jacobs, N. The four-quadrant assessment of amniotic fluid volume: an adjunct to antepartum fetal heart rate testing. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 353–6.Google Scholar
Sarno, AP, Ahn, MO, Phelan, JP. Intrapartum amniotic fluid volume at term. Association of ruptured membranes, oligohydramnios and increased fetal risk. J Reprod Med 1990; 35: 719–23.Google Scholar
Chauhan, SP, Sanderson, M, Hendrix, NW, Magann, EF, Devoe, LD. Perinatal outcome and amniotic fluid index in the antepartum and intrapartum periods: A meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 1473–8.Google Scholar
Phelan, JP. The postdate pregnancy: an overview. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1989; 32: 221–7.Google Scholar
Alchalabi, HA, Obeidat, BR, Jallad, MF, Khader, YS. Induction of labor and perinatal outcome: the impact of the amniotic fluid index. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 129: 124–7.Google Scholar
Ashwal, E, Hiersch, L, Melamed, N, et al. The association between isolated oligohydramnios at term and pregnancy outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290: 875–81.Google Scholar
Zhang, J, Troendle, J, Meikle, S, Klebanoff, MA, Rayburn, WF. Isolated oligohydramnios is not associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. BJOG 2004; 111: 220–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danon, D, Ben-Haroush, A, Yogev, Y, et al. Prostaglandin E2 induction of labor for isolated oligohydramnios in women with unfavorable cervix at term. Fetal Diagn Ther 2007; 22: 75–9.Google Scholar
Driggers, RW, Holcroft, CJ, Blakemore, KJ, Graham, EM. An amniotic fluid index ≤ 5 cm within 7 days of delivery in the third trimester is not associated with decreasing umbilical arterial pH and base excess. J Perinatol 2004; 24: 72–6.Google Scholar
Sherer, DM. A review of amniotic fluid dynamics and the enigma of isolated oligohydramnios. Am J Perinatol 2002; 19: 253–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, DL, Adkins, WB, Schroeder, B, Langer, O. Isolated oligohydramnios in the term pregnancy: is it a clinical entity? J Matern Fetal Med 1998; 7: 197–200.Google ScholarPubMed
Rainford, M, Adair, R, Scialli, AR, Ghidini, A, Spong, CY. Amniotic fluid index in the uncomplicated term pregnancy. Prediction of outcome. J Reprod Med 2001; 46: 589–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Magann, EF, Kinsella, MJ, Chauhan, SP, et al. Does an amniotic fluid index of ≤ 5 cm necessitate delivery in high-risk pregnancies? A case–control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 1354–9.Google Scholar
Magann, EF, Doherty, DA, Field, K, et al. Biophysical profile with amniotic fluid volume assessments. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 5–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kreiser, D, el-Sayed, YY, Sorem, KA, et al. Decreased amniotic fluid index in low-risk pregnancy. J Reprod Med 2001; 46: 743–6.Google Scholar
Elsandabesee, D, Majumdar, S, Sinha, S. Obstetricians’ attitudes towards “isolated” oligohydramnios at term. J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 27: 574–6.Google Scholar
Manzanares, S, Carrillo, MP, González-Perán, E, Puertas, A, Montoya, F. Isolated oligohydramnios in term pregnancy as an indication for induction of labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 20: 221–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pryde, PG, Hallak, M, Lauria, MR, et al. Severe oligohydramnios with intact membranes: an indication for diagnostic amnioinfusion. Fetal Diagn Ther 2000; 15: 46–9.Google Scholar
Fisk, NM, Ronderos-Dumit, D, Soliani, A, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic transabdominal amnioinfusion in oligohydramnios. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 270–8.Google Scholar
Bienstock, JL, Birsner, ML, Coleman, F, Hueppchen, NA. Successful in utero intervention for bilateral renal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124: 413–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmeyr, GJ, Gülmezoglu, AM. Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (1): CD000134.Google Scholar
Golan, A, Wolman, I, Sagi, J, Yovel, I, David, MP. Persistence of polyhydramnios during pregnancy: its significance and correlation with maternal and fetal complications. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994; 37: 18–20.Google Scholar
Many, A, Hill, LM, Lazebnik, N, Martin, JG. The association between polyhydramnios and preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 389–91.Google Scholar
Smith, CV, Plambeck, RD, Rayburn, WF, Albaugh, KJ. Relation of mild idiopathic polyhydramnios to perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 387–9.Google Scholar
Hill, LM, Breckle, R, Thomas, ML, Fries, JK. Polyhydramnios: ultrasonically detected prevalence and neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 21–5.Google Scholar
Dashe, JS, McIntire, DD, Ramus, RM, Santos-Ramos, R, Twickler, DM. Hydramnios: anomaly prevalence and sonographic detection. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 134–9.Google Scholar
Thompson, O, Brown, R, Gunnarson, G, Harrington, K. Prevalence of polyhydramnios in the third trimester in a population screened by first and second trimester ultrasonography. J Perinat Med 1998; 26: 371–7.Google Scholar
Biggio, JR, Wenstrom, KD, Dubard, MB, Cliver, SP. Hydramnios prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 773–7.Google Scholar
Pri-Paz, S, Khalek, N, Fuchs, KM, Simpson, LL. Maximal amniotic fluid index as a prognostic factor in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012; 39: 648–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Chetrit, A, Hochner-Celnikier, D, Ron, M, Yagel, S. Hydramnios in the third trimester of pregnancy: a change in the distribution of accompanying fetal anomalies as a result of early ultrasonographic prenatal diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 1344–5.Google Scholar
Stoll, CG, Alembik, Y, Dott, B. Study of 156 cases of polyhydramnios and congenital malformations in a series of 118,265 consecutive births. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 586–90.Google Scholar
Vink, JY, Poggi, SH, Ghidini, A, Spong, CY. Amniotic fluid index and birth weight: is there a relationship in diabetics with poor glycemic control? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 848–50.Google Scholar
Idris, N, Wong, SF, Thomae, M, Gardener, G, McIntyre, DH. Influence of polyhydramnios on perinatal outcome in pregestational diabetic pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010; 36: 338–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abele, H, Starz, S, Hoopmann, M, et al. Idiopathic polyhydramnios and postnatal abnormalities. Fetal Diagn Ther 2012; 32: 251–5.Google Scholar
Ross, MG, Brace, RA; National Institute of Child Health and Development Workshop Participants. National Institute of Child Health and Development Conference summary: amniotic fluid biology. Basic and clinical aspects. J Matern Fetal Med 2001; 10: 2–19.Google Scholar
Magann, EF, Chauhan, SP, Doherty, DA, et al. A review of idiopathic hydramnios and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007; 62: 795–802.Google Scholar
Elliott, JP, Sawyer, AT, Radin, TG, Strong, RE. Large-volume therapeutic amniocentesis in the treatment of hydramnios. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 1025–7.Google Scholar
Cabrol, D, Landesman, R, Muller, J, et al. Treatment of polyhydramnios with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (indomethacin). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 422–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickok, DE, Hollenbach, KA, Reilley, SF, Nyberg, DA. The association between decreased amniotic fluid volume and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 1525–30.Google Scholar
Kirshon, B, Mari, G, Moise, KJ. Indomethacin therapy in the treatment of symptomatic polyhydramnios. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 202–5.Google Scholar
Fisk, NM, Tannirandorn, Y, Nicolini, U, Talbert, DG, Rodeck, CH. Amniotic pressure in disorders of amniotic fluid volume. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 210–14.Google Scholar
Leung, WC, Jouannic, JM, Hyett, J, Rodeck, C, Jauniaux, E. Procedure-related complications of rapid amniodrainage in the treatment of polyhydramnios. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 154–8.Google Scholar
Kramer, WB, Van den Veyver, IB, Kirshon, B. Treatment of polyhydramnios with indomethacin. Clin Perinatol 1994; 21: 615–30.Google Scholar
Harman, CR. Amniotic fluid abnormalities. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32: 288–94.Google Scholar
Moise, KJ. Polyhydramnios. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1997; 40: 266–79.Google Scholar
Macones, GA, Marder, SJ, Clothier, B, Stamilio, DM. The controversy surrounding indomethacin for tocolysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 264–72.Google Scholar
Norton, ME, Merrill, J, Cooper, BA, Kuller, JA, Clyman, RI. Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethacin for preterm labor. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1602–7.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×