Index

doi:10.1017/9781108557122.016

Index

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 167–170

Maiamnayri Wingara Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Data Sovereignty Group, 207–208

Aboriginal Ethics Working Group (AEWG), 216–217

Aboriginal peoples, 186

capacity building and capacity development by, 43

rights to self-determination of, 43–44, 56

Aboriginal rights, 102–103

Barsh and Henderson on, 65

Canada domestic legal framework for, 63–64

limitations on current framework of, 67–69

under s. 35 of Constitution Act, 1982, 66

Van der Peet and, 69–70

ABS. See access and equitable benefit sharing

ABS-CH. See Access and Benefit Sharing Clearing-House

Access and Benefit Sharing Clearing-House (ABS-CH), 259, 266

access and equitable benefit sharing (ABS), xvi, 183, 233–234, 263–265. See also ninth meeting of the ABS negotiating group

ABS Canada, 6, 186

Building Capacity: Toward an Aboriginal Sensitive Access and Benefit Sharing over the Utilization of Genetic Resources in Canada, 52

MAPC-ABS Canada partnership, 52–53

ABS Canada Focus Groups, 47, 55, 258

ABS Capacity Development Initiative, 43, 57, 132, 252–253, 259

ABS mechanisms in use, 185–186

ABS Policies in Canada: Scoping the Questions and Issues (F/P/T Working Group on ABS), 25–26

administration of, 171

awareness around, 12

biopiracy and, 247

biotechnology and, 157–158, 253–254

building awareness of, 25

Canada and, 4

recommendations for Indigenous-sensitive ABS in, 168–172, 247

capacity building and, 55–57, 102–103, 266

capacity development and, 55–57, 102–103, 266

constructive engagements on, 5

consultation with Indigenous peoples on, 25–29

corporate interests in, 264

cross-sectoral and hi-tech nature of, 11

derivatives and, 203–206

developing a national policy of, 26–27

ethics and, 214–215, 219–222, 226–227

evolving understanding of, 163

F/P/T and, 26–27

global biological resources and, 4

global norms on, 101

implementation of, 21, 126–129, 236, 258

future, 261

responsibility for, 234

UNDRIPs and, 74–75

Indigenous peoples views on, 6, 28–29

multi-level governance of, 113

Nagoya Protocol and, 5–6, 263–264

National ABS Focal Point, 36

national dialogue on, 5–6

nation-to-nation model and, 74

political disinterest in, 21

practical guidance on implementation of, 220–221

reconciliation and, 255–258

regimes of, 130, 252–253, 263

self-determination and, 109–110

self-government and, 129–130

stakeholders in, 5

Supreme Court of Canada and, 9

UNDRIPs and, 29–30

Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on DSI, 261–262

AER. See Alberta Energy Regulator

AEWG. See Aboriginal Ethics Working Group

A/F Protein Canada Inc., 123

AFN. See Assembly of First Nations

African Development Banks, 184

African Indigenous communities, 7

African Union, 43

AGAD. See Australian Government Antarctic Division

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 158, 160

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 26

Aichi Biodiversity Targets, 39

Alberta, 41–42

Alberta Energy Regulator (AER), 224–226

Aldivia S.A., 169

Algonquin peoples, 131

Alzheimer’s patients, 123

American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples (OAS), 107

Animals Save a Baby (Dene story), 146, 149

Anker, Kirsten, 111

anti-freeze proteins, 123

anti-imperialism, 72

anti-Indigenous interests, 5

Archaeological and Paleontological Sites Regulations, 88

Arctic sea ice, melting, 80, 254

Arctic territory, 122–126, 169

Askew, Hannah, 142

Assembly of First Nations (AFN), 25–28, 99

assimilation, 106–108

associated traditional knowledge (ATK), 184, 196, 201, 205–206

Atlantic Ocean, 49

Australia, 165–170, 259

Australian Government Antarctic Division (AGAD), 166–167

Australian Territorial Seas, 165–166

Auyuittuq National Park, 93

Bai De Chaleur, 49

Bannister, Kelly, 133, 218–219

Barsh, Russel, 65, 70

Bay of Fundy, 49

Bear Medicine Heals All (Dene story), 147, 150

Bellegarde, Perry, 99

benefit sharing provisions, 246

benefit-sharing agreement (BSA), 162–163

Berlin, B., 213

Berlin, E. A., 213

Berman, Paul Schiff, 72

Big Data, 14, 199–200, 202, 205

Bill 7735–2014 (Draft), 162

Binnie J, 105, 256–257

biodiscovery, 170

Biodiscovery Act 2004, 167

biodiversity, 39, 220–221

biodiverse countries, 118

Chiapas biodiversity, 213

conservation of, 4, 49

devastation of, 50

economic aspects of, 101

extreme weather and, 122

Biodiversity Convention Office, 26

bioinformatics, 191–192

biological harms, 218–219

biomes, 117–118

biopiracy, 3–4, 134, 191, 238

ABS and, 247

accusations of, 121, 238

in Canada, 119

climate change and, 133

Coalition Against Biopiracy, 137

cultural appropriation and, 12

famous cases of, 213

flashpoints of, 119–122, 255

growing instances of, 23, 118

mitigating, 132, 134–135

prevention of, 133

TAAM team and, 121

bioprospecting, 3, 46, 93, 133, 237–238

accountability of, 120

Arctic territory and, 122–126

increasing, 134

Indigenous peoples and, 8–9, 132

marine areas and, 122–126

biotechnology, 126, 202–203, 261, 263

ABS and, 157–158, 253–254

biotechnology industrial complex, 134

continuing advances in, 206–207

industrial, 254

Bishop’s University, 93

block chain applications, 262–263

Blondin, George, 139, 142, 152

on Dene peoples, 147–148

Medicine Power, 143

BNA. See British North America Act, 1867

Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of the Their Utilization, 25, 184, 219–220, 237

adoption of, 237

post-Bonn period, 25

Borrows, John, 68–69

Brant-Castellano, Marlene, 216, 222–223

Brazil, 161–164, 171, 260

permit system of, 170

British North America Act, 1867 (BNA), 65–66, 68, 103–104, 112

Broughton Channel, 92

BSA. See benefit-sharing agreement

Building Capacity: Toward an Aboriginal Sensitive Access and Benefit Sharing over the Utilization of Genetic Resources in Canada (ABS Canada), 52

Burelli, Thomas, 57, 133

Bylot Island, 91

Calder v. Attorney General British Columbia, 9, 73

Campbell v British Columbia, 103–104

Canada, 36–37, 65, 117–119, 254–255, 258–263

ABS and, 4

bi-juridical status of, 44–45

biopiracy in, 119

colonial IP regime of, 112–113

colonial legal regime of, 131

domestic legal framework for Aboriginal rights, 63–64

federalism in, 71

Government of Canada, 5, 31–32, 105, 138

Nagoya Protocol and, 123

trust deficit with, 264

Indigenous Nations in, 10

Indigenous peoples and, 14–15, 256

jurisprudence in, 111–112

lingering colonial relations in, 45–46

Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs of, 72–73

Nagoya Protocol and, 5

recommendations for Indigenous-sensitive ABS in, 168–172, 247

resource exploitation by, 9–10

sovereignty of, 65–66

types of instruments developed in, 241

UNDRIPs and, 4, 72–73

Canada-Indigenous relations, 5

Canada’s Original Promise: Still Waiting to be Realized (Jamieson), 99

Canadian Biodiversity Strategy and Outcomes Framework, 103, 107, 110

Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC), 130–131

Canadian First Nations, 186

Canadian Forest Service, 26

Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR), 215–217, 222–223

Canadian Institutes of Health, 120

Canadian Open Data Experience (CODE), 199–200, 202

Canadian Outdoor Equipment, 119–120

capacity building, 11, 14, 40–41, 183–184, 258–259

Aboriginal peoples and, 43

ABS and, 55–57, 102–103, 266

Environment Canada and, 26–27

historic injustices and, 43

IPLC and, 46, 55

knowledge transfer and, 14

meaningful support for, 129–130

Nagoya Protocol and, 45–47, 259

partnership strategy for, 48–55

South-North capacity building, 15

targets of, 46

as top-down process, 45

treaties and, 42

capacity challenges, 28–29

capacity development, 40–41, 59, 258–259

Aboriginal peoples and, 43

ABS and, 55–57, 102–103, 266

historic injustices and, 43

IPLC and, 46, 55

Nagoya Protocol and, 45–47, 259

partnership strategy for, 48–55

as top-down process, 45

treaties and, 42

Captain Hook Award, 137

carbon fluxes, 91

Caribou Help (Dene story), 146–147, 149–150

Carleton University, 201–202

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 184

Casas, Fernando, 21–22

Castle, D., 189

CBD. See Convention on Biological Diversity

ceding and surrender documents, 65–66

CERD. See International Convention on Elimination of Racial Discrimination

CESCC. See Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council

CGEN. See Genetic Heritage Management Council

Challenges of Medicine Power (Dene story), 144–145, 148

Chartrand, Larry, 153

Cheely, 144

Chiapas biodiversity, 213

Christie, Gordon, 142

CIHR. See Canadian Institutes for Health Research

citizenship, 110–111

civil liberties, 207

civil society organizations, 23, 259

climate change, 9–10, 42, 109–110, 193

biopiracy and, 133

combating, 119

disruptive effect of, 130

ecological unraveling incidental to, 254

melting Arctic sea ice, 80

Trudeau and, 126

cloud computing, 207

Clyde River (Hamlet) v. Petroleum Geo-Services Inc., 9, 30, 44–45

CNA. See Competent National Authority

Coalition Against Biopiracy, 137

CODE. See Canadian Open Data Experience

colonialism

Canada, lingering colonial relations in, 45–46

Canada colonial IP regime, 112–113

colonial doctrines, 257

colonial ideology, 41, 108

colonial imposition of foreign laws, 101

colonial legal regime of Canada, 131

legacy of, 263

victims of, 42–43

commercialization, 164

common law, 142, 150

community participation, 218

community-level actions, 36–37

compensatory benefits, 189

Competent National Authority (CNA), 159, 169–170

Conference of Parties (COP), 261

confidentiality agreements, 36

conformity reviews, 82–83

conservation, 42

of biodiversity, 4, 49

conservation ethics, 4

Constitution Act, 1982, 103–104

s. 25 of, 51

s. 35 of, 43–47, 51, 64, 67, 104

Aboriginal rights under, 66

Indigenous peoples and, 66

problems with, 65–66

s. 35(1) of, 70, 256

central objective of, 257

UNDRIPs and, 75

s. 91(24) of, 68–71, 76

federal jurisdiction pursuant to, 112–113

interpretation of, 71, 74

consultations and engagement, 35–36

contractual Practices, 242

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 4, 20–21, 50–51, 81, 101, 158, 183–184, 219–220

adoption of, 63–64

Article 8(j) of, 187, 197

Article 15 (5) of, 235

Article 15 (7) of, 235

Conference of the Parties to, 21

IPLC and, 19

Nagoya Protocol and, 101–103

obligations of States under, 235

Secretariat of, 7

socio-economic-ethical objectives of, 185

cooperatives, 163

COP. See Conference of Parties

corporate misappropriation, 163

Council of Yukon First Nations, 25–26

Courchene, George, 216, 223–224

Craig, D., 188

Cree peoples

Cree Board of Health, 120–121

Cree healers, 121

TAAM and, 121–122

TK of, 121

Crookshanks R., 185, 192

Crowshoe, Reg, 224–226

cultural appropriation, 12

cultural genocide, 42–43, 108, 110–111

cultural practices, 110–111

cultural subjugation, 42–43

Curitiba, 26

Dalhousie University, 49

Daniels v. Canada, 9

data

Big Data, 14, 199–200, 202, 205

data sovereignty, 14, 107, 206–210

data-driven initiatives, 198

datamania, 200–202

genomic, 191

ICT and, 203

open data, 202

pools of, 191

research data and information from IPLC, 206

right to review and access, 244–245

virtualization of, 206–207

De Beer, Jeremy, 209–210

de Schutter, Olivier, 41–42, 46

Declaration of Belem, 217

Decree No. 8, 772 (2016), 162

Deh Cho, 139–140

Delgamuukw v. British Columbia, 9

Dene Gah Got’ine (Slavey) Nation, 140

Dene Land Claims Agreements, 140

Dene peoples, 119–120, 139–140, 150–152

Blondin on, 147–148

Dogrib Dene law, 153

folk stories of, 144–150

equality and interdependency and, 147–148

major principles of Dene law, 138–139

sharing, reciprocity, mutual aide, 148–150

Yamoria and Dene legal order, 143

Denendeh, 139–140

Denesoline (Chipewyan) Nation, 140

Department of Culture and Heritage, 88

Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), 88, 124

Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs, 88

Department of Justice (DOJ), 26, 100

Principles Respecting the Government of Canada’s Relationship with Indigenous peoples, 255

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC), 166–167

derivatives, 197, 203–206

Designated Inuit Organizations (DIO), 88–89

developing countries, 252

development aid, 15, 42

DFO. See Department of Fisheries and Oceans

digital biology, 181–182, 189, 191–192

digital DNA, 202–203

digital plants, 184–185

Digital Sequence Information (DSI), 203, 206, 261–262

digital sequencing technologies, 14

digital technology, 14

digitization, 13

Dijii Zhuh (Loucheux) Nation, 140

DIO. See Designated Inuit Organizations

Directorate of Biological and Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (Namibia), 164

Doctrine of Discovery, 106

DOJ. See Department of Justice

Draft ABS Bill (Namibia), 164

DSI. See Digital Sequence Information

due diligence, 160–161

Duke University, 93

Dutfield, Graham, 187–189, 237–238

Dylan, Daniel, 123, 126

Earth Summit, 101

ecocentric perspectives, 224

economic utility, 189–191

EEZ. See Exclusive Economic Zone

electronic information, 181–182

emergency legislation, 68–69

endangered species, 163, 168

Environment Canada, 25–27, 219, 221

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (Australia) (EPBC Act), 165–166

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations (Australia) (EPBC Regulations), 165–166

environmental assessments, 131

Environmental Investment Fund (Namibia), 165

EPBC Act. See Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (Australia)

EPBC Regulations. See Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations (Australia)

epistemic discrimination, 42–43

EPO. See European Patent Office

equality, 147–148, 152

equity, 157–158, 213

Ermine, Willie, 222–224, 226

ETC Group, 132

ethics, 157–158, 217–219. See also research ethics

ABS and, 214–215, 219–222, 226–227

conservation ethics, 4

ethical concerns, 23, 186–187

ethical practice, 222–224

ethical reasoning, 227

ethical space, 222–226

ethical-legal connection, 224

ethics policy, 222–224

institutionalization of, 215

ISE Code of Ethics of, 217–219

Tkarihwaiéri Code of Ethical Conduct, 237

Ethnobiology, 214, 217–219

Eudafano Women’s Co-operative (EWC), 169

European Patent Office (EPO), 232

EWC. See Eudafano Women’s Co-operative

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 165–166

extractive resource industry, 9–10

extreme weather, 122

fairness, 157–158, 213

FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization

federalism, 71, 169

cooperative, 100

plurinational model of, 75

Federal/Provincial/Territorial (F/P/T), 25

ABS Policies in Canada: Scoping the Questions and Issues, 25–26

F/P/T Committee on ABS, 26

F/P/T National ABS Strategy, 27

fiduciary obligations, 31

First Nations Information Governance Centre (FNIGC), 208

First Nations peoples, 30

First Nations Regional Health Surveys (RHS), 208–209

Fisheries Act, 86

Fishery (General) Regulations, 88

FNIGC. See First Nations Information Governance Centre

FNRB. See National Fund for Benefit-sharing (Brazil)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 7

IT and, 10, 107

food insecurity, 41–42

food security, 193

Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 26

Forestry Council (Namibia), 165

formal legal recognition, 256

Fort William First Nation, 120

Fourth World, 41

FPIC. See Free Prior Informed Consent

F/P/T. See Federal/Provincial/Territorial

Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC), 32, 44–45, 99, 243

provisions of, 243

UNDRIPs and, 100

French Guyana, 232–233, 246–247

French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 232, 234

errors by, 233–234

Innovation-Sud award from, 232–233

French Polynesia, 247

Fridtjof Nansen Institute, 204

Friedland, Hadley, 142

Gathering the Threads: Developing a Methodology for Researching and Rebuilding Indigenous Legal Traditions (Friedland and Napoleon), 142

GBRMPA. See Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

GCRC. See Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre

GEF. See Global Environment Facility

gene editing, 184–185

general frameworks, 241–242

Genetic Heritage Management Council (CGEN), 161–163

genetic modification, 13

genetic resources (GRs), 8–9

Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge and, 184, 205–206

access to, 150–152

biopiracy of, 118

commodification of, 152

community control over, 36

corporal notion of, 198

governance of, 109

Indigenous peoples and, 22

International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity and, 22

inventions derived from, 204

Nagoya Protocol on, 89

non-human, 151

physical, 191

research on, 91

transboundary nature of, 109, 128

users and providers of, 236–238, 262

utilization of, 159, 182, 205

valorization of, 42, 56–57

Genetic Resources & Access and Benefit Sharing: Politics, Prospects and Opportunities for Canada after Nagoya (Oguamanam), 5–6

genetics, 182, 184–185

genomic data, 191

genomic sequence information, 181–183

genomics, 182, 184–185

Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), 109, 201–202

Ginawaydaganuk, 131

Gladstone, 69–70

Global Environment Facility (GEF), 185–186

global North, 55

global South, 14–15, 41, 47

Gold, E. R., 189

governance structures, 192

Gradual Civilization Act, 1857, 68–69

Gradual Enfranchisement Act, 1869, 68–69

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), 166–167

Greenland, 117–122

GRs. See genetic resources

Gruntz, 120

Gwich’in Comprehensive Land Claims Agreement, 1992, 125

Gwich’in peoples, 125–126

existing practices of, 133

Gwich’in Tribal Council, 125

habitat protection, 151

Haida Nation, 73

Heiltsuk Nation, 70

Henderson, James Youngblood, 65, 70

HGP. See Human Genome Project

historic injustices, 43

Hodges, Timothy, 21–22, 47, 66, 74

HTO. See Hunter and Trappers Organization

human genome, 182

Human Genome Project (HGP), 199

human made disasters, 42

human rights, 23, 215

Hunter and Trappers Organization (HTO), 88

IBA. See Impact Benefit Agreements

iBOL. See International Barcoding of Life Project

IBPC. See Interim Bio-Prospecting Committee (Namibia)

ICABS. See Interdepartmental Committee on ABS

ICBG-Maya. See International Cooperative Biodiversity Group

ICC. See Inuit Circumpolar Council

ICT. See information and communication technology

Icy Waters Ltd., 124–125

IDSIG. See International Indigenous Data Sovereignty Interest Group

ID-Sov. See Indigenous Data Sovereignty

IIBA. See Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreements

IIFB. See International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity

ILC. See indigenous and local communities

Impact Benefit Agreements (IBA), 9–10

improved traditional remedies, 232

INAC. See Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada

Indian Act, 9, 68–69, 103, 110–112

establishment of, 68–69

indigenous and local communities (ILC), 102, 162, 197–198, 201

inalienable rights of, 165

TK, collective rights over, 171–172

traditional farmers and, 162

Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), 82–83, 99

Indigenous Data Sovereignty (ID-Sov), 207–208

Indigenous epistemology, 107, 154

Indigenous knowledge practitioners, 253

Indigenous legal traditions, 141–143

Indigenous peoples, 19, 247, 254. See also United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples

African Indigenous communities, 7

anti-Indigenous interests, 5

bioprospecting and, 8–9, 132

British North America Act, 1867, and, 68

Canada and, 14–15, 256

consultation on ABS with, 25–29

datamania and, 200–202

DOJ Principles Respecting the Government of Canada’s Relationship with, 255

GRs and, 22

Indigenous Nations, 10

Indigenous-related research, 14

international law and rights of, 263

knowledge governance systems of, 182

lack of engagement with, 113

laws passed by, 125

of Mexico, 13

Nagoya Protocol, key provisions for, 23–24

Nagoya Protocol and, 10

nation-to-nation model and, 106–108

perspectives on ABS, 6, 28–29

research by and with, 133

research ethics and, 226

s. 35 of Constitution Act, 1982, and, 66

self-determination of, 112, 257

self-government of, 112, 119, 257

non-recognition of, 130–132

sovereignty of, 44

Yukon territory and, 125

Indigenous peoples and Local Communities (IPLC), 4, 14, 42, 49, 262–263

capacity building and, 46, 55

capacity development and, 46, 55

CBD and, 19

innovations and practices of, 253

integration of, 109

research data and information from, 206

standard of living for, 252

Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas, 224

Indigenous sensitivity, 6–8, 204

recommendations for Indigenous-sensitive ABS in Canada, 168–172, 247

Industry Canada, 26

information and communication technology (ICT), 196, 203

Institutions of Public Government (IPG), 80–82

intellectual property (IP), 3–4, 32

application for IP protection, 161

Canada colonial IP regime, 112–113

legal instruments on, 132

UNDRIPs and, 160

intellectual property rights (IPRs), 123, 158, 217

formal systems of, 188

granting of, 163

joint, 165

over research material, 246

royalty, 171

transfer of, 164

intellectual think tanks, 183

InterAmerican Draft Declarations on Rights of Indigenous peoples, 184

Interdepartmental Committee on ABS (ICABS), 26

interdependency, 147–148

Interim Bio-Prospecting Committee (Namibia) (IBPC), 164

international access standards, 64

International Barcoding of Life Project (iBOL), 184

International Convention on Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), 107

International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG-Maya), 213

international development, 46

International Indigenous Data Sovereignty Interest Group (IDSIG), 208

International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity (IIFB), 22, 39

international instruments, 158–161

International Labour Organization, 184

international law, 233–234, 263

international leadership, 34–35

international legal system, 42

international norms, 172

International Society of Ethnobiology (ISE), 216–217

Code of Ethics of, 217–219

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), 4, 107, 158–159

International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources (IUPGR), 183–184

Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), 25, 27–28

Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreements (IIBA), 84–86

Inuit Owned Land (IOL), 85

Inuit peoples, 82

dispossession of land of, 30

Icy Waters Inc. and, 124–125

Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, 80–82, 87

Inuit-Crown relationship, 31

IOL. See Inuit Owned Land

IP. See intellectual property

IPG. See Institutions of Public Government

IPLC. See Indigenous peoples and Local Communities

IRD. See French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development

ISE. See International Society of Ethnobiology

Iskenisk, Mi’kma’k, Truro, Nova Scotia, 6–7

Iskensisk Declaration on the Access, Use, and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising out of the Utilization of Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge in Canada, 6–7

Iskenskisk Declaration on ABS (MAPC), 50–52, 55–56

ITPGRFA. See International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

IUPGR. See International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources

James Bay Cree, 120, 133, 237–238

Jamieson, Roberta, 11–12, 99, 112

Johnson, Martha, 187–188

K’ahbamitue, 144

K’ashot’ine (Hareskin) Nation, 140

Kerr, Russell, 94

Key Questions on Patent Disclosure Requirements for Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge (WIPO), 203–204

knowledge. See also traditional knowledge

capacity building and knowledge transfer, 14

generation of, 191

intergenerational process of knowledge apprenticeship, 13

knowledge production, 252–253

knowledge systems, 108

propertization of, 9

Koziol, Christopher, 190, 254

Lamer, C. J. C., 70, 104

Lamothe, Rene, 139–140

land rights, 110–111

Langford, Jock, 47, 66, 74

language

Gwich’in language, 125–126

native languages, 110–111

Laughing Lichen Wildcrafted Herb & Tea, 119–120

Law No. 13,123 (2015), 162

Law No. 27811. Article 7, 185

legal positivism, 188

L’Heureux-Dubé, J., 104

Lightfoot, Sheryl, 74

Little Bear, Leroy, 223–224

Lyon, Noel, 76–77

Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, 139–140

Maiamnayri Wingara Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Data Sovereignty Group, 207–208

Maize, 13

Major Development Projects, 84–85

Maliseet peoples, 48

Manitoba, 41–42, 227

MAPC. See Maritime Aboriginal Peoples Council

map-my-gut initiative, 202

marine areas, 122–126, 130

Maritime Aboriginal Aquatic Resources Secretariat, 49

Maritime Aboriginal Peoples Council (MAPC), 47–50

Iskenskisk Declaration on ABS, 50–52, 55–56

MAPC-ABS Canada partnership, 52–53

Petkoutkoyek Statement on the Access, Use, Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising Out of the Utilization of Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge in Canada, 53–55

Maritime Indigenous peoples Council, 6–7, 19

market economic framework and constructs, 9

marula, 169

MAT. See mutually agreed terms

Mayan Indigenous peoples, 213

McLachlin (Chief Justice), 70, 77

MDGs. See millennium development goals

medicinal plants, 36

Medicine Power (Blondin), 143

medicine powers, 144–145, 149

The Meeting Between Humans and Animals (Dene story), 145, 149, 151

Memorial University of Newfoundland, 92

Menzies, C., 238

Merino, Roger, 74

Métis National Council (MNC), 25

Métis peoples, 30

Mexico, 13

Mgbeoji, Ikechi, 189

microbes, 124

Mikisew Cree First Nation v Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage), 104

Mi’kmaq peoples, 48

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 48

Mills, Aaron, 141–142

Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs, 72–73

Ministers’ Working Group, 107

Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (Namibia), 164

Ministry of Environment and Trade (Namibia), 164

Mitchell v Minister of National Revenue, 104

MLS. See multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing

MNC. See Métis National Council

Mohawk Band Council of Akwesasne, 111

Mo’otz Kuxtal voluntary guidelines, 237

moral absolutism, 187

moral obligations, 187

MP. See Provisional Measure n. 2.186–16/2001

multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing (MLS), 159–160

multi-level governance, 113

mutual aide, 148–150

mutually agreed terms (MAT), 102, 162, 197, 233

establishment of, 169–170, 172

requirements of, 160

NACOSAR. See National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk

Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing over Benefits Arising from their Utilization (NP), 4–5, 21, 158, 188, 260, 263–264

ABS and, 5–6, 263–264

Article 1 of, 196–197

Article 5(2) of, 235–236

Article 5(5) of, 235–236

Article 6(2) of, 89

Article 7 of, 89, 235–236

Article 12.3 of, 236

Article 18 of, 30

Article 20 of, 236

Article 21 of, 49

Article 22 of, 23, 45, 47

capacity building and, 45–47, 259

capacity development and, 45–47, 259

CBD and, 101–103

Government of Canada and, 123

on GRs, 89

implementation of, 23, 28, 30

importance of, 109

Indigenous peoples and, 10

key provisions for, 23–24

negotiations of, 8–9, 27–28, 126, 182–183

obligations in, 24, 235

Peru and, 185

preamble, 197–198

ratification of, 81, 94–95

Namibia, 164–165, 170–171

Namibian National Council, 164

NAOs. See National Aboriginal Organizations

Napoleon, Val, 141–142

National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk (NACOSAR), 130–131

National Aboriginal Organizations (NAOs), 25–26

National ABS Clearing-House, 52

National ABS Focal Point, 36, 52

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (Namibia) (NBSAP), 164

National Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, 48–49

National Focal Point (NFP), 159

National Fund for Benefit-sharing (Brazil) (FNRB), 163, 171

national funds, 171

National System of Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge (Brazil), 162

nation-to-nation model, 108, 113–114, 129–130

ABS and, 74

Indigenous peoples and, 106–108

shift to, 75

UNDRIP and, 70–73

Native Title Act 1993 (Australia), 166

Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (Australia), 165–166

Nature Conservation Amendments Act (Namibia), 165

NBSAP. See National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (Namibia)

NCLA. See Nunavut Land Claims Agreement

New Brunswick, 48

NFP. See National Focal Point

Nichols, Joshua, 43–44, 104

NIRB. See Nunavut Impact Review Board

non-monetary benefits, 151

Nordic countries, 117–122

North-South relations, 41

Northumberland Strait, 49

Northwest Territories (NWT), 82, 125, 139–140, 168

Nova Scotia, 48

NP. See Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing over Benefits Arising from their Utilization

NPC. See Nunavut Planning Commission

NRI. See Nunavut Research Institute

NTI. See Nunavut Tunngavik Inc.

Nunatsiavut, 130

Nunavut, 80–81, 125

Government of Nunavut, Department of Environment, 86–87

history of, 82

NIRB decisions respecting scientific research in, 89–94

scientific research projects in, 90–91

statutory regime in, 86–89

Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut, 123–124

Nunavut Act, 82, 88

Nunavut Arctic College, 92

Nunavut Impact Assessment Regime, 82–84

Nunavut Impact Review Board (NIRB), 82–83

decisions respecting scientific research in Nunavut, 89–94

primary functions of, 83–84

Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NCLA), 80–82, 123

Article 5 of, 88–89

Article 5.9.1 of, 89

Article 12 Part 5 or 6, 83

Article 26 of, 84–86

coming into force, 124

legal force of, 82

microbes and, 124

Part 4, Article 12 of, 92

Nunavut Planning and Project Assessment Act (NUPPAA), 82, 84, 86

Nunavut Planning Commission (NPC), 82–83

Nunavut Research Institute (NRI), 87–88, 124

Nunavut Scientists Act, 86

Nunavut Settlement Area, 85

Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI), 87

Nunavut Wildlife Act, 86

NUPPAA. See Nunavut Planning and Project Assessment Act

NWT. See Northwest Territories

OAS. See Organization of American States

OCAP. See Ownership, Control, Access and Possession

Oguamanam, Chidi, 5–6, 42, 190, 214, 254

Onwuekwe, C., 187

Open African Innovation Research (Open AIR), 7

open data, 202

openness, 199–200

oral culture, 225

Organization of American States (OAS), 107

Outcome Document of the World Conference on Indigenous peoples, 99

Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP), 208–209

Oxfam Australia, 167–168

Panel on Research Ethics-Technical Advisory Committee on Aboriginal Research (PRE-TACAR), 216–217

parklands, 117–118

Parks Canada, 230

Parliament of Canada, 68

Passamaquoddy peoples, 48

patents, 171, 190, 204, 233–234

EPO and, 232

lack of patent activity, 122–123

patent application, 7

Peoples and Plants International, 252–253

permit types, 170

Perron-Welch, Fred, 42, 66, 214

Peru, 185

Petitcodiac (Petkoutkoyek), Moncton, New Brunswick, 6–7

Petkoutkoyek Statement on the Access, Use, Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising Out of the Utilization of Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge in Canada (MAPC), 6–7, 53–55

pharmaceuticals, 122–123, 190, 253

Phillips, P., 185–187, 192, 209–210

PhytoTrade, 169

PIC. See prior informed consent

PIC/MAT obligation, 27–29, 36

plant growth cycles, 152

plant life forms, 190

PMFA. See Promulgation of Forest Act, 2001 (Namibia)

Posey, Darrell, 191, 217, 224

PRE-TACAR. See Panel on Research Ethics-Technical Advisory Committee on Aboriginal Research

Prime Minister’s Working Group of Ministers, 257

Prince Edward Island, 48

Principles respecting the Government of Canada’s relationship with Indigenous peoples (Government of Canada), 31–32

prior informed consent (PIC), 197, 218, 233–234. See also Free Prior Informed Consent

establishment of, 169–170, 172

requirements of, 160, 162

privacy rights, 207

private sector, 162, 199

procedural norms, 188

Promulgation of Forest Act, 2001 (Namibia) (PMFA), 165

providers, 236–238, 262

provincial governments, 112–113

Provisional Measure n. 2.186–16/2001(MP), 161, 168–169

public interest, 70

Quassia Amara case, 232, 234

Québec, 71–72

Québec Act of 1774, 72

Queen’s University, 94

Queensland, 167

R v Adams, 104

R v Van der Peet, 104

racism, 12, 111

RCAP. See Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

Reading, J., 222–223

reciprocity, 148–150, 152, 155–156

reconciliation, 255–258

Regional Inuit Association (RIA), 88

regulation, 182

research ethics, 119–122, 209, 214–217, 259–260

Indigenous peoples and, 226

review systems, 226

research material, 243–244, 246

resource exploitation, 9–10

Rhodiola rosea, 122–123

RHS. See First Nations Regional Health Surveys

RIA. See Regional Inuit Association

Richards, M-A, 190

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), 66, 98–99, 104–105, 208, 221–222

Royal Proclamation of 1763, 72

Royal Proclamation of Reconciliation, 105

Rules on Access to Genetic Resources, 185

Russell, Peter, 71–72

Russia, 117–122

Ryan, Joan, 153

sacred medicines, 36

sacred space, 223

safe drinking water, 12

Sahtu, 139–140

Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claims Agreement, 140

SAR Ikanawtiket, 48–49

SARA. See Species at Risk Act

Scassa, Teresa, 201

scientific project proposals, 83–84

Scientists Act, 81, 87

SDGs. See Sustainable Development Goals

self-determination, 9, 107, 188–189, 252, 256

Aboriginal peoples rights to, 43–44, 56

ABS and, 109–110

of Indigenous peoples, 112, 257

self-government, 110–112

ABS and, 129–130

of Indigenous peoples, 112, 119, 257

non-recognition of, 130–132

right to, 105

Selman, Mark, 214

SEWPC. See Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities

sharing, 148–150, 152, 216

Shiva, Vandana, 233

Simalikalactone E, 232

small businesses, 163

SMTA. See standard material transfer agreement

Smyth, Stuart, 209–210

social control, 55

social justice, 252

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), 5–6

Solomon, Maui, 218

Southern African Natural Products Trade Association, 169

sovereignty, 31, 256

of Canada, 65–66

collaborative, 256–257

data sovereignty, 14, 107, 206–210

of Indigenous peoples, 44

intrinsic rights of, 43–44

Sparrow, 67–72

Species at Risk Act (SARA), 48–49, 130–131

spruce gum, 119–120

SSHRC. See Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council

St. Catherine’s Milling, 68

standard for infringement, 70

standard material transfer agreement (SMTA), 159–160

strength, 216

succession rules, 110–111

Summer in a Bag (Dene story), 146, 149

Supreme Court of Canada, 9, 44–45, 64–65, 67

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 33, 48

Swiss Academy of Sciences, 260

synthetic biology, 184–185

TAAM. See Team in Antidiabetic Medicines

Taloyoak, 94

Taming a Beaver (Dene story), 146

taxonomic studies, 46

taxonomists, 184

Taylor F., 201

TCPS. See Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans

Te Mana Raraunga - Maori Data Sovereignty Network, 207–208

Team in Antidiabetic Medicines (TAAM), 120

accusations of biopiracy, 121

Cree peoples and, 121–122

technology-enhanced databases, 13–14

TEK. See traditional ecological knowledge

terra nullius doctrine, 44, 50, 100–101, 106, 256

Thcho (Dogrib) Nation, 140

theory of utility, 187

Tierney, Stephen, 71, 74–75

TK. See traditional knowledge

Tkarihwaiéri Code of Ethical Conduct, 237

TKIP. See traditional knowledge, innovations and practices

tobacco rituals, 121

traditional agricultural knowledge, 253

traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), 94

traditional farmers, 162–163

traditional knowledge (TK), 3, 10, 56, 118, 182. See also associated traditional knowledge

community control over, 36

of Cree peoples, 121

development of, 13

dichotomies of, 187–188

disclosure of, 27–28

economic value of, 190

equitable regimes for, 183

governance structures and, 192

of Gwich’in peoples, 125–126

ILC collective rights over, 171–172

inventions derived from, 204

legal instruments on, 132

licensing scheme for, 201

marginalization of, 132

NUPPAA on, 84

preservation of, 126–127, 134

protection of, 266

sacred space and, 223

transboundary nature of, 109

transfers of, 190–191

understanding of, 220

utilization of, 102, 159, 205

traditional knowledge, innovations and practices (TKIP), 101–102, 201

transgenic modification, 184–185

TRC. See Truth and Reconciliation Commission

treaties, 42, 82, 99, 105, 129, 131

Treaty of Niagara of 1764, 105

Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS), 215

TCPS2, 216–217, 221–223

TRIPS. See Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

Trudeau, Justin, 116, 119, 126, 213–214

trust deficit, 8–9, 110–112, 128

with Government of Canada, 264

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 44, 66, 105–106, 213–214, 221–222

Calls to Action, 73, 99, 105, 255–257

Final Report, 73

summary report of, 227

Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia, 9, 30

Tsleil-Watuth First Nation, 26

Tsleil-Watuth International Gathering on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge, 26

Tullirunaq, 122–123

Tundra ecosystems, 117–118

Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut, 123–124

Turtle Lodge Declaration, 212, 227

Ubuntu, 131

UEBT. See Union for Ethical Bio Trade

UNDRIPs. See United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples

Union for Ethical Bio Trade (UEBT), 132, 185–186

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples (UNDRIPs), 12, 29–30, 37, 255, 257

ABS and, 29–30

ABS implementation and, 74–75

adoption of, 21

Canada and, 4, 72–73

FPIC and, 100

influence of, 64

international norms expressed in, 66

IP and, 160

nation-to-nation model and, 70–73

provincial governments and, 112

s. 35(1) of Constitution Act, 1982 and, 75

United Nations Environmental Program, 183–184

United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 72–73

United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, 41–42

United States Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network (USIDSN), 207–208

Université de Montréal, 91

Université Laval, 91, 94

University of Colorado, 91

University of New Brunswick, 92–93

University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, 93

University of Prince Edward Island, 94, 123

University of Quebec, 93

University of Waterloo, 199–200, 202

users, 236–238, 262

USIDSN. See United States Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network

Utsuqammat, 122–123

Van der Peet, 69–70

virtualization, 14

welfare economics, 189

WHO. See World Health Organization

Wikipedia, 213

Wildlife Act, 88

Wilfrid Laurier University, 91

Wilson-Raybould (Justice), 44

WIPO. See World Intellectual Property Organization

WIPO Development Agenda, 107

WIPO-IGC. See World Intellectual Property Organization’s Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore

Working Better Together Conference on Indigenous Research Ethics, 222

Working Group of Ministers, 99

World Bank, 190

World Health Organization (WHO), 190

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 203–204

World Intellectual Property Organization’s Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (WIPO-IGC), 7, 11, 158, 160, 262

World Trade Organization (WTO), 160

WTO. See World Trade Organization

Yagamah, 143–144, 147–148

Yamoria, 139

Dene legal order and, 143

medicine powers of, 145, 149

story of, 143–144, 147–148

York University, 92

youth suicide, 12

Yukon First Nations, 25–26

Yukon territory, 125

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