For a long time, family law was the law of marriage. As a result, ‘family’ was only created and legally recognised by the act of marriage. In 1866, Lord Penzance in the English case of Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee defined marriage as follows:

This, and similar definitions used in other jurisdictions, dominated the legal and societal perception of marriage – and, in turn, the very meaning of family. For much of the twentieth century the recognition of same-sex relationships as ‘family’ was out of the question, as was the recognition of non-marital relationships. Indeed, procreation outside of marriage was (at best) strongly disapproved of, and children born out of wedlock (and their parents) suffered many disadvantages. This position endured until 1979 when the European Court of Human Rights held in Marckx v. Belgium that this discrimination had to end – even though it took quite some time before the reforms in this area of law were carried out by all Contracting States. Developments around this time such as the liberalisation of divorce law, the removal of the legal consequences of illegitimacy and changing social attitudes gradually led to greater acceptance of non-marital relationships and, albeit somewhat later, same-sex relationships.

The dominance of marriage as the only acceptable family form increasingly was challenged, and, in many ways, considered out of touch with the lived realities of many couples, both opposite- and same sex. In particular, the approach of restricting legal rights to those relationships that were formalised through marriage and denying them to those that functioned in an identical manner was seen as retrograde and potentially discriminatory. After all, and as noted by Ward LJ in the English Court of Appeal decision of Fitzpatrick v. Sterling Housing Association Ltd :

In addition, whether a couple chose to express their relationship through marriage was not merely symbolic or ideological: the formal expression of a relationship had and still has profound legal consequences.