Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T11:38:14.158Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Mineral dissolution by ectomycorrhizal fungi

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2009

By
Håkan Wallander
Edited by
Geoffrey Michael Gadd
Håkan Wallander
Affiliation:
Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
Geoffrey Michael Gadd
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) form symbioses with forest trees. These fungi are mainly basidiomycetes and ascomycetes and they probably evolved from saprotrophic fungi when organic matter began to accumulate in certain soils 200 million years ago (Cairney, 2000). The tree host benefits from the symbiosis through improved nutrient acquisition since the fungus explores the soil efficiently for nutrients (especially N and P) in return for host carbon (Smith & Read, 1997). Forest trees with ectomycorrhiza usually dominate in acidic soils with thick litter layers, with the associated EMF forming extensive external mycelia with a high capacity to take up nutrients from the soil. The fungi form mantles around the root tips with large storage capacities (Read, 1991). The trees invest large amounts of carbon in the ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbionts, especially under nutrient-poor conditions, with up to 20% of photosynthetic assimilates allocated to the mycorrhizal symbionts (Finlay & Söderström, 1992). This large carbon source for EMF gives them an advantage over non-symbiotic microorganisms in the soil ecosystem since these are usually carbon-limited (Aldén et al., 2001). The importance of current photosynthate for soil processes was recently demonstrated by Högberg et al. (2001), who girdled trees in northern Sweden and found a rapid reduction in soil respiration of more than 50% within 1–2 months. More precise calculations the second year after girdling demonstrated that 65% of total respiration was contributed by EM roots, their associated EMF and other rhizosphere microorganisms (Bhupinderpal-Singh et al., 2003).

Type
Chapter
Information
Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles , pp. 328 - 343
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahonen-Jonnarth, U., Hees, P. A. W., Lundström, U. & Finlay, R. (2000). Production of organic acids by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings exposed to elevated concentrations of aluminium and heavy metals. New Phytologist, 146, 557–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldén, L., Demoling, F. & Bååth, E. (2001). Rapid method of determining factors limiting bacterial growth in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 1830–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnebrant, K. (1994). Nitrogen amendments reduce the growth of extramatrical mycelium. Mycorrhiza, 5, 7–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arocena, J. M. & Glowa, K. R. (2000). Mineral weathering in ectomycorrhizosphere of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) as revealed by soil solution composition. Forest Ecology and Management, 133, 61–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arocena, J. M., Glowa, K. R., Massicotte, H. B. & Lavkulich, L. (1999). Chemical and mineral composition of ectomycorrhizosphere soils of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt.) in the Ae horizon of a Luvisol. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 79, 25–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arocena, J. M., Glowa, K. R. & Massicotte, H. B. (2001). Calcium-rich hypha encrustations on Piloderma. Mycorrhiza, 10, 209–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arvieu, J.-C., Leprince, F. & Plassard, C. (2003). Release of oxalate and protons by ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to P-deficiency and calcium carbonate in nutrient solution. Annals of Forest Science, 60, 815–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Augusto, L., Turpault, M.-P. & Ranger, J. (2000). Impact of forest tree species on feldspar weathering rates. Geoderma, 96, 215–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkman, A. & Sverdrup, H. (1996). Critical loads of acidity and nutrient imbalance for forest ecosystems in Skåne, Report 1. Department of Chemical Technology II, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 64 p.Google Scholar
Bhupinderpal-Singh, , Nordgren, A., Ottoson Löfvenius, M.et al. (2003). Tree root and soil heterotrophic respiration as revealed by girdling of boreal Scots pine forest: extending observations beyond the first year. Plant Cell and Environment, 26, 1287–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, J. D., Klaue, A., Nezat, C. A.et al. (2002). Mycorrhizal weathering of apatite as an important calcium source in base-poor forest ecosystems. Nature, 417, 729–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bormann, B. T., Wang, D., Borrmann, F. H.et al. (1998). Rapid plant-induced weathering in an aggrading experimental ecosystem. Biogeochemistry, 43, 129–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandrud, T. E. (1995). The effects of experimental N addition on the ectomycorrhizal flora in an oligotrophic spruce forest at Gårdsjön, Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 71, 111–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruns, T. D. (1995). Thoughts on the processes that maintain local species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil, 170, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairney, J. W. G. (2000). Evolution of mycorrhiza systems. Naturwissenschaften, 87, 467–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casarin, V., Plassard, C., Souche, G. & Arvieu, J.-C. (2003). Quantification of oxalate ions and protons released by ectomycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere soil. Agronomie, 23, 461–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casarin, V., Plassard, C., Hinsinger, P., Arvieu, J.-C. (2004). Quantification of ectomycorrhizal fungal effects on the bioavailability and mobilization of soil P in the rhizosphere of Pinus pinaster. New Phytologist, 163, 177–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, T. T. & Li, C. Y. (1998). Weathering of limestone, marble and calcium phosphate by ectomycorrhizal fungi and associated microorganisms. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, 13, 85–90.Google Scholar
Cromack, K., Sollins, P., Graustein, W.et al. (1979). Calcium oxalate accumulation and soil weathering in mats of the hypogeous fungus Hysterangium crassum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 11, 463–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drever, J. I. & Stillings, L. L. (1997). The role of organic acids in mineral weathering. Colloids and Surfaces, 120, 167–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egerton-Warburton, L. M., Graham, R. C. & Hubbert, K. R. (2003). Spatial variability in mycorrhizal hyphae and nutrient and water availability in a soil-weathered bedrock profile. Plant and Soil, 249, 331–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekblad, A., Wallander, H., Carlsson, R. & Huss-Danell, K. (1995). Fungal biomass in roots and extramatrical mycelium in relation to macronutrients and plant biomass of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris and Alnus incana. New Phytologist, 131, 443–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, T. (1995). Growth and shoot:root ratio of seedlings in relation to nutrient availability. Plant and Soil, 168–169, 205–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erland, S. & Taylor, A. F. S. (2002). Diversity of ecto-mycorrhizal fungal communities in relation to the abiotic environment. In Mycorrhizal Ecology, Ecological Studies 157, ed. Heijden, M. G. A. & Sanders, I.. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 163–224.Google Scholar
Finlay, R. & Söderström, B. (1992). Mycorrhiza and carbon flow to the soil. In Mycorrhizal Functioning, ed. Allen, M. F.. New York: Chapman and Hall, pp. 134–60.Google Scholar
Fransson, P. M. A., Taylor, A. F. S. & Finlay, R. D. (2000). Effects of continuous optimal fertilization upon a Norway spruce ectomycorrhizal community. Tree Physiology, 20, 599–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadd, G. M. (1999). Fungal production of citric and oxalic acid: importance in metal speciation, physiology and biogeochemical processes. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 41, 48–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Glowa, K. R., Arocena, J. M. & Massicotte, H. B. (2003). Extraction of potassium and/or magnesium from selected minerals byPiloderma. Geomicrobiology Journal, 20, 99–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, R. P., Baham, J. E. & Caldwell, B. A. (1994). Soil solution chemistry of ectomycorrhizal mats in forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 331–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagerberg, D. (2003). The growth of external ectomycorrhizal mycelia in the field in relation to host nutrient status and local addition of mineral sources. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Hagerberg, D., Thelin, G. & Wallander, H. (2003). The production of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in forests: relation between forest nutrient status and local mineral sources. Plant and Soil, 252, 279–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinonsalo, J., Hurme, K.-R. & Sen, R. (2004). Recent 14C-labelled assimilate allocation to Scots pine seedling root and mycorrhizosphere compartments developed on reconstructed podzol humus, E- and N-mineral horizons. Plant and Soil, 259, 111–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hintikka, V. & Näykki, O. (1967). Notes on the effects of the fungus Hydnellum ferrugineum (FK.) Karst. on forest soil and vegetation. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae, 62, 1–23.Google Scholar
Hoffland, E., Kuyper, T. W., Wallander, H.et al. (2004). The role of fungi in weathering. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 258–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Högberg, M. N. & Högberg, P. (2002). Extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium contributes one-third of microbial biomass and produces, together with associated roots, half the dissolved organic carbon in a forest soil. New Phytologist, 154, 791–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Högberg, P., Nordgren, A., Buchmann, N.et al. (2001). Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration. Nature, 411, 789–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humborg, C., Blomqvist, S., Avsan, E., Bergensund, Y. & Smedberg, E. (2002). Hydrological alterations with river damming in northern Sweden: implications for weathering and river biogeochemistry. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, D. L., Dennis, P. G., Owen, A. G. & Hees, P. A. W. (2003). Organic acid behaviour in soils–misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Plant and Soil, 248, 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jongmans, A. G., Breemen, N., Lundström, U.et al. (1997). Rock-eating fungi. Nature, 389, 682–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, L., Dahlberg, A. & Brandrud, T.-E. (2000). Spatiotemporal distribution of an ectomycorrhizal community in an oligotrophic Swedish Picea abies forest subjected to nitrogen addition: above- and below-ground views. Forest Ecology and Management, 132, 143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kårén, O. & Nylund, J.-E. (1997). Effects of ammonium sulphate on the community structure and biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Norway spruce stand in southwestern Sweden. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75, 1628–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landeweert, R., Hoffland, E., Finlay, R. & Breemen, N. (2001). Linking plants to rocks: ectomycorrhizal fungi mobilize nutrients from minerals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 248–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landeweert, R., Leeflang, P., Kuyper, T. W.et al. (2003). Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in soil horizons. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 327–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapeyrie, F., Ranger, J. & Vairelles, D. (1991). Phosphate-solubilizing activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69, 342–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leyval, C. & Berthelin, J. (1989). Interactions between Laccaria laccata, Agrobacterium radiobacter and beech roots: influence on P, K, Mg and Fe mobilization from minerals and plant growth. Plant and Soil, 117, 103–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leyval, C. & Berthelin, J. (1991). Weathering of a mica by roots and rhizospheric microorganisms of pine. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 1009–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lilleskov, E., Fahey, T. J. & Lovett, G. M. (2001). Ectomycorrhizal fungal aboveground community change over an atmospheric nitrogen deposition gradient. Ecological Applications, 11, 397–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lilleskov, E. A., Fahey, T. J., Horton, T. R. & Lovett, G. M. (2002). Belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal community change over a nitrogen deposition gradient in Alaska. Ecology, 83, 104–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundström, U., Breemen, N., Bain, D. C.et al. (2000). Advances in understanding the podzolization process resulting from a multidisciplinary study of three coniferous forest soils in the Nordic countries. Geoderma, 94, 335–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahmood, S., Finlay, R. D., Erland, S. & Wallander, H. (2001). Solubilization and colonisation of wood ash by ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from a wood ash fertilised spruce forest. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 35, 151–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majdi, H., Damm, E. & Nylund, J.-E. (2001). Longevity of mycorrhizal roots depend on branching order and nutrient availability. New Phytologist, 150, 195–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, L. O. & Wallander, H. (2003). The production of external mycelium by ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Norway spruce forest was reduced in response to nitrogen fertilization. New Phytologist, 158, 409–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, F., Bonnaud, P., Ranger, J. & Lapeyrie, F. (1995a). In vitro weathering of phlogopite by ectomycorrhizal fungi. I. Effect of K+ and Mg2 + deficiency on phyllosilicate evolution. Plant and Soil, 177, 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, F., Bonnaud, P., Ranger, J., Robert, M. & Lapeyrie, F. (1995b). Weathering of ammonium or calcium saturated 2:1 phyllosilicates by ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27, 1237–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, F., Botton, B. & Lapeyrie, F. (1996). In vitro weathering of phlogopite by ectomycorrhizal fungi II. Effect of K+ and Mg2 + deficiency and N source on accumulation of oxalate and H+. Plant and Soil, 179, 141–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peter, M., Ayer, F. & Egli, S. (2001). Nitrogen addition in a Norway spruce stand altered macromycete sporocarp production and below-ground ectomycorrhizal species composition. New Phytologist, 149, 311–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, D. J. (1991). Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. Experientia, 47, 376–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosling, A., Landeweert, R., Lindahl, B. D.et al. (2003a). Vertical distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in a podzol profile. New Phytologist, 159, 775–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosling, A., Lindahl, B. D., Taylor, A. F. S. & Finlay, R. D. (2003b). Mycelial growth and substrate acidification of ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to different minerals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47, 31–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosling, A., Lindahl, B. D. & Finlay, R. D. (2004). Carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal roots and mycelium colonising different mineral substrates. New Phytologist, 162, 795–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, S. E. & Read, D. J. (1997). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Smits, M. M., Hoffland, E., Jongmans, A. G. & Breemen, N. (2005). Contribution of feldspar tunneling by fungi in weathering. Geoderma, 125, 59–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stober, C., George, E. & Persson, H. (2001). Root growth and response to nitrogen. In Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems, Ecological Studies 142, ed. Schulze, E.-D.. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 99–119.Google Scholar
Sun, Y. P., Unestam, T., Lucas, S. D.et al. (1999). Exudation-reabsorption in a mycorrhizal fungus, the dynamic interface for interaction with soil and soil microorganisms. Mycorrhiza, 9, 137–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sverdrup, H., Hagen-Thorn, A., Holmqvist, J. et al. (2002). Biogeochemical processes and mechanisms. In Developing Principles for Sustainable Forestry in Southern Sweden, ed. Sverdrup, H. & Stjernquist, I.. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 91–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamm, C.-O. (1991). Nitrogen in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Questions of Productivity. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A. F. S., Martin, F. & Read, D. J. (2000). Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities of Norway spruce [Picea abies (l.) Karst.] and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along north-south transects in Europe. In Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems, Ecological Studies 142, ed. Schulze, E.-D.. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 343–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Termorshuizen, A. J. & Schaffers, A. (1991). The decline of carpophores of ectomycorrhizal fungi in stands of Pinus sylvestris L. in The Netherlands: possible causes. Nova Hedwigia, 53, 267–89.Google Scholar
Thelin, G. (2000). Nutrient imbalance in Norway spruce. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Breemen, N., Finlay, R. D., Lundström, U.et al. (2000). Mycorrhizal weathering: a true case of mineral nutrition?Biogeochemistry, 49, 53–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hees, P. A. W., Lundström, U. & Giesler, R. (2000). Low molecular weight organic acids and their Al-complexes in soil solution – composition, distribution and seasonal variation in three podzolized soils. Geoderma, 94, 173–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hees, P. A. W., Jones, D. L., Jentschke, G. & Godbold, D. L. (2003). Mobilization of aluminium, iron and silicon by Picea abies and ectomycorrhizas in a forest soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 55, 101–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hees, P. A. W., Godbold, D. L., Jentschke, G. & Jones, D. (2004). Impact of ectomycorrhizas on the concentration and biodegradation of simple organic acids in a forest soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 54, 697–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hees, P. A. W., Jones, D., Finlay, R., Godbold, D. L. & Lundström, U. S. (2005). The carbon we do not see–the impact of low molecular weight compounds on carbon dynamics and respiration in forest soils: a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vesk, P. A., Ashford, A. E., Markovina, A.-L. & Allaway, W. G. (2000). Apoplasmic barriers and their significance in the exodermis and sheath of Eucalyptus pilularis–Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas. New Phytologist, 145, 333–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallander, H. (2000a). Uptake of P from apatite by Pinus sylvestris seedlings colonised by different ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil, 218, 249–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallander, H. (2000b). Use of strontium isotopes and foliar K content to estimate weathering of biotite induced by pine seedlings colonised by ectomycorrhizal fungi from two different soils. Plant and Soil, 222, 215–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallander, H. & Nylund, J.-E. (1992). Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on extramatrical mycelium in Scots pine seedlings. New Phytologist, 120, 495–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallander, H. & Wickman, T. (1999). Biotite and microcline as a K source in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings. Mycorrhiza, 9, 25–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallander, H., Wickman, T. & Jacks, G. (1997). Apatite as a P source in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings. Plant and Soil, 196, 123–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallander, H., Nilsson, L. O., Hagerberg, D. & Bååth, E. (2001). Estimation of the biomass and production of external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. New Phytologist, 151, 751–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallander, H., Mahmood, S., Hagerberg, D., Johansson, L. & Pallon, J. (2003). Elemental composition of ectomycorrhizal mycelia identified with PCR/RFLP and grown in contact with apatite or wood ash in forest soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 44, 57–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Wallander, H., Fossum, A., Rosengren, U. & Jones, H. (2004). Ectomycorrhizal colonisation and uptake of P from apatite by Pinus sylvestris seedlings growing in forest soil with and without wood ash amendment. Mycorrhiza, 15, 143–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallenda, T. & Kottke, I. (1998). Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas. New Phytologist, 139, 169–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watmough, S. A. & Dillon, P. J. (2003). Ecology-mycorrhizal weathering in base-poor forests. Nature, 423, 823–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiklund, K., Nilsson, L. O. & Jacobsson, S. (1995). Effect of irrigation, fertilization, and drought on basidioma production in a Norway spruce stand. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73, 200–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×