This chapter considers the ‘state duty to protect’ model developed at the international level which imposes obligations on the state to protect individuals against harms to their fundamental rights by non-state actors. The model attempts to preserve the state-centric nature of international law but, I argue, is not consonant with the legal normative foundations of fundamental rights which are agnostic as to the agents who must realise them. In particular, I show that the model requires understanding what the state must protect individuals against which, in turn, requires determining what the legally enforceable obligations of non-state actors are. Through examining cases of the European Court of Human Rights, I analyse how the Court in fact reasons about the substantive content of such obligations. I show how it lacks a clear analytical framework but references several normative factors and utilises a balancing process which provide the seeds for the multi-factoral approach developed later in the book.