Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 12
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
August 2012
Print publication year:
2010
Online ISBN:
9780511780189

Book description

How destructive or beneficial are forest fires to wildlife? Should we be trying to reduce or increase the amount of fire in forests? How are forest fires controlled, and why does this sometimes fail? What effect will climate change have? These and many other questions are answered in this richly illustrated book, written in non-technical language. The journey starts in the long geological history of fire leading up to our present love-hate relationship with it. Exploring the physics of how a single flame burns, the journey continues through how whole forests burn and the anatomy of firestorms. The positive and negative ecological effects of fires are explored, from plants and wildlife to whole landscapes. The journey ends with how fires are controlled, and a look to the future. This book will be of interest to ecologists, biogeographers and anyone with an interest in forest fires and the role they play.

Awards

A Choice Outstanding Academic Title, 2011

Reviews

' … large and sumptuously produced … the authors and the publisher deserve congratulation for the high standard of the illustrations, which make a complex subject far easier to understand … The book is published at a very reasonable price. I learnt a lot from it, and suspect that many who have important responsibilities for forests would do so too.'

Source: Bulletin of the British Ecological Society

'Fire in the Forest is an interesting international introduction to the intriguing and sometimes enigmatic role that fire plays in natural and increasingly human-inhabited ecosystems. It is presented from a non-technical, but well-referenced, point of view by the two primary authors, who are well positioned to provide such insights on this topic. … highly recommended …'

Source: Plant Science Bulletin

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Further reading
References used in the text
Cottrell, W. H. (2004) The Book of Fire (2nd edn). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press.
Peluso, B. A. (2007) The Charcoal Forest: How Fire Helps Animals & Plants. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press.
Pyne, S. J. (2008) Year of the Fires: The Story of the Great Fires of 1910. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press.
Arno, S. F. & Allison-Bunnell, S. (2001) Flames in our Forest: Disaster or Renewal?Washington, DC: Island Press.
Bond, W. J. & Wilgen, B. W. (1996) Fire and Plants. London: Chapman & Hall.
Booysen, P. de V. & Tainton, N. M. (1984) Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer.
Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2000) Australian Rainforests, Islands of Green in a Land of Fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chandler, C., Cheney, P., Thomas, P. & Williams, D. (1983) Fire in Forestry. Vol 1. Forest Fire Behavior and Effects. Vol. 2. Forest Fire Management and Organization. New York: Wiley.
Heras, J., Brebbia, C. A., Viegas, D. & Leone, V. (2008) Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Forest Fires. Southampton: WIT Press.
Gill, A. M., Groves, R. H. & Noble, I. R. (1981) Fire and the Australian Biota. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science.
Goldammer, J. G. (1990) Fire in the Tropical Biota. Berlin: Springer.
Johnson, E. A. & Miyanishi, K. (2001) Forest Fires: Behaviour and Ecological Effects. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Kozlowski, T. T. & Ahlgren, C. E. (1974) Fire and Ecosystems. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Kull, C. A. (2004) Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Moreno, J. M. (1998) Large Forest Fires. Leiden: Backhuys.
Pyne, S. J., Andrews, P. L. & Laven, R. D. (1996) Introduction to Wildland Fire (2nd edn). New York, NY: Wiley.
Wein, R. W. & MacLean, D. A. (1983) The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. SCOPE 18. Chichester: Wiley.
Whelan, R. J. (1995) The Ecology of Fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ainsworth, A. & Kauffman, J. B. (2009) Response of native Hawaiian woody species to lava-ignited wildfires in tropical forests and shrublands. Plant Ecology, 201: 197–209.
Alaback, P., Veblen, T. T., Whitlock, C.et al. (2003) Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in temperate forest ecosystems in North and South America. In How Landscapes Change: Human Disturbance and Ecosystem Fragmentation in the Americas, ed. Bradshaw, G. A. & Marguet, P. A.Berlin: Springer, pp. 49–87.
Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M., Novaky, B.et al. (2007) Europe. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, ed. Change, M. L., Parry, O. F., Canziani, J. P.et al. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 541–580.
Alexander, M. E. (1982) Calculating and interpreting forest fire intensities. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 349–357.
Alexander, M. E. & Groot, W. J. (1988) Fire Behavior in Jack Pine Stands as Related to the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Poster with text. Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB: Canadian Forest Service.
Alley, R. B. (2000) The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19: 213–226.
Alley, R. B. (2004) GISP2 Ice Core Temperature and Accumulation Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2004–013. Boulder, CO: NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program.
Amacher, A. J., Barrett, R. H., Moghaddas, J. J. & Stephens, S. L. (2008) Preliminary effects of fire and mechanical fuel treatments on the abundance of small mammals in the mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 3193–3202.
Amatullia, G., Peréz-Cabelloa, F. & Riva, J. (2007) Mapping lightning/human-caused wildfires occurrence under ignition point location uncertainty. Ecological Modelling, 200: 321–333.
Amiro, B. D., Todd, J. B., Wotton, B. M.et al. (2001) Direct carbon emissions from Canadian forest fires, 1959–1999. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31: 512–525.
Anderson, A. J. (1989) Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-hunting in Prehistoric New Zealand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Andrew, M. H. (1986) Use of fire for spelling monsoon tall grass pasture grazed by cattle. Tropical Grasslands, 20: 69–78.
Andrews, P. L. (1986) BEHAVE: Fire Behaviour Prediction and Fuel Modelling System. BURN Subsystem Part 1. General Technical Report INT-194. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Andrews, P. L. & Rothermel, R. C. (1982) Charts for Interpreting Wildland Fire Behavior Characteristics. General Technical Report INT-131. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
,Anon (1970) Forest Fire Fighting Fundamentals. USDA and California Division of Forestry.
,Anon (1973) Forest Enemies. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of the Environment.
,Anon (2001) Global Forest Fire Assessment 1990–2000. Working Paper 55. Rome: Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (available from www.fao.org/documents).
Arno, S. F. & Sneck, K. M. (1977) A Method for determining Fire History in Coniferous Forests of the Mountain West. General Technical Report INT-42. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Ashton, D. H. (1986) Viability of seeds of Eucalyptus obliqua and Leptospermum juniperinum from capsules subjected to a crown fire. Australian Forestry, 49: 28–35.
Auld, T. D. & Denham, A. J. (2006) How much seed remains in the soil after a fire?Plant Ecology, 187: 15–24.
Axelson, J. N., Alfaro, R. I. & Hawkes, B. C. (2009) Influence of fire and mountain pine beetle on the dynamics of lodgepole pine stands in British Columbia, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management, 257: 1874–1882.
Babrauskas, V. (2002) Ignition of wood: a review of the state of the art. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 12: 163–189.
Baskin, Y. (1999) Yellowstone fires: a decade later. Bioscience, 2: 93–97.
Belcher, C. M., Collinson, M. E. & Scott, A. C. (2005) Constraints on the thermal energy released from the Chicxulub impactor: new evidence from multi-method charcoal analysis. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 162: 591–602.
Berg, A., Ehnstrom, B., Gustafsson, L.et al. (1994) Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Conservation Biology, 8: 718–731.
Bergeron, Y., Gauthier, S., Kafka, V., Lefort, P. & Lesieur, D. (2001) Natural fire frequency for the eastern Canadian boreal forest: consequences for sustainable forestry. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31: 384–391.
Berner, R. A. (1999) Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96: 10955–10957.
Billings, R. F., Clarke, S. R., Mendoza, V. E.et al. (2004) Bark beetle outbreaks and fire: a devastating combination for Central America's pine forests. Unasylva, 217: 15–21.
Binkley, D. (1993) Group report: impacts of fire on ecosystems. In Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires, ed. Crutzen, P. J. & Goldammer, J. G.New York, NY: John Wiley, pp. 359–372.
Bond, W. J., Honig, M. & Maze, K. E. (1999) Seed size and seedling emergence: an allometric relationship and some ecological implications. Oecologia, 120: 120–132.
Bond, W. J. & Midgley, J. J. (1995) Kill thy neighbour: an individualistic argument for the evolution of flammability. Oikos, 73: 79–85.
Bond, W. J., Woodward, F. I. & Midgley, G. F. (2004) The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytologist, 165: 525–538.
Booysen, P. de V. & Tainton, N. M. (1984) Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer.
Borchert, M., Johnson, M., Schreiner, D. S. & Vander Wall, S. B. (2003) Early postfire seed dispersal, seedling establishment and seedling mortality of Pinus coulteri (D. Don) in central coastal California, USA. Plant Ecology, 168: 207–220.
Born, W. & Stocks, B. J. (2006) Canadian fire management infrastructure. In Canadian Wildland Fire Management Strategy: Background Syntheses, Analyses, and Perspectives, ed. Hirsch, K. G. & Fuglem, P. (technical coordinators). Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB: Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Council of Forest Ministers, Natural Resources Canada, pp. 57–71.
Bova, A. S. & Dickinson, M. B. (2005) Linking surface-fire behavior, stem heating, and tissue necrosis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35: 814–822.
Bowman, D. (2005) Understanding a flammable planet – climate, fire and global vegetation patterns. New Phytologist, 165: 341–345.
Bradshaw, R. H. W. & Zackrisson, O. (1990) A two thousand year history of a northern Swedish boreal forest stand. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1: 519–528.
Bradstock, R. A. (2008) Effects of large fires on biodiversity in south-eastern Australia: disaster or template for diversity?International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 809–822.
Bradstock, R. A., Williams, J. E. & Gill, M. A. (2002) Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brewer, J. S., Cunningham, A. L., Moore, T. P., Brooks, R. M. & Waldrup, J. L. (2009) A six-year study of fire-related flowering cues and coexistence of two perennial grasses in a wet longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savanna. Plant Ecology, 200: 141–154.
Brotak, E. A. & Reifsnyder, W. E. (1977) An investigation of the synoptic situations associated with major wildland fires. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 16: 867–870.
Brown, A. A. & Davis, K. P. (1973) Forest Fire: Control and Use (2nd edn). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Brown, J. K. & DeByle, N. V. (1987) Fire damage, mortality, and suckering in aspen. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17: 1100–1109.
Buddle, C. M., Langor, D. W., Pohl, G. R. & Spence, J. R. (2006) Arthropod responses to harvesting and wildfire: implications for emulation of natural disturbance in forest management. Biological Conservation, 128: 346–357.
Buddle, C. M., Spence, J. R. & Langor, D. W. (2000) Succession of boreal forest spider assemblages following wildfire and harvesting. Ecography, 23: 424–436.
Buhk, C. & Hensen, I. (2008) Seed longevity of eight species common during early postfire regeneration in south-eastern Spain: a 3-year burial experiment. Plant Species Biology, 23: 18–24.
Burton, T. A. (2005) Fish and stream habitat risks from uncharacteristic wildfire: observations from 17 years of fire-related disturbances on the Boise National Forest, Idaho. Forest Ecology and Management, 211 (Special Issue 1–2): 140–149.
Butler, K. (2008) Interpreting charcoal in New Zealand's palaeoenvironment – what do those charcoal fragments really tell us?Quaternary International, 184: 122–128.
Byram, G. M. (1959) Combustion of forest fuels. In Forest Fire: Control and Use, ed. Davis, K. P.New York, NY: McGraw Hill, pp. 61–123.
Calef, M. P., McGuire, A. D. & Chapin III, F. S. (2008) Human influences on wildfire in Alaska from 1988 through 2005: an analysis of the spatial patterns of human impacts. Earth Interactions, 12: 1–17.
Campbell, I. D. & Campbell, C. (2000) Late Holocene vegetation and fire history at the southern boreal forest margin in Alberta, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 164: 263–280.
Carcaillet, C., Bergman, I., Delorme, S., Hornberg, G. & Zackrisson, O. (2007) Long-term fire frequency not linked to prehistoric occupations in northern Swedish boreal forest. Ecology, 88: 465–477.
Carter, M. C. & Foster, C. D. (2004) Prescribed burning and productivity in southern pine forests: a review. Forest Ecology and Management, 191: 93–109.
Cary, G. L. (2002) The importance of a changing climate for fire regimes in Australia. In Flammable Australia, ed. Bradstock, R. A., Williams, J. E. & Gill, A. M.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 26–46.
,CCFM (2005) Canadian Wildland Fire Strategy: A Vision for an Innovative and Integrated Approach to Managing the Risks. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Council of Forest Ministers.
Certini, G. (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143: 1–10.
Chambers, F. M., Lageard, J. G. A., Boswijk, G.et al. (1997) Dating prehistoric bog-fires in northern England to calendar years by long-distance cross-matching of pine chronologies. Journal of Quaternary Science, 12: 253–256.
Chandler, C., Cheney, P., Thomas, P.Trabaud, L. & Williams, D. (1983). Fire in Forestry. Vol. 1. Forest Fire Behavior and Effects. New York, NY: Wiley.
Chapman, H. H. (1952) The place of fire in the ecology of pines. Bartonia, 26: 39–44.
Cheney, N. P. (1981) Fire behaviour. In Fire and the Australian Biota, ed. Gill, A. M., Groves, R. H. & Noble, I. R.Canberra: Australian Academy of Science, pp. 151–175.
Choung, Y., Lee, B.-C., Cho, J.-H.et al. (2004) Forest response to the large-scale east coast fires in Korea. Ecological Research, 19: 43–54.
Clark, J. S. (1988) Effects of climate change on fire regime in north-eastern Minnesota. Nature, 334: 233–235.
Clarke, P. J. & Dorji, K. (2008) Are trade-offs in plant resprouting manifested in community seed banks?Ecology, 89: 1850–1858.
Climent, J., Tapias, R., Pardos, J. A. & Gill, L. (2004) Fire adaptations in the Canary Islands pine (Pinus canariensis). Plant Ecology, 171: 185–196.
Cochrane, M. A. & Barber, C. P. (2009) Climate change, human land use and future fires in the Amazon. Global Change Biology, 15: 601–612.
Colfer, C. J. P. (2005) The Complex Forest: Communities, Uncertainty, and Adaptive Collaborative Management. Washington, DC: RFF Press.
Collins, S. L., Glenn, S. M. & Gibson, D. J. (1995) Experimental analysis of intermediate disturbance and initial floristic composition: decoupling cause and effect. Ecology, 76: 486–492.
Conroy, R. J. (1996) To burn or not to burn? A description of the history, nature and management of bushfires within Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 116: 79–95.
Cope, M. J. & Chaloner, W. G. (1980) Fossil charcoal as evidence of past atmospheric composition. Nature, 283: 647–649.
Cornish, E. (2004) Futuring: The Exploration of the Future. Bethesda, MD: World Future Society.
Cortner, H. J. & Moote, M. A. (1999) The Politics of Ecosystem Management. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Cottrell, W. H. (2004) The Book of Fire (2nd edn). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press.
Coulson, B., Curry, G., Tchakerian, M., Gan, J. & Smith, C. T. (2005) Utilization of plant biomass generated from Southern pine beetle outbreaks. The 2005 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 15–18 December 2005, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
Cowling, R. M., Byron, B. L. & Pierce, S. M. (1987) Seed bank dynamics of four co-occurring Banksia species. Journal of Ecology, 75: 289–302.
Daly, H. & Cobb, J. (1994) For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment and a Sustainable Future (2nd edn). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Dennis, R., Meijaard, E., Applegate, G., Nasi, R. & Moore, P. (2001) Impact of Human-caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, and their Causes in Tropical, Temperate and Boreal Forest Biomes. CBD Technical Series No. 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, QC.
Diamond, J. (1995) Easter's end. Discover, 16: 62–69.
Diamond, J. (2005) Collapse. New York, NY: Viking.
Díaz-Delgado, R., Lloret, F., Pons, X. & Terradas, J. (2002) Satellite evidence of decreasing resilience in Mediterranean plant communities after recurrent wildfires. Ecology, 83: 2293–2303.
Diaz, N. & Bell, S. (1997) Landscape analysis and design. In Creating a Forestry for the 21 Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management, ed. Kohm, K. & Franklin, J. F.Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 255–269.
Dieterich, J. H. & Swetnam, T. W. (1984) Dendrochronology of a fire-scarred ponderosa pine. Forest Science, 30: 238–247.
Dixon, K. W., Roche, S. & Pate, J. S. (1995) The promotive effect of smoke derived from burnt native vegetation on seed germination of Western Australian plants. Oecologia, 101: 185–192.
Dore, S., Klob, T. E., Montes-Helu, M.et al. (2008) Long-term impact of a stand-replacing fire on ecosystem CO2 exchange of a ponderosa pine forest. Global Change Biology, 14: 1801–1820.
Dudley, R. (1998) Atmospheric oxygen, giant paleozoic insects and the evolution of aerial locomotor performance. Journal of Experimental Biology, 201: 1043–1050.
Dyer, G. (2008) Climate Wars. Toronto, ON: Random House.
Edwards, W. & Whelan, R. (1995) The size, distribution and germination requirements of the soil-stored seed bank of Grevillea barklyana (Proteaceae). Australian Journal of Ecology, 20: 548–555.
,FAO (2007) Fire Management – Global Assessment 2006. FAO Forestry Paper 151. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fisher, J. T. & Wilkinson, L. (2005) The response of mammals to forest fire and timber harvest in the North American boreal forest. Mammal Review, 35: 51–81.
Flannery, T. F. (2006) The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change. Toronto, ON: HarperCollins.
Flannigan, M. D. & Harrington, J. B. (1988) A study of the relation of meteorological variables to monthly provincial area burned by wildfire in Canada (1953–80). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 27: 441–452.
Flannigan, M. D., Krawchuk, M. A., Groot, W. J., Wotton, B. M. & Gowman, L. M. (2009) Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18: 483–507.
Flannigan, M. D., Stocks, B. J., Turetsky, M. R. & Wotton, B. M. (2008) Impact of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest. Global Change Biology, 14: 1–12.
Flannigan, M. D., Stocks, B. J. & Weber, M. G. (2002) Fire regimes and climate change in Canadian forests. In Fire and Climate Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas, ed. Veblen, T., Baker, W., Montenegro, G. & Swetnam, T.Berlin: Springer, pp. 97–119.
Flannigan, M. D. & Wotton, B. M. (1991) Lightning-induced fires in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21: 277–287.
Flematti, G. R., Ghisalberti, E. L., Dixon, K. W. & Trengove, R. D. (2004) A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination. Science, 305(5686): 977.
Flinn, M. A. & Wein, R. W. (1977) Depth of underground plant organs and theoretical survival during fire. Canadian Journal of Botany, 55: 2550–2554.
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist, T.et al. (2002) Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. Ambio, 31: 437–440.
Fontaine, J. B., Donato, D. C., Robinson, W. D., Law, B. E. & Kauffman, J. B. (2009) Bird communities following high-severity fire: response to single and repeat fires in a mixed-evergreen forest, Oregon, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 257: 1496–1504.
Fortin, M.-J., Crete, M., Huot, J., Drolet, B. & Doucet, G. J. (1995) Chronoséquence après feu de la diversité de mammifères et d'oiseaux au nord de la forêt boréale québécoise. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 25: 1509–1518.
Fraver, S. (1992) The insulating value of serotinous cones in protecting pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seeds from high temperatures. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 65: 112–116.
Fromm, M., Bevilacqua, R., Stocks, B. & Servranckx, R. (2004) New directions: eruptive transport to the stratosphere: add fire-convection to volcanoes. Atmosphere Environment, 38: 163–165.
Gashaw, M. & Michelsen, A. (2002) Influence of heat shock on seed germination of plants from regularly burnt savanna woodlands and grasslands in Ethiopia. Plant Ecology, 159: 1–83.
Giglio, L., Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J. & Kasibhatla, P. (2006) Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6: 957–974.
Gill, A. M. (1981) Post-settlement fire history in Victorian landscapes. In Fire and the Australian Biota, ed. Gill, A. M., Groves, R. H. & Noble, I. R.Canberra: Australian Academy of Science, pp. 77–98.
Gill, A. M. & Allan, G. (2008) Large fires, fire effects and the fire-regime concept. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 688–695.
Gill, A. M., Christian, K. R. & Moore, P. H. R. (1987) Bushfire incidence, fire hazard and fuel reduction burning. Australian Journal of Ecology, 12: 299–306.
Gill, A. M. & Moore, P. H. R. (1996) Ignitibility of Leaves of Australian Plants. Contract Report to the Australian Flora Foundation. Canberra: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry.
Gill, A. M. & Moore, P. H. R. (1998) Big versus small fires: the bushfires of Greater Sydney, January 1994. In Large Forest Fires, ed. Moreno, J. M.Leiden: Backhuys, pp. 49–68.
Gladwell, M. (2000) The Tipping Point: How Little Things can Make a Big Difference. Boston, MA: Little and Brown Company.
Glasspool, I. J., Edwards, D. & Axe, L. (2004) Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire. Geology, 32: 381–383.
Goh, K.-T., Schwela, D., Goldammer, J. G. & Simpson, O. (1999) Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events: Background Papers. Geneva: World Health Organization (available from www.who.int/peh/air/vegetationfirbackgr.htm).
Goldammer, J. G. (1993) Feuer und Waldentwicklung in den Tropen und Subtropen. Berlin: Birkhäuser.
González-Pérez, J. A., González-Vila, F. J., Almendros, G. & Knicker, H. (2004) The effect of fire on soil organic matter – a review. Environment International, 30: 855–870.
Gordon, J. A. (2002) Comprehensive Emergency Management for Local Governments: Demystifying Emergency Planning. CT: Rothstein Associates, Brookfield.
Gott, B. (2005) Aboriginal fire management in south-eastern Australia: aims and frequency. Journal of Biogeography, 32: 1203–1208.
Goubitz, S., Werger, M. J. A. & Ne'eman, G. (2003) Germination response to fir-related factors of seeds from non-serotinous and serotinous cones. Plant Ecology, 169: 195–204.
Granstrom, A. (2001) Fire management for biodiversity in the European boreal forest. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research Supplement, 3: 62–69.
Green, K. & Sanecki, G. (2006) Immediate and short-term responses of bird and mammal assemblages to a subalpine wildfire in the Snowy Mountains, Australia. Austral Ecology, 31: 673–681.
Greenberg, C. H. & Waldrop, T. A. (2008) Short-term response of reptiles and amphibians to prescribed fire and mechanical fuel reduction in a southern Appalachian upland hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 255: 2883–2893.
Grier, C. E. (1975) Wildfire effects on nutrient distribution and leaching in a coniferous ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 5: 599–607.
Groen, A. H. & Woods, S. W. (2008) Effectiveness of aerial seeding and straw mulch for reducing post-wildfire erosion, north-western Montana, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 559–571.
Grove, S. J. (2001) Extent and composition of dead wood in Australian lowland tropical rain forests with different management histories. ForestEcology and Management, 154: 35–53.
Gunderson, L. H. & Holling, C. S. (2002) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Haeussler, S. & Bergeron, Y. (2004) Range of variability in boreal aspen plant communities after wildfire and clear-cutting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34: 274–288.
Haines, D. A. (1982) Horizontal roll vortices and crown fires. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 21: 751–763.
Hall, B. L. (2007) Precipitation associated with lightning-ignited wildfires in Arizona and New Mexico. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 16: 242–254.
Hammond, P. M. (1994) Practical approaches to the estimation of the extent of biodiversity in speciose groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B345: 119–136.
Haney, A., Apfelbaum, S. & Burris, J. M. (2008) Thirty years of post-fire succession in a southern boreal forest bird community. American Midland Naturalist, 159: 421–433.
Hanley, M., Unna, J. & Darvill, B. (2003) Seed size and germination response: a relationship for fire-following plant species exposed to thermal shock. Oecologia, 134: 18–22.
Harmon, M. E., Franklin, J. F. & Swanson, F. J. (1986) Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, 15: 133–302.
Heliövarra, K. & Väisänen, R. (1984) Effects of modern forestry on northwestern European forest invertebrates: a synthesis. Acta Forestalia Fennica, 189: 1–32.
Hély, C., Bergeron, Y. & Flannigan, M. D. (2000) Effects of stand composition on fire hazard in mixed-wood Canadian boreal forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11: 813–824.
Hernández, D. L. & Hobbie, S. E. (2008) Effects of fire frequency on oak litter decomposition and nitrogen dynamics. Oecologia, 158: 535–543.
Hille, M. & Ouden, J. (2005) Charcoal and activated carbon as adsorbate of phytotoxic compounds – a comparative study. Oikos, 108: 202–207.
Hirsch, K. G., Corey, P. N. & Martel, D. L. (1998) Using expert judgment to model initial attack crew effectiveness. Forest Science, 44: 539–549.
Hirsch, K. G. & Martell, D. L. (1996) A review of initial attack fire crew productivity and effectiveness. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 6: 199–215.
Hobson, K. A. & Schieck, J. (1999) Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications, 9: 849–863.
Hodges, V. (2007) Homeowner education program aims to reduce wildfire risk. Disaster Safety Review, 2007: 10–11, 15.
Holdaway, R. N. & Jacomb, C. (2000) Rapid extinction of the moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): model, test, and implications. Science, 287: 2250–2254.
Holling, C. S. (1978) Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. London: John Wiley.
Homer-Dixon, T. (2001) The Ingenuity Gap. Toronto, ON: Vintage Canada.
Hungerford, R. D., Frandsen, W. H. & Ryan, K. C. (1995). Ignition and burning characteristics of organic soils. Proceedings of the 19th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Wetlands: A Management Perspective, Tallahassee, Florida, 19: 78–91.
Hunter, M. L. (1990) Wildlife, Forests and Forestry: Principles of Managing Forests for Biological Diversity. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Iniguez, J. M., Swetnam, T. W. & Yool, S. R. (2008) Topography affected landscape fire history patterns in southern Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 256: 295–303.
,IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
,IUCN (2006) The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century. Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29–31 January 2006. Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
Jacobs, J. M., Spence, J. R. & Langor, D. W. (2007) Influence of forest succession and dead wood qualities on boreal saproxylic beetles. Agriculture and Forest Entomology, 9: 3–16.
Johnson, B. (1984) The Great Fire of Borneo: Report of a Visit to Kalimantan-Timur a Year Later, May 1984. Godalming: World Wildlife Fund.
Johnson, E. A. (1992) Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, E. A. & Gutsell, S. L. (1994) Fire frequency models, methods and interpretations. Advances in Ecological Research, 25: 239–287.
Johnson, E. A., Miyanishi, K. & Bridge, S. R. J. (2001) Wildfire regime in the boreal forest and the idea of suppression and fuel buildup. Conservation Biology, 15: 1554–1557.
Johnson, P. S. (1975) Growth and structural development of red oak sprout clumps. Forest Science, 21: 413–418.
Jones, R. (1975) The Neolithic Palaeolithic and hunting gardeners: man and land in the Antipodes. In Quaternary Studies, ed. Suggate, P. & Cresswell, M. M.Wellington: Royal Society of New Zealand, pp. 21–34.
Jones, R. & Salmon, M. (1985) The Three Little Diggers. Sydney: Bush Fire Council of New South Wales.
Kafka, V., Gauthier, S. & Bergeron, Y. (2001) Fire impacts in the boreal forest: study of a large wildfire in western Quebec. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10: 119–127.
Karlsson, M., Caesar, S., Ahnesjö, J. & Forsman, A. (2008) Dynamics of colour polymorphism in a changing environment: fire melanism and then what?Oecologia, 154: 715–724.
Karthikeyan, S., Balasubramanian, R. & Iouri, K. (2006) Particulate air pollution from bushfires: human exposure and possible health effects. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, Current Issues, 69: 1895–1908.
Kaval, P., Loomis, J. & Seidl, A. (2007) Willingness-to-pay for prescribed fire in the Colorado (USA) wildland urban interface. Forest Policy and Economics, 9: 928–937.
Keeley, J. E. (1998) Postfire ecosystem recovery and management: the October 1993 large fire episode in California. In Large Forest Fires, ed. Moreno, J. M.Leiden: Backhuys, pp. 69–90.
Keeley, J. E. & Fotheringham, C. J. (2000) Role of fire in regeneration from seed. In Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, ed. Fenner, M.Oxford: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, pp. 311–330.
Kershaw, A. P., Clark, J. S., Gill, A. M. & D'Costa, D. M. (2002) A history of fire in Australia. In Flammable Australia, ed. Bradstock, R. A., Williams, J. E. & Gill, M. A.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–25.
Kiss, L. & Magnin, F. (2003) The impact of fire on some Mediterranean land snail communities and patterns of post-fire recolonization. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 69: 43–53.
Korb, J. E., Johnson, N. C. & Covington, W. W. (2004) Slash pile burning effects on soil biotic and chemical properties and plant establishment: recommendations for amelioration. Restoration Ecology, 12: 52–62.
Kramer, K., Groena, T. A. & Wieren, S. E. (2003) The interacting effects of ungulates and fire on forest dynamics: an analysis using the model FORSPACE. Forest Ecology and Management, 181: 205–222.
Kurz, W. A., Apps, M. J., Stocks, B. J. & Volney, W. J. A. (1995) Global climate change: disturbance regimes and biospheric feedbacks of temperate and boreal forests. In Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climate System: Will the Warming Speed the Warming? ed. Woodwell, G. M. & Mackenzie, F.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–133.
Kurz, W. A., Stinson, G., Rampley, G. J., Dymond, C. & Neilson, E. T. (2008) Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada's forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105: 1551–1555.
Kuwana, K., Sekimoto, K., Saito, K.et al. (2007) Can we predict the occurrence of extreme fire whirls? AIAA Journal, 45: 16–19.
Lamont, B. B., Maitre, D. C., Cowling, R. M. & Enright, N. J. (1991) Canopy seed storage in woody plants. Botanical Review, 57: 277–317.
Langner, A. & Siegert, F. (2009) Spatiotemporal fire occurrence in Borneo over a period of 10 years. Global Change Biology, 15: 48–62.
Larjavaara, M., Pennanen, J. & Tuomi, T. J. (2007) Lightning that ignites forest fires in Finland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 132: 171–180.
Lawson, B. D. & Armitage, O. B. (2008) Weather Guide to the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System. Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB: Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada.
LeDuc, S. D. & Rothstein, D. E. (2007) Initial recovery of soil carbon and nitrogen pools and dynamics following disturbance in jack pine forests: a comparison of wildfire and clearcut harvesting. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39: 2865–2876.
Lee, P. C., Crites, S., Nietfeld, M., Nguyen, H. & Stelfox, J. B. (1997) Characteristics and origins of deadwood material in aspen-dominated boreal forests. Ecological Applications, 7: 691–701.
Lemmen, D. S., Warren, F. J., Lacroix, J. & Bush, E. (2008) From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.
Li, J., Loneragan, W. A., Duggin, J. A. & Grant, C. D. (2004) Issues affecting the measurement of disturbance response patterns in herbaceous vegetation – a test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Plant Ecology, 172: 11–26.
Lindenmayer, D. B., Burton, P. J. & Franklin, J. F. (2008a) Salvage Logging and its Ecological Consequences. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Lindenmayer, D. B., Wood, J. T., MacGregor, C.et al. (2008b) How predictable are reptile responses to wildfire?Oikos, 117: 1086–1097.
Ling, P. & Storer, B. (1990) Smoke gets in your eyes. History Today, 40: 6–9.
Lloret, F., Pausas, J. G. & Vilà, M. (2003) Responses of Mediterranean plant species to different fire frequencies in Garraf Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain): field observations and modelling predictions. Plant Ecology, 167: 223–235.
Long, R. A., Rachlow, J. L., Kie, J. G. & Vavra, M. (2008) Fuels reduction in a western coniferous forest: effects on quantity and quality of forage for elk. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 61: 302–313.
Lorimer, C. G. & Gough, W. R. (1988) Frequency of drought and severe fire weather in north-eastern Wisconsin. Journal of Environmental Management, 26: 203–219.
Lui, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S. R.et al. (2007) Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science, 317: 1513–1516.
Lunney, D., Gresser, S. M., Mahon, P. S. & Matthews, A. (2004) Post-fire survival and reproduction of rehabilitated and unburnt koalas. Biological Conservation, 120: 567–575.
Lyon, J. P. & O'Connor, J. P. (2008) Smoke on the water: can riverine fish populations recover following a catastrophic fire-related sediment slug?Austral Ecology, 33: 794–806.
Lyons, W. A., Nelson, T. E., Williams, E. R., Cramer, J. A. & Turner, T. R. (1998) Enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning in thunderstorms ingesting smoke from fires. Science, 282(5386): 77–80.
Mabuhay, J., Nakagoshi, N. & Horikoshi, T. (2003) Microbial biomass and abundance after forest fire in pine forests in Japan. Ecological Research, 18: 431–441.
Malakoff, D. (2002) Arizona ecologist puts stamp on forest restoration debate. Science, 297(No. 5590): 2194–2196.
Marcot, B. G., Mellen, K., Livinston, S. A. & Ogden, C. (2002) The DecAid Advisory Model: Wildlife Component. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Margules, C. R. & Pressey, R. L. (2000) Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405: 243–253.
Martell, D. L. (2002) Wildfire regime in the boreal forest. Conservation Biology, 16: 1177.
Masaka, K., Ohno, Y. & Yamada, K. (2000) Fire tolerance and the fire-related sprouting characteristics of two cool-temperate broad-leaved tree species. Annals of Botany, 85: 137–142.
Masterson, G. P. R., Maritz, B. & Alexander, G. J. (2008) Effect of fire history and vegetation structure on herpetofauna in a South African grassland. Applied Herpetology, 5: 129–143.
McAllum, M. J. C. (2008) Designing Better Futures: Rethinking Strategy for a Sustainable World. Bribie Island, Queensland: GFN Press.
McAlpine, R. S. & Hirsch, K. G. (1998) An overview of LEOPARDS: the level of protection analysis system. Forestry Chronicle, 75: 615–621.
McAlpine, R. S. & Wotton, B. M. (1993) The use of fractal dimension to improve wildland fire perimeter predictions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23: 1073–1077.
McCaw, W. L., Smith, R. H. & Neal, J. E. (1997) Prescribed burning of thinning slash in regrowth stands of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor). 1. Fire characteristics, fuel consumption and tree damage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 7: 29–40.
McCay, T. S. (2000) Use of woody debris by cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) in a southeastern pine forest. Journal of Mammalogy, 81: 527–535.
McCormick, F. J. (1999) Principles of ecosystem management and sustainable development. In Ecosystem Management for Sustainability: Principles and Practices Illustrated by a Regional Biosphere Reserve Cooperative, ed. Peine, J. D.New York, NY: Lewis Publishers, pp. 3–22.
McGee, T. K. (2007) Urban residents' approval of management measures to mitigate wildland–urban interface fire risks in Edmonton, Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning, 82: 247–256.
McInnis, D. (1997) Burning season. Earth, August 1997: 36–41.
McLaren, A. C. (1959) Propagation of flames in Eucalyptus oil vapour-air mixtures. Australian Journal of Applied Science, 2: 321–328.
MacLean, N. (1992) Young Men and Fire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
McLennan, J. & Birch, A. (2005) A potential crisis in wildfire emergency response capability? Australia's volunteer firefighters. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 6: 101–107.
,MCPFE (2002) Improvement of the Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. Fourth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe. Italy, Cosenza.
McRae, D. J. & Flannigan, M. D. (1990) Development of large vortices on prescribed fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20: 1878–1887.
Mellars, P. A. (1976) Fire ecology, animal population and man: a study of some ecological relationships in prehistory. Proceedings of the Prehistorical Society, 42: 15–46.
Mickan, F. (2006) What Happens When Hay Heats. Department of Primary Industries, State of Victoria, Australia, AG0206.
Midgley, J. (2002) What are the relative costs, limits and correlates of increased degree of serotiny?Austral Ecology, 25: 65–68.
Millar, C. I., Stephenson, N. L. & Stephens, S. L. (2007) Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications, 17: 2145–2151.
Mills, G. (2005) On the sub-synoptic scale meteorology of two extreme fire weather days during the eastern Australian fires of January 2003. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 54: 265–290.
Milton, S. J. & Hall, A. V. (1981) Reproductive biology of Australian acacias in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 44: 465–485.
Minnich, R. A. (1983) Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science, 219(No. 4590): 1287–1294.
Minnich, R. A. (1998) Landscapes, land-use and fire policy: where do large fires come from? In Large Forest Fires, ed. Moreno, J. M.Leiden: Backhuys, pp. 133–158.
Miyanishi, K., Bridge, S. R. J. & Johnson, E. A. (2002) Wildfire regime in the boreal forest – reply. Conservation Biology, 16: 1177–1178.
Moreira, F., Duarte, L., Catry, F. & Acacio, V. (2007) Cork extraction as a key factor determining post-fire cork oak survival in a mountain region of southern Portugal. Forest Ecology and Management, 253: 30–37.
Moretti, M., Duelli, P. & Obrist, M. K. (2006) Biodiversity and resilience of arthropod communities after fire disturbance in temperate forests. Oecologia, 149: 312–327.
Mouillot, F. & Field, C. B. (2005) Fire history and the global carbon budget: a 1° × 1° fire history reconstruction for the 20th century. Global Change Biology, 11: 398–420.
Moya, D., Saracino, A., Salvatore, R.et al. (2008) Anatomical basis and insulation of serotinous cones in Pinus halepensis Mill. Trees, 22: 511–519.
Myers, R. L. (2006) Living with Fire: Sustaining Ecosystems and Livelihoods Through Integrated Fire Management. Tallahassee, FL: The Nature Conservancy.
Natcher, D. C., Calef, M., Huntington, O.et al. (2007) Factors contributing to the cultural and spatial variability of landscape burning by native peoples of interior Alaska. Ecology and Society, 12: Article No. 7.
,National Wildfire Coordinating Group (2009) Quadrennial Fire Review. Boise, ID: National Wildfire Coordinating Group Executive Board.
Neary, D. G., Ryan, K. C. & DeBano, L. F. (2005) Fire Effects on Soil and Water. General Technical Report RM-42. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Ne'eman, G., Henig-Severa, N. & Eshel, A. (1999) Regulation of the germination of Rhus coriaria, a post-fire pioneer, by heat, ash, pH, water potential and ethylene. Physiologia Plantarum, 106: 47–52.
Ne'eman, G., Ne'eman, R., Keith, D. A. & Whelan, R. J. (2009) Does post-fire plant regeneration mode affect the germination response to fire-related cues?Oecologia, 159: 483–492.
Nichols, D. J. & Johnson, K. R. (2008) Plants and the K-T Boundary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Noss, R. F., Franklin, J. F., Baker, W. L., Schoennagel, T. & Moyle, P. B. (2006) Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4: 481–487.
Núñez, M. R. & Calvo, L. (2000) Effect of high temperatures on seed germination of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus halepensis. Forest Ecology and Management, 131: 183–190.
Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O.et al. (2002) The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature, 420: 61–65.
Parks, Canada (1979) Parks Canada Policy. Ottawa, ON: Department of Environment, Government of Canada.
Parks, Canada (1989) Keepers of the Flame: Implementing Fire Management in the Canadian Parks Service. Internal Report. Ottawa, ON: Parks Canada.
Parks, Canada (2005) National Fire Management Strategy – Parks Canada Agency. Ottawa, ON: National Fire Management Committee, Parks Canada.
Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., Linden, P. J. & Hanson, C. E. (2007) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parshall, T., Foster, D. R., Faison, E., MacDonald, D. & Hansen, B. C. S. (2003) Long-term history of vegetation and fire in pitch pine-oak forests on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ecology, 84: 736–748.
Patterson, W. A., Edwards, K. J. & Maguire, D. J. (1987) Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire. Quaternary Science Reviews, 6: 3–23.
Pausas, J. G., Ouadah, N., Ferran, A., Gimeno, T. & Vallejo, R. (2003) Fire severity and seedling establishment in Pinus halepensis woodlands, eastern Iberian Peninsula. Plant Ecology, 169: 205–213.
Penman, T. D., Binns, D. L., Shiels, R. J., Allen, R. M. & Kavanagh, R. P. (2008) Changes in understorey plant species richness following logging and prescribed burning in shrubby dry sclerophyll forests of south-eastern Australia. Austral Ecology, 33: 197–210.
Penman, T. D. & Towerton, A. L. (2008) Soil temperatures during autumn prescribed burning: implications for the germination of fire responsive species?International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 572–578.
Perrin, G. S. (1890) Report upon the State Forests of Victoria. Melbourne: Government Printer.
Pinchot, G. (1899) The relation of forests and forest fires. National Geographic, 10: 393–403.
Pinchot, G. (1910) The Fight for Conservation. New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company.
Prideaux, G. J., Long, J. A., Ayliffe, L. K.et al. (2007) An arid-adapted middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from south-central Australia. Nature, 445: 422–425.
Putz, F. E. (2003) Are rednecks the unsung heroes of ecosystem management?Wild Earth, 13, 10–14.
Pyne, S. J. (1982) Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Pyne, S. J. (1991) Burning Bush. A Fire History of Australia. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
Pyne, S. J. (1993) Keeper of the flame: a survey of anthropogenic fire. In Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires, ed. Crutzen, P. J. & Goldamme, J. G.Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 245–266.
Pyne, S. J. (1995) World Fire. The Culture of Fire on Earth. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
Pyne, S. J. (1997) Vestal Fire. An Environmental History, Told through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press.
Pyne, S. J. (2001a) Fire: A Brief History. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press; London: British Museum.
Pyne, S. J. (2001b) Year of the Fires: the Story of the Great Fires of 1910. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Pyne, S. J. (2004) Tending Fire: Coping with America's Wildland Fires. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Pyne, S. J. (2007) Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.
Radeloff, V. C., Hammer, R. B., Stewart, S. I.et al. (2005) The wildland–urban interface in the United States. Ecological Applications, 15: 799–805.
Radojevic, M. (2003) Chemistry of forest fires and regional haze with emphasis on southeast Asia. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160: 157–187.
Ramsay, G. C., McArthur, N. A. & Dowling, V. P. (1996) Building in a fire-prone environment: research on building survival in two major bushfires. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 116: 133–140.
Reyes, O. & Trabaud, L. (2009) Germination behaviour of 14 Mediterranean species in relation to fire factors: smoke and heat. Plant Ecology, 202: 113–121.
Rhemtulla, J. M., Hall, R. J., Higgs, E. S. & Macdonald, S. E. (2002) Eighty years of change: vegetation in the montane ecoregion of Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32: 2010–2021.
Richardson, D. M. (1998) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rothermel, R. C. (1993) Mann Gulch Fire: A Race that Couldn't be Won. General Technical Report INT-299. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Ruokolainen, L. & Salo, K. (2006) The succession of boreal forest vegetation during ten years after slash-burning in Koli National Park, eastern Finland. Annales Botanici Fennici, 43: 363–378.
Russell, E. W. B. (1983) Indian-set fires in the forests of the northeastern United States. Ecology, 64: 78–88.
Ryan, K. C. (2002) Dynamic interactions between forest structure and fire behaviour in boreal ecosystems. Silva Fennica, 36: 13–39.
Ryan, K. C. & Frandsen, W. H. (1991) Basal injury from smoldering fires in mature Pinus ponderosa Laws. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 1: 107–118.
Sandor, R. L., Bettleheim, E. C. & Swingland, E. R. (2003) An overview of a free market approach to climate change and conservation. In Capturing Carbon and Conserving Biodiversity: The Market Approach, ed. Swingland, R.London: Earthscan, pp. 56–69.
Sanford, R. L., Saldarriaga, J., Clark, K. E., Uhl, C. & Herrera, R. (1985) Amazon rain-forest fires. Science, 227(No. 4682): 53–55.
Sastry, N. (2002) Forest fires, air pollution, and mortality in southeast Asia. Demography, 39: 1–23.
Schieck, J. & Song, S. J. (2006) Changes in bird communities throughout succession following fire and harvest in boreal forests of western North America: literature review and meta-analyses. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36: 1299–1318.
Schmitz, A., Sehrbrock, A. & Schmitz, H. (2007) The analysis of the mechanosensory origin of the infrared sensilla in Melanophila acuminata (Coeloptera; Buprestidae) adduces new insight into the transduction mechanism. Arthropod Structure and Development, 36: 291–303.
Schnider, S. H. (2001) What is ‘dangerous’ climate change?Nature, 411: 17–19.
Schoennagel, T., Smithwick, E. A. H. & Turner, M. G. (2008) Landscape heterogeneity following large fires: insights from Yellowstone National Park, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 742–753.
Schwilk, D. W., Keeley, J. E. & Bond, W. J. (1997) The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in fynbos. Plant Ecology, 132: 77–84.
See, S. W., Balasubramanian, R., Rianawati, E., Karthikeyan, S. & Streets, D. G. (2007) Characterization and source apportionment of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in Sumatra, Indonesia, during a recent peat fire episode. Environmental Science and Technology, 41: 3488–3494.
Siitonen, J. (2001) Forest management, coarse woody debris and saproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as an example. Ecological Bulletins, 49: 11–41.
Sippola, A.-L., Siitonen, J. & Punttila, P. (2001) Beetle diversity in timberline forests: a comparison between old-growth and regeneration areas in Finnish Lapland. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 39: 69–86.
Smith, N. R., Kishchuk, B. E. & Mohn, W. W. (2008) Effects of wildfire and harvest disturbances on forest soil bacterial communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74: 216–224.
Stankey, G. H., Clark, R. N. & Bormann, B. T. (2005) Adaptive Management of Natural Resources: Theory, Concepts, and Management Institutions. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-654. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Stern, N. H. (2007) The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stocks, B. J., Mason, J. A., Todd, J. B.et al. (2003) Large forest fires in Canada, 1959–1997. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D24), 8149, doi:10.1029/2001JD000484 (printed 108(D1), 2003).
Stocks, B. J. & Simard, A. J. (1993) Forest fire management in Canada. Journal of Disaster Management, 5: 21–27.
Stokland, J. N. (2001) The coarse woody debris profile: an archive of recent forest history and an important biodiversity indicator. Ecological Bulletins, 49: 71–83.
Stuart-Smith, A. K., Hayes, J. P. & Schieck, J. (2006) The influence of wildfire, logging and residual tree density on bird communities in the northern Rocky Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management, 231: 1–17.
Swetnam, T. W. (1993) Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves. Science, 262(No. 5135): 885–889.
Taylor, A. R. (1971) Lightning – agent of change in forest ecosystems. Journal of Forestry, 69: 477–480.
Taylor, S. L. & MacLean, D. A. (2007) Dead wood dynamics in declining balsam fir and spruce stands in New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37: 750–762.
Taylor, S. W., Carroll, A. L., Alfaro, R. I. & Safranyik, L. (2006) Forest, climate and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in western Canada. In The Mountain Pine Beetle: A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepine Pine, ed. Safranyik, L. & Wilson, W. R. Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC: Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, pp. 67–94.
Thiffault, E., Hannam, K. D., Quideau, S. A.et al. (2008) Chemical composition of forest floor and consequences for nutrient availability after wildfire and harvesting in the boreal forest. Plant and Soil, 308: 37–53.
Thomas, P. A. & Packham, J. R. (2007) Ecology of Woodlands and Forests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, P. A. & Wein, R. W. (1985) Delayed emergence of four conifer species on postfire seedbeds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15: 727–729.
Thomas, P. A. & Wein, R. W. (1990) Jack pine establishment on ash from wood and organic soil. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20: 1926–1932.
Tomback, D. F., Anderies, A. J., Carsey, K. S., Powell, M. L. & Mellmann-Brown, S. (2001) Delayed seed germination in whitebark pine and regeneration patterns following the Yellowstone fires. Ecology, 82: 2587–2600.
Uhl, D. & Montenari, M. (2010) Charcoal as evidence of palaeo-wildfires in the Late Triassic of SW Germany. Geological Journal, 45: 1–8.
Vallejo, R. (2005) Restoring Mediterranean forests. In Forest Restoration in Landscapes: Beyond Planting Trees, ed. Mansurain, S., Vallarui, D. & Dudley, N.New York, NY: Springer, pp. 313–319.
Mantgem, P. J., Stephenson, N. L., Byrne, J. C.et al. (2009) Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States. Science, 323(No. 5913): 521–524.
Staden, J., Brown, N. A., Jäger, A. K. & Johnson, T. A. (2000) Smoke as a germination cue. Plant Species Biology, 15: 167–178.
Wagner, C. E. (1968) Fire Behaviour Mechanisms in a Red Pine Plantation: Field and Laboratory Evidence. Departmental Publication 1229. Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Forestry Branch.
Wagner, C. E. (1977) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 7: 23–24.
Wagner, C. E., Finney, M. A. & Heathcott, M. (2006) Historical fire cycles in the Canadian Rocky Mountain parks. Forest Science, 52: 704–717.
Vera, F. W. M. (2000) Grazing Ecology and Forest History. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
Viegas, D. X. (1998) Weather, fuel status and fire occurrence: predicting large fires. In Large Forest Fires, ed. Moreno, J. M.Leiden: Backhuys, pp. 31–48.
Vines, R. G. (1968) Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire. Australian Journal of Botany, 16, 499–514.
Vining, J. & Merrick, M. S. (2008) The influence of proximity to a national forest on emotions and fire-management decisions. Environmental Management, 41: 155–167.
Volney, W. J. A. & Hirsch, K. G. (2005) Disturbing forest disturbances. Forestry Chronicle, 81: 662–668.
Walters, C. J. (1986) Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Wardle, D. A., Zackrisson, O. & Nilsson, M.-C. (1998) The charcoal effect in boreal forests: mechanisms and ecological consequences. Oecologia, 115: 419–426.
Webb, L. J. (1968) Environmental relationships of the structural types of Australian rain forest vegetation. Ecology, 49: 296–311.
Welch, H. & Haddow, G. (1993) The World Checklist of Conifers. Landsman's Bookshop for the World Conifer Data Pool.
Wells, H. G. (1902) The discovery of the future. Nature, 65: 326–331.
Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, T. & Swetnam, W. (2006) Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science, 313(No. 5789): 940–943.
Wheatley, M. J. (1999) Leadership and the New Science: Discovering Order in a Chaotic World (2nd edn). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Whelan, R. J. (1995) The Ecology of Fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whittaker, R. J., Willis, K. J. & Field, R. (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 28: 453–470.
Wierzchowski, J., Heathcott, M. & Flannigan, M. D. (2002) Lightning and lightning fire, central cordillera, Canada. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11: 41−51.
Williams, M. (2003) Deforesting the Earth. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Williams, M. S. & Gove, J. H. (2003) Perpendicular distance sampling: an alternative method of sampling downed coarse woody debris. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33: 1564–1579.
Wilson, B. G. & Witkowski, E. T. F. (2003) Seed banks, bark thickness and change in age and size structure (1978–1999) of the African savanna tree, Burkea africana. Plant Ecology, 167: 151–162.
Wilson, C. C. (1977) Fatal and near fatal forest fires – the common denominators. International Fire Chief, 43: 9–10, 12–15.
Wilson, C. C. & Sorenson, J. C. (1978) Some Common Denominators of Fire Behavior on Tragedy and Near-miss Forest Fires. Publication NA-GR-8. Broomall, PA: Northeast State and Private Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Wotton, B. M. & Stocks, B. J. (2006) Fire management in Canada: vulnerability and risk trends. In Canadian Wildland Fire Management Strategy: Background Syntheses, Analyses, and Perspectives, ed. Hirsch, K. G. & Fuglem, P. Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB: Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Council of Forest Ministers, Natural Resources Canada, pp. 49–55.
Wright, R. (2004) A Short History of Progress. Toronto, ON: House of Anansi Press.
Wuerthner, G. (2006) The flawed economics of fire suppression. In The Wildfire Reader, ed. Wuerthner, G.Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 221–223.
Yoder, J., Engle, D. & Fuhlendorf, S. (2004) Liability, incentives, and prescribed fire for ecosystem management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2: 361–366.
Zanon, V., Viveiros, F., Silva, C., Hipólito, A. R. & Ferreira, T. (2008) Impact of lightning on organic matter-rich soils: influence of soil grain size and organic matter content on underground fires. Natural Hazards, 45: 19–31.
Zhang, Y., He, H. S. & Yang, J. (2008) The wildland–urban interface dynamics in the southeastern U.S. from 1990 to 2000. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85: 155–162.
Zielonka, T. & Niklasson, M. (2001) Dynamics of dead wood and regeneration pattern in natural spruce forest in the Tatra Mountains, Poland. Ecological Bulletins, 49: 159–163.
Zwolak, R. & Foresman, K. R. (2007) Effects of a stand-replacing fire on small-mammal communities in montane forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85: 815–822.

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.