There has been substantial discussion in the research literature and public press over the past decade about the growing body of knowledge concerning brain development across childhood and adolescence, and its impact on our thinking about responsibility, judgment, and choice. Of note has been the range of television, newspaper and magazine articles, and commentaries and opinion pieces that have attempted to wrestle with concerns of judgment, decision making, and culpability for juveniles and young adults in the criminal and civil justice arenas. The Supreme Court of the United States has grappled with this issue – particularly with regard to whether youth (with typical or atypical development) are capable of understanding the intentions and outcomes of their choices and actions, and how we as a society can address this concern through prevention and intervention (cf., Atkins v. Virginia, the 2002 decision regarding the diminished culpability of the intellectually disabled, ruling that the death penalty is inappropriate for such individuals; and Roper v. Simmons, the 2005 decision ruling that the death penalty for youth under 18 years of age is “cruel and unusual punishment”). This discussion is intimately intertwined with the unfolding body of research about EdF. It is within the area of EF perhaps more than anywhere else that we have been asked to provide guidance and direction to the legal, political, educational, and public safety systems to help them better understand the underlying neuropsychology of such concerns as “bad behavior” and “poor decision making” and how they impact broader society.