Introduction

The contrast between the decade of economic instability in Western Europe after World War I and the economic recovery established in the decade following World War II is nowhere more evident than in the area of international trade relations. Economic reconstruction following World War I lacked any institutional mechanism to facilitate the reduction of trade barriers that had arisen during the war and had become entrenched thereafter. The political weakness of European countries in trade policy was evident when a proposal for “equality of trade conditions” in a draft League of Nations charter was rejected in favor of a weaker provision for “equitable treatment.” The World Economic Conference in 1927 still found it necessary to call upon governments to remove wartime controls on trade, which included import quotas, licensing requirements, and foreign exchange controls. A decade after its formation, the League of Nations had yet to sponsor any negotiations on liberalizing world trade from high tariffs, and the onset of the depression vanquished any serious prospect of trade reform in Europe and elsewhere.

Yet during World War II, even in advance of official US participation in the conflict, the United States and the United Kingdom already envisioned a post-war world trading system based on reducing all trade barriers and limiting discriminatory tariff preferences. Just two years after Germany's surrender, twenty-three countries established a General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that set rules to restrict national trade policies and even started to decrease tariffs in binding agreements.