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6 - Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems

from Part II - Nitrogen processing in the biosphere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2011

By
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl ,
Per Gundersen ,
Per Ambus ,
Jürgen Augustin ,
Claus Beier ,
Pascal Boeckx ,
Michael Dannenmann ,
Benjamin Sanchez Gimeno ,
Andreas Ibrom  and
Ralf Kiese
...Show all authors
Edited by
Mark A. Sutton ,
Clare M. Howard ,
Jan Willem Erisman ,
Gilles Billen ,
Albert Bleeker ,
Peringe Grennfelt ,
Hans van Grinsven  and
Bruna Grizzetti
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Affiliation:
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Per Gundersen
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Per Ambus
Affiliation:
Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy
Jürgen Augustin
Affiliation:
Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research
Claus Beier
Affiliation:
Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy
Pascal Boeckx
Affiliation:
Ghent University
Michael Dannenmann
Affiliation:
University of Freiburg
Benjamin Sanchez Gimeno
Affiliation:
CIEMAT, Spain
Andreas Ibrom
Affiliation:
Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy
Ralf Kiese
Affiliation:
Karlsruhe Institute for Technology
Barbara Kitzler
Affiliation:
Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests
Robert M. Rees
Affiliation:
Scottish Agricultural College
Keith A. Smith
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Carly Stevens
Affiliation:
Open University
Timo Vesala
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki
Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern
Affiliation:
Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests
Mark A. Sutton
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Clare M. Howard
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Jan Willem Erisman
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Gilles Billen
Affiliation:
CNRS and University of Paris VI
Albert Bleeker
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Peringe Grennfelt
Affiliation:
Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)
Hans van Grinsven
Affiliation:
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Bruna Grizzetti
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
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Summary

Executive summary

Nature of the problem

  • Nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems is complex and includes microbial processes such as mineralization, nitrification and denitrification, plant physiological processes (e.g. nitrogen uptake and assimilation) and physicochemical processes (leaching, volatilization). In order to understand the challenges nitrogen puts to the environment, a thorough understanding of all these processes is needed.

Approaches

  • This chapter provides an overview about processes relating to ecosystem nitrogen input and output and turnover. On the basis of examples and literature reviews, current knowledge on the effects of nitrogen on ecosystem functions is summarized, including plant and microbial processes, nitrate leaching and trace gas emissions.

Key findings/state of knowledge

  • Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen stocks in terrestrial ecosystems significantly differ between different ecosystem types (arable, grassland, shrubland, forests).

  • Nitrogen stocks of managed systems are increased by fertilization and N retention processes are negatively affected.

  • It is also obvious that nitrogen processes in natural and semi-natural ecosystems have already been affected by atmospheric Nr input.

  • Following perturbations of the N cycle, terrestrial ecosystems are increasingly losing N via nitrate leaching and gaseous losses (N2O, NO, N2 and in agricultural systems also NH3) to the environment.

Type
Chapter
Information
The European Nitrogen Assessment
Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives
 , pp. 99 - 125
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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