The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511976988

Presenting the first continental-scale assessment of reactive nitrogen in the environment, this book sets the related environmental problems in context by providing a multidisciplinary introduction to the nitrogen cycle processes. Issues of upscaling from farm plot and city to national and continental scales are addressed in detail with emphasis on opportunities for better management at local to global levels. The five key societal threats posed by reactive nitrogen are assessed, providing a framework for joined-up management of the nitrogen cycle in Europe, including the first cost-benefit analysis for different reactive nitrogen forms and future scenarios. Incorporating comprehensive maps, a handy technical synopsis and a summary for policy makers, this landmark volume is an essential reference for academic researchers across a wide range of disciplines, as well as stakeholders and policy makers. It is also a valuable tool in communicating the key environmental issues and future challenges to the wider public.

'This volume is an incredible undertaking and sets a gold standard for future regional nitrogen assessments. It has been put together in a very instructive format and the excellent summaries for policy and technical experts will be especially valuable in communicating these important findings to a wide audience.'

Dr Cheryl Palm - Columbia University (Chair of the International Nitrogen Initiative)

'Essential reading for all professionals working in the field of nitrogen, this is a truly trans-disciplinary assessment produced by Europe’s leading experts. Demonstrating the urgent need for an integrated approach to managing nitrogen that includes the agriculture, transport, waste, consumption and energy sectors, this landmark volume provides a comprehensive economic analysis of adverse impacts of nitrogen and presents an approach that needs to be adopted globally.'

Dr Sybil Seitzinger - Executive Director, International Geosphere-Biosphere Program

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Contents

Frontmatter
pp i-vi
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Contents
pp vii-x
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List of contributors
pp xi-xxii
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Foreword
pp xxiii-xxiii

By Robert-Jan Smits, European Commission, Marja Makarow, European Science Foundation

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Summary for policy makers
pp xxiv-xxxiv

By Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Alexander F. Bouwman, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Keith Bull, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Peringe Grennfelt, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Clare M. Howard, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oene Oenema, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Till Spranger, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Wilfried Winiwarter, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

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Technical summary
pp xxxv-lii

By Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Peringe Grennfelt, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Clare M. Howard, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Adrian Leip, European Commission Joint Research Centre

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1 - Assessing our nitrogen inheritance
pp 1-6

By Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Clare M. Howard, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Peringe Grennfelt, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre

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Part I - Nitrogen in Europe: the present position
pp 7-8
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2 - The European nitrogen problem in a global perspective
pp 9-31

By Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Fayçal Bouraoui, European Commission Joint Research Centre, David Powlson, Rothamsted Research, Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Stefan Reis, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

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3 - Benefits of nitrogen for food, fibre and industrial production
pp 32-61

By Lars Stoumann Jensen, University of Copenhagen, Jan K. Schjoerring, University of Copenhagen, Klaas W. van der Hoek, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Hanne Damgaard Poulsen, Aarhus University, John F. Zevenbergen, TNO Defence, Security and Safety, Christian Pallière, Fertilizers Europe, Joachim Lammel, Yara International Centre, Frank Brentrup, Yara International Centre, Age W. Jongbloed, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Jaap Willems, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency

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4 - Nitrogen in current European policies
pp 62-81

By Oene Oenema, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Nils Axel Braathen, OECD, France, Michaela Budňáková, Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Keith Bull, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre, Pavel Čermák, Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Markus Geupel, Federal Environment Agency, Germany, Kevin Hicks, University of York, Robert Hoft, Convention on Biological Diversity, Natalia Kozlova, North-West Research Institute, Adrian Leip, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Till Spranger, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Laura Valli, CRPA, Italy, Gerard Velthof, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wilfried Winiwarter, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

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5 - The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and policies: the European Nitrogen Assessment approach
pp 82-96

By Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Clare M. Howard, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, William J. Bealey, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Alexander F. Bouwman, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Peringe Grennfelt, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre

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Part II - Nitrogen processing in the biosphere
pp 97-98
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6 - Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems
pp 99-125

By Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Per Gundersen, University of Copenhagen, Per Ambus, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Jürgen Augustin, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Claus Beier, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Pascal Boeckx, Ghent University, Michael Dannenmann, University of Freiburg, Benjamin Sanchez Gimeno, CIEMAT, Spain, Andreas Ibrom, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Ralf Kiese, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Barbara Kitzler, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Robert M. Rees, Scottish Agricultural College, Keith A. Smith, University of Edinburgh, Carly Stevens, Open University, Timo Vesala, University of Helsinki, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests

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7 - Nitrogen processes in aquatic ecosystems
pp 126-146

By Patrick Durand, INRA, France, Lutz Breuer, Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Penny J. Johnes, University of Reading, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Andrea Butturini, University of Barcelona, Gilles Pinay, University of Birmingham, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Josette Garnier, UMR Sisyphe UPMC ' CNRS, Michael Rivett, University of Birmingham, David S. Reay, University of Edinburgh, Chris Curtis, University College London Environmental Change Research Centre, Jan Siemens, University of Bonn Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation – Soil Sciences, Stephen Maberly, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Øyvind Kaste, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Christoph Humborg, Stockholm University, Roos Loeb, B-ware Research Centre, Jeroen de Klein, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Josef Hejzlar, Institute of Hydrobiology, Nikos Skoulikidis, Pirkko Kortelainen, Finnish Environment Institute, Ahti Lepistö, Finnish Environment Institute, Richard Wright, Norwegian Institute for Water Research

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8 - Nitrogen processes in coastal and marine ecosystems
pp 147-176

By Maren Voss, Leibniz-Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Alex Baker, University of East Anglia, Hermann W. Bange, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, Daniel Conley, Lund University, Sarah Cornell, University of Bristol, Barbara Deutsch, Stockholm University, Anja Engel, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Raja Ganeshram, University of Edinburgh, Josette Garnier, UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS, Ana-Stiina Heiskanen, Finnish Environment Institute, Tim Jickells, University of East Anglia, Christiane Lancelot, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Abigail McQuatters-Gollop, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, Jack Middelburg, Utrecht University, Doris Schiedek, National Environmental Research Institute, Caroline P. Slomp, Utrecht University, Daniel P. Conley, Lund University

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9 - Nitrogen processes in the atmosphere
pp 177-208

By Ole Hertel, University of Aarhus, Stefan Reis, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Carsten Ambelas Skjøth, Aarhus University, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Roy Harrison, University of Birmingham, John Neil Cape, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, David Fowler, Food and Rural Affairs, Kingspool, Ute Skiba, Centre fro Ecology and Hydrology, David Simpson, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Tim Jickells, University of East Anglia, Alex Baker, University of East Anglia, Markku Kulmala, University of Helsinki, Steen Gyldenkærne, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Lise Lotte Sørensen, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands

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Part III - Nitrogen flows and fate at multiple spatial scales
pp 209-210
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10 - Nitrogen flows in farming systems across Europe
pp 211-228

By Steve Jarvis, University of Exeter, Nick Hutchings, University of Aarhus, Frank Brentrup, Yara International Centre, Jorgen Eivind Olesen, Aarhus University, Klaas W. van de Hoek, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment

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11 - Nitrogen flows and fate in rural landscapes
pp 229-248

By Pierre Cellier, INRA, France, Patrick Durand, INRA, France, Nick Hutchings, University of Aarhus, Ulli Dragosits, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Mark Theobald, Technical University of Madrid/Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Jean-Louis Drouet, INRA, France, Oene Oenema, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Lutz Breuer, Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Tommy Dalgaard, Aarhus University, Sylvia Duretz, INRA, France, Johannes Kros, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Benjamin Loubet, UMR Environm & Grandes Cultures, Joergen Eivind Olesen, Aarhus University Department of Agroecology and Environment, Philippe Mérot, INRA, France, Valérie Viaud, INRA, France, Wim de Vries, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

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12 - Nitrogen flows and fate in urban landscapes
pp 249-270

By Anastasia Svirejeva-Hopkins, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Stefan Reis, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Jakob Magid, Copenhagen University, Gabriela B. Nardoto, Universidade de Brasília, Sabine Barles, Université Paris Est – LATTS, Alexander F. Bouwman, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Ipek Erzi, TUBITAK Marmara Research Centre, Marina Kousoulidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Clare M. Howard, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

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13 - Nitrogen flows from European regional watersheds to coastal marine waters
pp 271-297

By Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Marie Silvestre, CNRS – FR3020 FIRE, Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Adrian Leip, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Josette Garnier, UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS, Maren Voss, Leibniz-Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Robert Howarth, Cornell University, Fayçal Bouraoui, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ahti Lepistö, Finnish Environment Institute, Pirkko Kortelainen, Finnish Environment Institute, Penny Johnes, University of Reading, Chris Curtis, University College London Environmental Change Research Centre, Christoph Humborg, Stockholm University, Erik Smedberg, Stockholm University, Øyvind Kaste, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Raja Ganeshram, University of Edinburgh, Arthur Beusen, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Christiane Lancelot, Université Libre de Bruxelles

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14 - Atmospheric transport and deposition of reactive nitrogen in Europe
pp 298-316

By David Simpson, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Wenche Aas, NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Jerzy Bartnicki, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Haldis Berge, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Kees Cuvelier, Frank Dentener, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Tony Dore, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Hilde Fagerli, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Chris Flechard, Soils, Agro-hydro systems and Spatialization, Ole Hertel, University of Aarhus, Hans van Jaarsveld, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Mike Jenkin, Atmospheric Chemistry Services, Martijn Schaap, TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Valiyaveetil Shamsudheen Semeena, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Philippe Thunis, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Robert Vautard, LSCE/IPSL laboratoire CEA/CNRS/VSQ, Massimo Vieno, University of Edinburgh

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15 - Geographical variation in terrestrial nitrogen budgets across Europe
pp 317-344

By Wim de Vries, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Adrian Leip, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Gert Jan Reinds, Wageningen University and Research Centre Alterra, Johannes Kros, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Jan Peter Lesschen, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Alexander F. Bouwman, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Fayçal Bouraoui, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Peter Bergamaschi, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Wilfried Winiwarter, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

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16 - Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale
pp 345-376

By Adrian Leip, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Beat Achermann, Federal Office for the Environment Air Pollution Control, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Alexander F. Bouwman, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Wim de Vries, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Ulli Dragosits, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Ulrike Döring, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Dave Fernall, Food and Rural Affairs Kingspool, Markus Geupel, Federal Environment Agency, Germany, Jürg Herolstab, Penny Johnes, University of Reading, Anne Christine Le Gall, INERIS, France, Suvi Monni, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Rostislav Nevečeřal, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Lorenzo Orlandini, European Commission – DG AGRI, Michel Prud'homme, International Fertilizer Industry Association, Hannes I. Reuter, Gisxperts gbr, David Simpson, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Guenther Seufert, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Till Spranger, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, John van Aardenne, European Commission Joint Research Center, Maren Voß, Leibniz-Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Wilfried Winiwarter, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

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Part IV - Managing nitrogen in relation to key societal threats
pp 377-378
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17 - Nitrogen as a threat to European water quality
pp 379-404

By Bruna Grizzetti, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Fayçal Bouraoui, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Hans van Grinsven, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Ana Cristina Cardoso, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Vincent Thieu, UMR 7619 Sisyphe CNRS/UPMC, Josette Garnier, UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS, Chris Curtis, University College London Environmental Change Research Centre, Robert Howarth, Cornell University, Penny Johnes, University of Reading

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18 - Nitrogen as a threat to European air quality
pp 405-433

By Jana Moldanová, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Peringe Grennfelt, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Åsa Jonsson, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, David Simpson, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Till Spranger, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Wenche Aas, NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, John Munthe, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Ari Rabl, ARMINES/Ecoles des Mines de Paris

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19 - Nitrogen as a threat to the European greenhouse balance
pp 434-462

By Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eiko Nemitz, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Sönke Zaehle, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Gilles Billen, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Pascal Boeckx, Ghent University, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Josette Garnier, UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS, Rob Upstill-Goddard, UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS, Michael Kreuzer, ETH Zurich Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Science, Oene Oenema, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Stefan Reis, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Martijn Schaap, TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, David Simpson, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Wim de Vries, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wilfried Winiwarter, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Mark A. Sutton, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

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20 - Nitrogen as a threat to European terrestrial biodiversity
pp 463-494

By Nancy B. Dise, Manchester Metropolitan University, Mike Ashmore, University of York, Salim Belyazid, Belyazid Consulting and Communication AB, Albert Bleeker, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Roland Bobbink, Radboud University, Wim de Vries, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Jan Willem Erisman, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Till Spranger, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Carly J. Stevens, Open University, Leon van den Berg, Radboud University Nijmegen

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The European Nitrogen Assessment

Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives

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