Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 12
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2022
Print publication year:
2022
Online ISBN:
9781009086660

Book description

This Element examines the main ethical aspects of consciousness  It argues that consciousness is not intrinsically valuable but has value or disvalue for individuals depending on its phenomenology (what it is like to be aware) and content (what one is aware of). These two components of awareness shape normative judgments about how ordered, disordered, altered, restored, diminished and suppressed conscious states can benefit or harm individuals. They also influence moral judgments about whether intentionally causing these states is permissible or impermissible and how these states can affect behavior. After describing its neurobiological basis, this Element discusses ethical and legal issues in six categories of consciousness: phenomenal and access consciousness; intraoperative awareness; prolonged disorders of consciousness, dissociative disorders, the role of consciousness in determining death; and altering and suppressing awareness near the end of life.

Reviews

‘This is an outstanding work. Glannon has provided a rigorous and thoughtful ethical analysis, has carefully reviewed and discussed the relevant literature, and has drawn reasonable conclusions. His prose is clear and a joy to read.'

James L. Bernat - Louis and Ruth Frank Professor of Neuroscience, Dartmouth Medical School

‘An excellent overview of empirical findings on the neuroscience of consciousness and a careful consideration of the differences between empirical-descriptive and ethical-normative realms. Excellent book. Highly recommended.'

Georg Northoff - Canada Research Chair for Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research

References

Avidan, Michael, Mashour, George, and Glick, David. Prevention of Awareness During General Anesthesia. F1000 Medicine Reports 1 (2009): 9. http://doi.org.10.3410/MI-9.
Avidan, Michael, Jacobsohn, Eric, David, Glick et al. Prevention of Intraoperative Awareness in a High-Risk Surgical Population. New England Journal of Medicine 365 (2011): 591600.
Baars, Bernard. A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Ballard, Elizabeth, and Zarate, Carlos. The Role of Dissociation in Ketamine’s Antidepressant Effects. Nature Communications 11 (2020): 6431. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20190-4.
Bassetti, Claudio. Sleepwalking: Dissociation between “Body Sleep” and “Mind Sleep.” In Laureys, Gosseries, and Tononi (eds.), 2016, pp. 129–38.
Baumeister, Roy, Alfred, Mele, and Vohs, Kathleen, eds. Free Will and Consciousness: How Might They Work? New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Beauchamp, Tom, and Childress, James. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 8th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Bernat, James. The Biophilosophical Basis of Whole-Brain Death. In Paul, Miller, and Paul (eds.), 2002, pp. 324–42.
Bernat, James. Chronic Disorders of Consciousness. The Lancet 367 (2006): 1181–92.
Bernat, James. How the Distinction between “Irreversible” and “Permanent” Illuminates Circulatory Respiratory Death Determination. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010a): 242–55.
Bernat, James. The Natural History of Chronic Disorders of Consciousness. Neurology 75 (2010b): 206–7.
Bernat, James. Medical Decision Making by Patients in the Locked-In Syndrome. Neuroethics 13 (2020): 229–38.
James, Bernat, Charles, Culver, and Gert, Bernard. On the Definition and Criterion of Death. Annals of Internal Medicine 94 (1981): 389–94.
Birbaumer, Niels, Gallegos-Ayala, Guillermo, Wildgruber, Moritz et al. Direct Brain Control and Communication in Paralysis. Brain Topography 27 (2014): 411.
Block, Ned. On a Confusion About a Function of Consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1995): 227–87.
Block, Ned. Consciousness, Accessibility and the Mesh between Psychology and Neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (2007): 481–99.
Blumenfeld, Hal. Neuroanatomical Basis of Consciousness. In Laureys, Gosseries, and Tononi (eds.), 2016a, pp. 329.
Blumenfeld, Hal. Epilepsy and Consciousness. In Laureys, Gosseries, and Tononi (eds.), 2016b, pp. 255–70.
Boly, Melanie, Faymonville, Marie-Elisabeth, Schnakers, Caroline et al. Perception of Pain in the Minimally Conscious State with PET Activation: An Observational Study. The Lancet Neurology 7 (2008): 1013–20.
Boonin, David. Dead Wrong: The Ethics of Posthumous Harm. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Broughton, Roger, Billings, Rodger, Cartwright, Rosalind et al. Homicidal Somnambulism: A Case Report. Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine 17 (1994): 253–64.
Cai, Alice, and Bae, Charles. Parasomnias. In Cucchiara and Price (eds.), 2020, pp. 164–5.
Cain, Joshua, Spivak, Norman, Coetzee, John et al. Ultrasonic Thalamic Stimulation in Chronic Disorders of Consciousness. Brain Stimulation 14 (2021): 301-3
Robin, Carhart-Harris, Roseman, Leor, Bolstridge, Mark et al. Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression: fMRI-Measured Brain Mechanisms. Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 13187. http://doi.org/10.1035/srep41598-017-13282-7.
Cassell, Eric. The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Cavanagh, Thomas. Double Effect: Doing Good and Avoiding Evil. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006.
Celesia, Gaston, and Sannita, Walter. Can Patients in Vegetative State Experience Pain and Have Conscious Awareness? Neurology 80 (2013): 328–9.
Chalmers, David. Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (1995): 200–19.
Chalmers, David. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Chaudhary, Ujwal, Vlachos, Ioannis, Zimmermann, Jonas et al. Spelling Interface Using Intracortical Signals in a Completely Locked-In Patient Enabled via Auditory Neurofeedback Training. Nature Communications 13 (2022): 1236. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-288598.
Chon, W. James, Josephson, Michelle, Gordon, Elise et al. When the Living and the Deceased Cannot Agree on Organ Donation: A Survey of US Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs). American Journal of Transplantation 14 (2014): 172–7.
Chudy, Darko, Deletis, Vedran, Almahariq, Fadi et al. Deep Brain Stimulation for the Early Treatment of the Minimally Conscious State and Vegetative State: Experience in 14 Patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 128 (2018): 1189–98.
Claassen, Jan, Doyle, Kevin, Matory, Adu et al. Detection of Brain Activation in Unresponsive Patients with Acute Brain Injury. New England Journal of Medicine 380 (2019): 2497–505.
Crick, Francis, and Koch, Christof. A Framework for Consciousness. Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 119–26.
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 1990.
Cucchiara, Brett, and Raymond, Price, eds. Decision-Making in Adult Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2020.
Damasio, Antonio. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace, 1999.
Dang-Vu, Thien, Zadra, Antonio, Labelle, Marc-Antoine et al. Sleep Deprivation Reveals Altered Brain Perfusion Patterns in Somnambulism. PLoS One 10 (2015): 0133474. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133474.
Deeley, Quinton, Oakley, David, Toone, Brian et al. Modulating the Default Mode Network Using Hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 60 (2012): 206–28.
Deeprose, Catherine, and Andrade, Jackie. Is Priming during Anesthesia Unconscious? Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2006): 123.
DeGrazia, David. Human Identity and Bioethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Sanneke, De Haan, Rietveld, Erik, and Denys, Damiaan. Being Free by Losing Control: What Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Can Tell Us About Free Will. In Glannon (ed.), 2015, pp. 83102.
Dehaene, Stanislas, and Changeux, Jean-Pierre. Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to Conscious Processing. Neuron 70 (2011): 200–27.
Demertzi, Athena, and Laureys, Steven. Where in the Brain Is Pain? Evaluating Painful Experiences in Non-Communicative Patients. In Richmond, Rees, and Edwards (eds.), 2012, pp. 8998.
Dworkin, Ronald. Life’s Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom.
Eichenbaum, Howard. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory: An Introduction, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Eskandar, Emad. Thalamic Stimulation in Vegetative or Minimally Conscious Patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 128 (2018): 1187-88.
Feinberg, Joel. Harm to Others. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Feinberg, Todd. Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Feinberg, Todd, and Mallatt, Jon. Consciousness Demystified. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.
Ferzan, Kimberly, and Stephen, Morse, eds. Legal, Moral, and Metaphysical Truths: The Philosophy of Michael Moore. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Fins, Joseph. Rethinking Disorders of Consciousness: New Research and its Implications. Hastings Center Report 35 (2) (2005): 22–4.
Fins, Joseph. Rights Come to Mind: Brain Injury, Ethics, and the Struggle for Consciousness. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Fischer, John Martin, and Ravizza, Mark. Responsibility and Control: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Fletcher, Guy. The Philosophy of Well-Being: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Fogel, Barry, and Greenberg, Donna, eds. Psychiatric Care of the Medical Patient, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Frankfurt, Harry. Identification and Externality. In The Important of What We Care About. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 5868.
Freeman, Michael, ed. Law and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Frith, Chris. The Social Functions of Consciousness. In Weiskrantz and Davies (eds.), 2008, pp. 225–44.
Joseph, Giacino, Stephen, Ashwal, Childs, Nancy et al. The Minimally Conscious State: Definition and Diagnostic Criteria. Neurology 58 (2002): 349–53.
Joseph, Giacino, John, Whyte, Emilia, Bagiella et al. Placebo-Controlled Trial of Amantadine for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. New England Journal of Medicine 366 (2012): 819–26.
Joseph, Giacino, Joseph, Fins, Laureys, Steven, and Schiff, Nicholas. Disorders of Consciousness after Acquired Brain Injury: The State of the Science. Nature Reviews Neurology 10 (2014): 99114.
Glannon, Walter, ed. Free Will and the Brain: Neuroscientific, Philosophical and Legal Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Glannon, Walter. The Value and Disvalue of Consciousness. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 25 (2016): 600–12.
Glannon, Walter. The Neuroethics of Memory: From Total Recall to Oblivion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Graham, Mackenzie, and Naci, Lorina. Well-Being after Severe Brain Injury: What Counts as Good Recovery? Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30 (2021): 613–22.
Neil, Graham, Amy, Jolly, Karl, Zimmerman et al. Diffuse Axonal Injury Predicts Neurodegeneration after Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain 143 (2020): 3685-98.
Greer, David, Shemie, Sam, Lewis, Ariane et al. Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria: The World Brain Death Project. Journal of the American Medical Association 324 (2020): 1078–97.
Griffin, James. Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement and Moral Importance. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Grob, Charles, Danforth, Alicia, Chopra, Gurpreet et al. Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients with Advanced-Stage Cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry 68 (2011): 71–8.
Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Children’s NHS Foundation Trust & Anor v. Knight & Anor. EWHC 25 (Fam), 2021.
Hallett, Michael. Volitional Control of Movement: The Physiology of Free Will. Clinical Neurophysiology 11 (2007): 7992.
Hawkins, Jennifer. What Is Good for Them? Best Interests and Severe Disorders of Consciousness. In Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), 2016, pp. 180206.
Hochberg, Leigh, and Cash, Sydney. Freedom of Speech. New England Journal of Medicine 385 (2021): 278–9.
Hochberg, Leigh, and Cudkowicz, Merit. Locked In, but Not Out? Neurology 82 (2014): 1852–3.
Hosie, Annmarie, Davidson, Patricia, Agar, Meera et al. Delirium: Prevalence, Incidence, and Implications for Screening in Specialist Palliative Care Inpatient Settings: A Systematic Review. Palliative Medicine 27 (2013): 486–98.
Huang, Andrew, and Bernat, James. The Organism as a Whole in an Analysis of Death. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 44 (2019): 712–31.
Johnston, Mark. Constitution Is Not Identity. Mind 101 (1992): 89106.
Johnston, Mark. Surviving Death. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Kadish, Sanford, and Schulhofer, Stephen. Criminal Law and Its Processes: Cases and Materials, 8th ed. New York: Aspen, 2001.
Kahane, Guy, and Savulescu, Julian. Brain Damage and the Moral Significance of Consciousness. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 34 (2009): 626.
Kamm, Frances. Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibility, and Permissible Harm. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Kamm, Frances. Rescuing Ivan Ilych: How We Live and How We Die In Bioethical Prescriptions: To Create, End, Choose, and Improve Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 332.
Kamm, Frances. Almost Over: Aging, Dying, Dead. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton. New York: Harper & Row, 1785/1964.
Kelz, Max, Garcia, Paul, Mashour, George and Solt, Ken. Escape from Oblivion: Neural Mechanisms of Emergence from General Anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 128 (2019): 726–36.
Kihlstrom, John, and Cork, Randall. Consciousness and Anesthesia. In Velmans and Schneider (eds.), 2007, pp. 628–39.
King v. Cogdon. Supreme Court of Victoria, Australia, 1950.
Kocarova, Rita, Horacek, Jiri, and Carhart-Harris, Robin. Does Psilocybin Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential? Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021): 233. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661233.
Koch, Christof. The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness Is Widespread but Can’t Be Computed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019.
Koch, Christof, Massimini, Marcello, Boly, Melanie, and Tononi, Giulio. Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Progress and Problems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17 (2016): 307–21.
Langsjo, Jaakko, Alkire, Michael, Kaskinoro, Kimmo et al. Returning from Oblivion: Imaging the Neural Core of Consciousness. Journal of Neuroscience 32 (2012): 4935–43.
Laureys, Steven, Celesia, Gastone, Cohadon, Francois et al. Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome: A New Name for the Vegetative State or Apallic syndrome. BMC Medicine 8 (2010): 68. http://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-68.
Laureys, Steven, Gosseries, Olivia, and Tononi, Giulio, eds. The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology, 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2016.
Levy, Neil. The Importance of Awareness. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 91 (2013): 2011–29.
Levy, Neil. Consciousness and Moral Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Levy, Neil, and Savulescu, Julian. Moral Significance of Phenomenal Consciousness. Progress in Brain Research 177 (2009): 361–70.
Luppi, Andrea, Craig, Michael, Pappas, Ioannis et al. Consciousness-Specific Dynamic Interactions of Brain Integration and Functional Diversity. Nature Communications 10 (2019): 4616. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12658-9.
Martin, Mahner, and Bunge, Mario. Foundations of Biophilosophy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997.
Maldonado, Jose. Delirium: Neurobiology, Characteristics and Management. In Fogel and Greenberg (eds.), 2015. http://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199731855.003.0041, 1-218.
Martial, Charlotte, Fontaine, Geraldine, Gosseries, Olivia et al. Losing the Self in Near-Death Experiences: The Experience of Ego-Dissolution. Brain Sciences 11 (2021): 929. http://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070929.
Mashour, George, ed. Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Mashour, George. Consciousness and Anesthesia. In Laureys, Gosseries, and Tononi (eds.), 2016, pp. 139–54.
Mashour, George, and Alkire, Michael. Consciousness, Anesthesia, and the Thalamocortical System. Anesthesiology 118 (2013): 13-15.
Mashour, George, and Avidan, Michael. Intraoperative Awareness: Controversies and Non-Controversies. British Journal of Anaesthesia 112 (2015): i20i26.
George, Mashour, and Engelhard, Kristin, eds. Oxford Textbook of Neuroscience and Anaesthesiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Massimini, Marcello, and Tononi, Giulio. Sizing Up Consciousness: Towards an Objective Measure of the Capacity for Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Mathews, Debra, Fins, Joseph, and Racine, Eric. The Therapeutic “Mis” Conception: An Examination of its Normative Assumptions and a Call for its Revision. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 27 (2018): 154–62.
McGinn, Colin. Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem? Mind 98 (1989): 349–66.
McKinstry-Wu, Andrew, and Kelz, Max. Neural Mechanisms of Anaesthetics. In Mashour and Engelhard (eds.), 2019, pp. 314.
Jeff, McMahan. The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Mele, Alfred. Autonomous Agents: From Self-Control to Autonomy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Mezrich, Joshua. Altruism in Extremis – The Evolving Ethics of Organ Donation. New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 493–6.
Miller, Franklin. Individuals Declared Brain-Dead Remain Biologically Alive. Hastings Bioethics Forum, October 28, 2021. www.thehastingscenter.org.brain-death/.
Miller, Franklin, and Truog, Robert. Death, Dying and Organ Transplantation: Reconstructing Medical Ethics at the End of Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Miller, Franklin, Truog, Robert, and Brock, Dan. The Dead Donor Rule: Can it Withstand Critical Scrutiny? Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (2010): 299312.
Milliere, Raphael, Carhart-Harris, Robin, Roseman, Leor et al. Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018): 1475. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475.
M’Naghten’s Case. Cited in the Report of the Committee on Mentally Abnormal Offenders. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1843/1975.
Model Penal Code. Official Draft and Commentaries. Philadelphia: American Law Institute, 1985.
Monti, Martin, Vanhaudenhuyse, Audrey, Coleman, Martin et al. Willful Modulation of Brain Activity in Disorders of Consciousness. New England Journal of Medicine 362 (2010): 579–89.
Moore, Michael. Law and Psychiatry: Rethinking the Relationship. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Moore, Michael. Causation and Responsibility: An Essay in Law, Morals, and Metaphysics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Moore, Michael. Mechanical Choices: The Responsibility of the Human Machine. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Morse, Stephen. Culpability and Control. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 142 (1994): 1587–660.
Morse, Stephen. Lost in Translation? An Essay on Law and Neuroscience. In Freeman (ed.), 2010, pp. 529–62.
Morse, Stephen. Moore on the Mind. In Ferzan and Morse (eds.), 2016, pp. 233–49.
Moses, David, Metzger, Sean, Liu, Jessie et al. Neuroprosthesis for Decoding Speech in a Paralyzed Person with Anarthria. New England Journal of Medicine 385 (2021): 217–27.
Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. Medical Aspects of the Persistent Vegetative State. New England Journal of Medicine 330 (1994): 1499–508.
Naccache, Lionel. Why and How Access Consciousness Can Account for Phenomenal Consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373 (2018): 357. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0357.
Neville, Iuri, Zaninotto, Ana, Hayashi, Cintya et al. Repetitive TMS Does not Improve Cognition in Patients with TBI. Neurology 93 (2019): e190e199.
Northoff, Georg. Unlocking the Brain, Volume II: Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Northoff, Georg. The Spontaneous Brain: From the Mind-Body to the World-Brain Problem. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.
Northoff, Georg. Why Is There Sentience? A Temporo-Spatial Approach to Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 28 (2021): 6782.
Northoff, Georg, and Huang, Zirui. How Do the Brain’s Time and Space Mediate Consciousness and Its Different Dimensions? Temporo-Spatial Theory of Consciousness (TTC). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 80 (2017): 630–45.
Nowak, Hartmuth, Zech, Nina, Asmussen, Sven et al. Effect of Therapeutic Suggestions during General Anaesthesia on Postoperative Pain and Opioid Use: Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial. BMJ 371 (2020): m4284. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4284.
Oakley, David, and Halligan, Peter. Hypnotic Suggestion: Opportunities for Cognitive Neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14 (2013): 565–76.
Owen, Adrian. The Search for Consciousness. Neuron 102 (2019): 526–8.
Owen, Adrian, and Coleman, Martin. Functional Neuroimaging of the Vegetative State. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (2008): 235–43.
Owen, Adrian, Coleman, Martin, Boly, Melanie et al. Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State. Science 313 (2006): 1402.
Pal, Dinesh, Dean, Jon, Liu, Tiecheng et al. Differential Role of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices in Controlling Level of Consciousness. Current Biology 28 (2018): 2145–52.
Pallis, Christopher. ABC of Brainstem Death: The Declaration of Death. BMJ 286 (1983): 39.
Parfit, Derek. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
Paul, Ellen Frankel, Miller, Fred, and Paul, Jeffrey, eds. Bioethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Peterson, Andrew, Owen, Adrian, and Karlawish, Jason. Alive Inside. Bioethics 34 (2020): 295305.
Plum, Fred, and Posner, Jerome. The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1982.
Posner, Jerome, Saper, Christopher, Schiff, Nicholas, and Plum, Fred. Plum and Posner’s Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (US). Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1981.
R v. Parks. 2 S.C.R. 871, Supreme Court of Canada, 1992.
Raus, Kasper, Sterckx, Sigrid, and Mortier, Freddy. Can the Doctrine of Double Effect Justify Continuous Deep Sedation at the End of Life? In Sterckx, Raus, and Mortier (eds.), 2013, pp. 177201.
Revonsuo, Antti, Kallio, Sakari, and Sikka, Pilleriin. What Is an Altered State of Consciousness? Philosophical Psychology 22 (2009): 187204.
Sarah, Richmond, Rees, Geraint, and Edwards, Sarah, eds. I Know What You’re Thinking: Brain Imaging and Mental Privacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
David, Rodriguez-Arias, Smith, Maxwell, and Lazar, Neil. Donation after Circulatory Death: Burying the Dead Donor Rule. American Journal of Bioethics 11 (2011): 3643.
Roskies, Adina. Freedom, Neural Mechanism and Consciousness. In Baumeister, Mele, and Vohs (eds.), 2010, pp. 153–71.
Ross, Stephen, Bossis, Anthony, Guss, Jeffrey et al. Rapid and Sustained Symptom Reduction Following Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Life-Threatening Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30 (2016): 1165–80.
Royal College of Physicians. Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness Following Sudden Onset Brain Injury: National Clinical Guidelines. 2020. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/guidelines-policy/prolonged-disorders-consciousness-following-sudden-onset-braininjury-national-clinical-guidelines.
Samuel, Nir, Taub, Aryeh, Paz, Rony, and Raz, Aeyal. Implicit Aversive Memory under Anaesthesia in Animal Models: A Narrative Review. British Journal of Anaesthesia 121 (2018): 219–32.
Schiff, Nicholas. Cognitive Motor Dissociation Following Severe Brain Injuries. JAMA Neurology 72 (2015): 1413–15.
Schiff, Nicholas, Giacino, Joseph, Kalmar, Kathy et al. Behavioural Improvements with Thalamic Stimulation after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Nature 448 (2007): 600-3.
Schnakers, Caroline. What Is It Like to Be in a Disorder of Consciousness? In Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), 2016, pp. 8399.
Schnakers, Caroline, and Monti, Martin. Towards Improving Care for Disorders of Consciousness. Nature Reviews Neurology 16 (2020): 405–6.
Schopp, Robert. Automatism, Insanity, and the Psychology of Criminal Responsibility: A Philosophical Inquiry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Scolding, Neil, Owen, Adrian, and Keown, John. Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness: A Critical Evaluation of the New UK Guidelines. Brain 144 (2021): 1655–60.
Searle, John. Consciousness and the Problem of Free Will. In Baumeister, Mele, and Vohs (eds.), 2010, pp. 121–34.
Shepherd, Joshua. Moral Conflict in the Minimally Conscious State. In Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), 2016, pp. 160–79.
Shepherd, Joshua. Consciousness and Moral Status. New York: Routledge, 2018.
Sher, George. Who Knew? Responsibility without Awareness. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Shewmon, Alan. Recovery from “Brain Death”: A Neurologist’s Apologia. Linacre Quarterly 64 (1997): 3096.
Shewmon, Alan. The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights into the Standard Biological Rationale for Equating “Brain Death” with Death. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26 (2001): 457–78.
Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, ed. Finding Consciousness: The Neuroscience, Ethics and Law of Severe Brain Damage. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Smith, William, and Sisti, Dominic. Ethics and Ego Dissolution: The Case of Psilocybin. Journal of Medical Ethics 47 (2021): 807–14.
Solt, Ken, and Akeju, Oluwaseun. An Altered State of Consciousness Illuminated. Nature 586 (2020): 31–2.
Spiegel, David, and Cardena, Etzel. Disintegrated Experience: The Dissociative Disorders Revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100 (1991): 366–78.
Squire, Larry, and Zola, Stuart. Structure and Function of Declarative and Non-Declarative Memory Systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (1996): 13515–22.
Steinbock, Bonnie, and Norcross, Alastair, eds. Killing and Letting Die, 2nd ed. New York: Fordham University Press, 1994.
Sigrid, Sterckx, Raus, Kasper, and Mortier, Freddy, eds. Continuous Sedation at the End of Life: Ethical, Clinical and Legal Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Sulmasy, Daniel. The Last Low Whispers of Our Dead: When Is it Ethically Justifiable to Render a Patient Unconscious Until Death? Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 39 (2018): 233–63.
Takla, Antony, Savulescu, Julian, and Wilkinson, Dominic. A Conscious Choice: Is it Ethical to Aim for Unconsciousness at the End of Life? Bioethics 35 (2021): 284–91.
Tasbihgou, Setayesh, Vogels, M. F., and Absalom, Anthony. Accidental Awareness during General Anesthesia: A Narrative Review. Anaesthesia 73 (2018): 112–22.
Teasdale, Graham, and Jennett, Bryan. Assessment of Coma and Impaired Consciousness. The Lancet 303 (1974): 81–4.
The Guardian. Report on the Right-to-Die Case of LIS Patient Tony Nicklinson. August 22, 2012. http://theguardian.com/uk/2012/august/22/tony-nicklinson-right-to-die-case.
Thibaut, Aurore, Schiff, Nicholas, Giacino, Joseph, Laureys, Steven, and Gosseries, Olivia. Therapeutic Interventions in Patients with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness. The Lancet Neurology 18 (2019): 600–14.
Tolstoy, Lev. The Death of Ivan Ilych, trans. R. Pevear and L. Volokhonsky. New York: Random House, 18841886/2012.
Tononi, Giulio. An Information Integration Theory of Consciousness. BMC Neuroscience 5 (2004): 42. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-5-42.
Tononi, Giulio, and Koch, Christof. The Neural Correlates of Consciousness: An Update. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1124 (2008): 239–61.
Tononi, Giulio, and Koch, Christof. Consciousness: Here, There and Everywhere? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 370 (2015): 20140167. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0167.
Tononi, Giulio, Boly, Melanie, Gosseries, Olivia, and Laureys, Steven. The Neurology of Consciousness: An Overview. In Laureys, Gosseries, and Tononi (eds.), 2016a, pp. 407–61.
Tononi, Giulio, Boly, Melanie, Massimini, Marcello, and Koch, Christof. Integrated Information Theory: From Consciousness to its Physical Substrate. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17 (2016b): 450–61.
Christoph, Troppmann, Santhanakrishnan, Chandrasekar, Segeshima, Junichiro et al . Barriers to Live and Deceased Kidney Donation by Patients with Chronic Neurological Diseases: Implications for Donor Selection, Donation Timing, Logistics, and Regulatory Compliance. American Journal of Transplantation 19 (2019): 2168–73.
Tulving, Endel, and Schacter, Daniel. Priming and Human Memory Systems. Science 247 (1990): 301–6.
Vanhoecke, Jonathan, and Hariz, Marwan. Deep Brain Stimulation for Disorders of Consciousness: Systematic Review of Cases and Ethics. Brain Stimulation 10 (2017): 113–23.
Veatch, Robert. The Death of Whole-Brain Death: The Plague of the Disaggregators, Somaticists, and Mentalists. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 30 (2005): 353–78.
Robert, Veatch, and Ross, Lainie Friedman. Defining Death: The Case for Choice. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2016.
Velmans, Max, and Schneider, Susan, eds. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Malden: Blackwell, 2007.
Veselis, Robert. Memory Formation During Anaesthesia: Plausibility of a Neurophysiological Basis. British Journal of Anaesthesia 115 (2015): i13-i19.
Vesuna, Sam, Kauvar, Isaac, Richman, Ethan et al. Deep Posteromedial Cortical Rhythm in Dissociation. Nature 586 (2020): 8794.
Vincent, Nicole. Responsibility, Dysfunction and Capacity. Neuroethics 1 (2008): 199204.
Vincent, Nicole. Blame, Desert and Compatibilist Capacity: A Diachronic Account of Moderateness in Regard to Reasons-Responsiveness. Philosophical Explorations 6 (2013): 178–94.
W v. M. EWHC 2443 (Fam), 2011.
Wade, Derick. Back to the Bedside? Making Clinical Decisions in Patients with Prolonged Unconsciousness. Journal of Medical Ethics 43 (2017): 439–45.
Walsh, Fergus. Vegetative Patient Scott Routley Says, “I’m not in Pain.” BBC News, November 12, 2012. www.bbc.uk/news/health-20268044?print=true.
Weiskrantz, Lawrence, and Davies, Martin, eds. Frontiers of Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Wiffen, Philip, Derry, Sheena, and Moore, R. Andrew. Impact of Morphine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone or Codeine on Patient Consciousness, Appetite and Thirst When Used to Treat Cancer Pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5 (2014): CD011056. Cited by Takla, Savulescu, and Wilkinson, 2021, p. 285, n. 12.
Wilkinson, Dominic. Dissonance and Consonance about Death. Journal of Medical Ethics 47 (2021): 231–2.
Wilkinson, Dominic, and Savulescu, Julian. Should We Allow Organ Donation Euthanasia? Alternatives for Maximizing the Number and Quality of Organs for Transplantation. Bioethics 26 (2012): 3248.
Wilkinson, Dominic, and Savulescu, Julian. Is it Better to be Minimally Conscious than Vegetative? Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (2013): 557–8.
Winkfield v. Children’s Hospital Oakland. Case No. C13-5993, US District Court, Northern District of California, Oakland, filed December 30, 2013.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuinness. London: Routledge, 1921/1974.
Wittmann, Marc. The Inner Sense of Time: How the Brain Creates a Representation of Duration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14 (2013): 217–23.
Wittmann, Marc. Felt Time: The Science of How We Experience Time, trans. E. Butler. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016.
Wittmann, Marc. Altered States of Consciousness: Experiences Out of Time and Self, trans. P. Hurd. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.
Woodward, Paul, ed. The Doctrine of Double Effect: Philosophers Debate a Controversial Moral Principle. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 2001.
Young, Michael, Bodien, Yelena, Giacino, Joseph et al. The Neuroethics of Disorders of Consciousness: A Brief History of Evolving Ideas. Brain 144 (2021): 32913310.
Young, Michael, Bodien, Yelena, and Edlow, Brian. Ethical Considerations in Clinical Trials for Disorders of Consciousness. Brain Sciences 12 (2022): 211. http: doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020211.
Zadra, Antonio, Desautels, Alex, Petit, Dominique, and Montplaisir, Jacques. Somnambulism: Clinical Aspects and Pathophysiological Hypotheses. The Lancet Neurology 12 (2013): 285–94.
Zeman, Adam. Does Consciousness Spring from the Brain? Dilemmas of Awareness in Practice and in Theory. In Weiskrantz and Davies (eds.), 2008, pp. 289322.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.