Forty years ago China had one of the most strictly controlled economies in the world, with all major businesses owned by the state. Now the government permits private ownership of companies, and seeks a higher level of innovation to keep its economy growing.

In other parts of the world individuals rather than politicians and strategists are driving the creation of enterprises. One striking outcome of the Egyptian uprising in early 2011 was the emergence of young entrepreneurs rushing to form new businesses. It seems that, in the aftermath of Hosni Mubarak’s overthrow, the new business registration process had become easier. So these aspiring businesspeople, with guidance from experienced American entrepreneurs, took advantage of the opportunity and launched their own enterprises.